Alteration in serum pituitary hormone levels in postmenopausal women with stroke.
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Gonadal function and response to growth hormone (GH) in boys with isolated GH deficiency and to GH and gonadotropins in boys with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies.
OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To evaluate spermatogenesis in patients with isolated GH deficiency and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. DESIGN: Treatment of isolated GH-deficient patients with recombinant human GH (weekly dose of 0.7 IU/kg) for 5.3 +/- 0.4 (mean +/- SD) years and cotreatment of multiple pituitary deficient patients with GH at the same dosage for 8.0 +/- 0.4 years and hCG (2,000 IU, three times per week) and hMG (500 IU, two times per week) for 13.7 +/- 1.1 months. SETTING: Endocrine Pediatric Unit. PATIENTS: Eight patients affected by isolated GH deficiency and seven by multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum LH, FSH, and T, testicular volume, semen volume, density, count, and motility. RESULTS: Patients with isolated GH deficiency completed their pubertal development in 19.0 +/- 3.5 months and patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies in 13.7 +/- 1.1 months. At the end of puberty, the two groups of patients had similar testicular volume, penis size, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, although T levels and seminal volume were lower in isolated GH-deficient patients than in multiple pituitary deficient patients. CONCLUSIONS: The two groups of patients, treated specifically for their identified hormonal deficiencies, in the end had similar satisfactory reproductive results.
Adolescent↗
The influence of serotonergic neurotransmission on pituitary hormone release in obese and non-obese females.
It has been suggested that a defect in hypothalamic serotonergic neurotransmission may be partly responsible for the impaired pituitary hormone release in obese subjects. In this study we investigated basal serum pituitary hormone concentrations and pituitary hormone release in response to the sequential injection of four hypothalamic releasing hormones before and after a seven-day course of fluoxetine, which inhibits serotonin re-uptake by presynaptic neurons and acts specifically in the brain. Ten obese women (body mass index (BMI) 35.6 +/- 1.0 kg/m2) and nine women of normal weight (BMI 22.9 +/- 0.9 kg/m2) were studied in the early and mid-follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. Basal concentrations of pituitary hormones were measured at 09.00. Subsequently 200 micrograms of TRH and 100 micrograms of CRH, GnRH and GHRH were injected intravenously. The pituitary hormone response was measured at regular intervals until 180 min after the four injections. The experiment was repeated after a seven-day course of 60 mg fluoxetine orally. We found the basal concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone to be significantly lower in obese subjects than in the normal controls. Basal concentrations of ACTH, beta-endorphin, TSH, LH and FSH in the two groups were comparable. Releasing hormone-induced responses in the two groups were not significantly different. Administration of fluoxetine "restored" the basal PRL concentrations in obese subjects. It did not affect the other basal hormone concentrations. Furthermore, fluoxetine treatment reduced TRH-induced TSH release in both normal and obese subjects. It did not influence the other releasing hormone-induced responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Comparison of anterior pituitary hormone levels in the inferior petrosal sinuses and peripheral blood in various pituitary disorders during perihypophysial phlebography.
The present study aimed at evaluating the anterior pituitary hormone levels in the inferior petrosal sinuses and in the peripheral blood of 55 patients affected by various pituitary disorders and undergoing perihypophysial phlebography on neurosurgical indication or for diagnostic purposes. The results indicated that in 6 patients with Cushing's disease and in 4 with hyperprolactinemia the secreting adenoma could be localized by inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Furthermore, the concentrations of all the pituitary hormones were found to be higher in the right and/or in the left inferior petrosal sinus than in peripheral blood, showing a clear gradient between central and peripheral samples. Moreover, the evaluation of hormone central/peripheral concentration ratios revealed noteworthy differences, namely, that central/peripheral concentration ratios of GH, ACTH, and PRL were significantly higher than those of TSH, FSH, and LH (p less than 0.01). On the contrary, no significant differences were found when the concentration ratios of GH, ACTH and PRL or TSH, FSH and LH were compared among themselves. This finding may be attributed to at least two factors: the increased pulsatility and the relatively short biological halftime of polypeptic hormones (GH, ACTH, and PRL) compared with glycoprotein hormones (TSH, FSH, and LH).
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Effect of dexamethasone on the release of pituitary hormones in monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells.
