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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Plasma electrolyte concentration in food-deprived goats orally supplemented with potassium chloride.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether oral potassium supplementation during food deprivation could stimulate rumen electrolyte absorption and maintain plasma electrolyte concentration. Eight goats were subjected to food deprivation in combination with intrarumen loads of potassium chloride or, as a control, mannitol in a change-over design. In addition, four KCl- and four mannitol-treated goats were given an extra KCl load towards the end of the experiment. Food-deprived goats which were given KCl maintained their plasma concentration of Na and Cl, while plasma K concentration increased from 3.6 mM to 4.4 mM. In control goats receiving mannitol during food deprivation, the plasma concentration (mM) decreased from 144 to 140 for Na, 105 to 100 for Cl and from 3.8 to 3.6 for K, but concentrations were restored when these goats were given a load of KCl. The plasma renin activity was suppressed in food-deprived goats receiving KCl, while those given mannitol showed increased activity. It is suggested that the hyponatraemia which occurs in food-deprived ruminants is mainly caused by diminished K intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacokinetics of potassium chloride in wax-based and syrup formulations.

The effect on plasma potassium of 64 mmol potassium chloride (KCl) in two oral formulations was compared against placebo in five healthy men, and their bioavailability was calculated from urinary data. Mean plasma potassium varied between 4.0-4.6 mmol/l during the placebo phase and mean (s.d.) urinary potassium excretion was 84.4 (18.5) mmol over 36 h. KCl syrup produced a significant change in plasma potassium over 24 h (P less than 0.02) with a marked elevation in the first 3 h after dosing and a mean (s.d.) peak plasma potassium 1.72 (0.52) mmol/l higher than placebo (P less than 0.05). By 36 h an excess of 55.9 (23.9) mmol potassium, equivalent to 87.3% of the stated dose, was excreted in the urine. KCl in wax base had a less consistent effect on plasma potassium (P greater than 0.5) and its effect was no more prolonged. The mean peak increment in plasma potassium was 1.03 (0.42) mmol/l (P less than 0.01) and the total potassium excretion was 50.5 (17.7) mmol higher than placebo values giving a bioavailability of 78.8% calculated from the stated dose.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Immunolocalization of potassium-chloride cotransporter polypeptides in rat exocrine glands.

Potassium-chloride cotransporters (KCCs) encoded by at least four homologous genes are believed to contribute to cell volume regulation and transepithelial ion transport. We have studied KCC polypeptide expression and immunolocalization of KCCs in rat salivary glands and pancreas. Immunoblot analysis of submandibular, parotid, and pancreas plasma membrane fractions with immunospecific antibodies raised against mouse KCC1 revealed protein bands at ca 135 kDa and ca 150 kDa. Immunocytochemical analysis of fixed salivary and pancreas tissue revealed basolateral KCC1 distribution in rat parotid and pancreatic acinar cells, as well as in parotid, submandibular, and pancreatic duct cells. KCC1 or the polypeptide product(s) of one or more additional KCC genes was also expressed in the basolateral membranes of submandibular acinar cells. Both immunoblot and immunofluorescence signals were abolished in the presence of the peptide antigen. These results establish the presence in rat exocrine glands of KCC1 and likely other KCC polypeptides, and suggest a contribution of KCC polypeptides to transepithelial Cl(-) transport.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of fetal demise in advanced pregnancy terminations: report on