The effect of dexamethasone on the release of ACTH, GH, PRL, LH and TSH was studied in monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells in 4-hour incubation. With or without the addition of rat hypothalamic extract, the release of GH was significantly inhibited by dexamethasone at concentrations higher than 10(-9) M, although less remarkably than that of ACTH. Intracellular ACTH and GH were unchanged. PRL, LH and TSH were not affected. These results indicate that dexamethasone, when exerted for 4 hours, suppressed the release of GH as well as ACTH, at least in part, at the pituitary level.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Intermittent treatment with human growth hormone (GH) in isolated GH deficiency and in multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies.
The results of intermittent GH treatment of 3-7 1/2 years duration in seven patients with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) and five patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD) are presented. This therapeutic schedule was found to be comparably effective to those using a continuous-administration schedule. In contradistinction to the findings obtained with the latter, there was no progressive decline in growth velocity. The patients with IGHD were found to respond better than the patients with MPHD both in the first course as well as in consequent courses. In the intervals between courses, the growth velocity was less than in the pretreatment period in both groups. It is concluded that optimal results can be obtained by instituting an initial course of continuous treatment of 1 year's duration for the IGHD patients and of 2 years' duration for the MPHD patients, followed by an intermittent therapeutic schedule. This regime not only leads to the same growth achievement obtained with long-term continuous administration of GH but allows conservation of supplies of this very scarce hormone.
Adolescent↗
Hyperreactio luteinalis associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis--the role of pituitary hormones.
The level of pituitary hormones was measured in the serum and cysts' aspirate in a case of hyperreactio luteinalis (HL) complicating non-immune hydrops fetalis. The level of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone (GH) was within normal range for pregnancy in both the serum and cysts' aspirate. The importance of increased luteinizing hormone (LH) level which was demonstrated in the cysts' fluid should further be determined.
Adult↗
Germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes of catfish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch): in vitro effectiveness of mammalian pituitary hormones.
The effect of six mammalian pituitary hormones on germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in Mystus vittatus oocytes was investigated in vitro. bLH was found to be most effective at the concentration of 10 micrograms/ml of incubation medium, causing GVBD in 68.4 +/- 1.2% oocytes (P less than 0.001). It could also induce GVBD at the concentrations of 1.0 micrograms/ml (P less than 0.001) and 0.1 micrograms/ml (P less than 0.005). Among other hormones, oFSH could cause GVBD in 16.6 +/- 2.8 and 9.7 +/- 1.0% oocytes at the concentrations of 10 and 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively (P less than 0.05). However, bTSH, bGH, oPRL, and hACTH (synthetic) had no effect on GVBD in the oocytes of this species.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Pituitary hormone secretion in normal male humans: acute responses to a large, oral dose of monosodium glutamate.
Numerous studies have shown that the administration of a glutamate receptor agonist or a high dose of glutamate stimulates pituitary hormone secretion in animals. However, only a single human study has reported that an oral load of glutamic acid induced the secretion of prolactin and probably adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (but not other pituitary hormones). Because of glutamate's use in foods as monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavoring agent, and the limited amount of human data, we studied the effect of a large oral dose of MSG in humans on the secretion of prolactin and other pituitary hormones. Fasting male subjects bearing venous catheters received on separate days each of the following four treatments: a vehicle, MSG (12.7 g), a high protein meal (a physiologic stimulus of prolactin secretion) by mouth, or an intravenous infusion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, a pharmacologic stimulus of prolactin secretion). Plasma hormone responses were quantitated by RIA at 20-min intervals for 4 h. The protein meal induced a modest increase and TRH infusion a substantial increase in plasma prolactin, whereas MSG ingestion did not. MSG ingestion also did not raise the plasma concentrations of any of the other pituitary hormones measured (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone) or of cortisol. Ingestion of MSG raised plasma glutamate concentrations 11-fold; the protein meal did not raise plasma glutamate. The results demonstrate that MSG ingestion in humans does not modify anterior pituitary hormone secretion. One implication is that diet-derived glutamate may not penetrate into hypothalamic regions controlling anterior pituitary function.
Administration, Oral↗
Greater conservation of somatolactin, a presumed pituitary hormone of the growth hormone/prolactin family, than of growth hormone in teleost fish.
From pituitary cDNA libraries of Atlantic cod and chum salmon, cDNA clones coding for somatolactin (SL), a presumed pituitary hormone belonging to the growth hormone (GH)/prolactin (PRL) family, were isolated and characterized. The 1.3-kb cod SL mRNA was composed of a greater than 0.25-kb 5' untranslated region, a coding region for the precursor of 235 amino acids (aa), a 0.14-kb 3' untranslated region, and a poly(A) tail. The 2.5-kb salmon SL mRNA had a less than 0.1-kb 5' untranslated region, a precursor (233 aa) coding region, a 1.6-kb 3' untranslated region, and a poly(A) tail. A signal peptide of 26 and 24 aa was found in the SL precursor of cod and salmon, respectively. Thus, the mature SLs of these fish are composed of 209 aa. Two potential N-glycosylation sites were identified in cod SL, whereas no site could be found in the salmon. A comparison of amino acid sequences of the three SLs so far isolated indicated six Cys residues to be in homologous positions to those in GH and PRL, and one Cys residue to be characteristically present in SL. Among cod, salmon, and flounder, greater colinearity of amino acid sequences was noted in SLs than in GHs. The identities of the SL amino acid sequences were between 73 and 81% as compared to 58-62% for the corresponding GHs, indicating greater conservation of SL than GH.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Identification and functional analysis of the novel S179R POU1F1 mutation associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency.
CONTEXT: The pituitary-specific transcription factor 1 plays a key role in the development and differentiation of three pituitary cell types: somatotrophs, lactotrophs, and thyrotrophs. Several mutations of the human gene (called POU1F1) have been shown to be responsible for a phenotype of combined pituitary hormone deficiency involving GH, prolactin (PRL), and TSH. OBJECTIVE: We have identified a novel homozygous C to G mutation in exon 4 of the POU1F1 gene (S179R) in a patient with this rare phenotype. We analyzed the functional consequences of this S179R mutation associated with a single-amino acid change in the POU-specific domain. METHODS: Consequences of this mutation on transcriptional activities by transfection studies in alphaT3 cells, DNA binding ability by EMSA, structural properties, and nuclear accumulation of POU1F1 were investigated. RESULTS: The transactivation capacity of this mutant was markedly decreased on the GH1, PRL, TSHbeta, and POU1F1 genes. Interestingly, this mutation abolished the functional interaction of POU1F1 on the PRL promoter with the coactivator cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein but not with the transcription factor LIM homeodomain transcription factor 3. The S179R mutant displayed normal nuclear accumulation but a markedly decreased binding to a DNA response element in keeping with crystallographic data, suggesting that the S179R mutation might interfere with DNA binding. CONCLUSIONS: Together with previous data, our study indicates that both DNA binding and interaction with cofactors like cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein are critical for POU1F1 function and that functional and structural properties of abnormal POU1F1 proteins are variously influenced by the type of mutations.
Adult↗
Changes in pituitary hormones during and following transsphenoidal removal of prolactinomas.
Prolactin (PRL) and other pituitary hormones (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone [GH], thyrotropin stimulating hormone) were measured before, during, and after transphenoidal pituitary adenomectomy in 16 patients with hyperprolactinemia. The diagnosis of prolactinoma was made in three of the 16 patients by the absence of PRL response to thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) and a dopamine receptor antagonist, metoclopramide, without radiologic evidence of an adenoma. Contrary to findings in subjects with normal PRL values, the PRL rise in response to anesthesia and operation was absent. Other pituitary hormones, with the exception of GH, which increased during anesthesia and operation, exhibited no acute changes. In 11 of 16 cases, complete tumor removal was achieved as determined by the rapid decline of PRL levels to normal values within 24 to 48 hours after operation and by subsequent clinical follow-up. This finding documents that the adenoma is the main source of excessive PRL secretion. The circulating half time of immunoreactive PRL determined by frequent sampling in these patients was variable, ranging from 74 to 190 minutes, significantly longer than the previously reported value of 15 minutes determined by bioassay. Although a transient decline was evident, serum PRL levels remained elevated in those patients with incomplete tumor removal. These findings suggest that a single measurement of serum PRL within 24 to 48 following transphenoidal adenomectomy is a reliable indicator of the success or failure of the procedure.
Adenoma↗
Role of central epinephrine in regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion.
Hypothalamic regulation of anterior pituitary hormones is thought to be mediated by the release of stimulatory and/or inhibitory peptides that are, in turn, regulated by catecholaminergic neurons. The recent development of selective epinephrine (EPI) synthesis inhibitors has made it possible to disrupt central EPI neurotransmission without affecting norepinephrine or dopamine. These compounds were used in the present investigation to assess the involvement of brain EPI systems in regulation of GH, LH, and prolactin (PRL) in male and ovariectomized female rats. Inhibition of central EPI synthesis (1) inhibited episodic and morphine-, but not clonidine-induced GH release, and (2) blocked the LH surge induced by estrogen and progesterone, but did not affect episodic LH release in hormonally untreated rats. Inhibition of peripheral (adrenal) EPI synthesis had no effect on these hormones. Results of these studies suggest an excitatory role for EPI in regulation of GH and LH secretion, mediated by stimulation of GH-releasing hormone and LHRH, respectively. EPI does not appear to have a major function in regulation of PRL secretion.
Animals↗
Food restriction, pituitary hormones and ageing.
Reducing the intake of food in rodents inhibits body growth, retards most physiological ageing processes, delays the onset of pathology and prolongs life. Food restriction (FR) reduces pituitary hormone secretion and in consequence has been called 'functional hypophysectomy'. Direct life-long comparisons in the rat showed that hypophysectomy (HYP) (a complete absence of pituitary hormones) has a greater anti-ageing action than FR (a partial lack of pituitary hormones) on collagen, kidney and muscle. This suggests that pituitary hormones accelerate ageing. Recent American research on genetic variants of the mouse indicates that pituitary growth hormone (GH) may accelerate ageing and shorten life. Both the Snell and Ames dwarf mice have a deficiency of pituitary GH and live 50% longer than normal mice. The Snell dwarf mouse has retarded ageing of both collagen and immune functions. The Ames dwarf mouse has high antioxidant enzyme activities in liver and kidney. A transgenic human GH mouse is short lived, has a low activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver and kidney and an early development of disease in these organs. It is postulated that FR by reducing the secretion of pituitary hormones, such as GH, diminishes the oxidative damage of certain tissues, thereby delaying the development of age-related diseases in these tissues and by this means extends life.
Aging↗
Effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production in maxillary incisors in the rat.
The effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production and longitudinal growth of the maxillary incisors in normal and hypophysectomized rats was investigated. Bovine growth hormone was found to increase the dentin production slightly in normal rats and significantly in hypophysectomized rats. Other pituitary hormones showed no effects on dentin apposition in the doses and periods tested. The effects of the pituitary hormones on the longitudinal growth of the tooth were small or insignificant. The effects of growth hormone on the dentin apposition and the longitudinal growth of the tooth after hypophysectomy were smaller than the effects on longitudinal bone growth and cortical bone remodeling, indicating different sensitivity to hormones between different mineralized tissues.
Age Factors↗
Luteal enzymes of the luteinizing hormone and beta-adrenergic signal transduction pathways in hypophysectomized rabbits do not require pituitary hormone support.
Experiments were conducted to determine whether continuous pituitary hormone support is required for expression of the LH and beta-adrenergic cAMP signal transduction pathways in rabbit CL during pseudopregnancy. Parameters of the LH and catecholamine cAMP signal transduction pathways in CL of estrogen-treated hypophysectomized rabbits were compared to those of pituitary-intact rabbits. Results showed that each of the parameters of the LH and beta-adrenergic cAMP signal transduction pathways was retained in CL taken from estrogen-treated pseudopregnant rabbits that had been hypophysectomized for as long as 13 days at levels not significantly different from those of estrogen-treated pituitary-intact rabbits. These included luteal basal, and LH-, epinephrine-, and fluoride-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities; total luteal cAMP levels; the number and affinity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit cAMP binding sites; binding activity of the type I and type II regulatory subunits; and the amount of catalytic subunit protein of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We conclude that expression of the proteins of the cAMP signal pathway for LH and beta-adrenergic hormones in CL of estrogen-treated rabbits does not require pituitary hormone support.
Animals↗
Demonstration of pituitary tissue with 6 cells immunoreactive to pituitary hormones in a sacrococcygeal teratoma.
A sacrococcygeal teratoma, containing mature-appearing anterior pituitary tissue, was first reported with the result of an immunohistochemical analysis for pituitary hormones. All kinds of adenohypophyseal endocrine cells were demonstrated in the anterior pituitary tissue in this teratoma. This study revealed that the anterior pituitary tissue being contained together with nerve tissues in a sacrococcygeal mature teratoma has the capacity to produce at least six anterior pituitary hormones.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
[THE PITUITARY HORMONES].
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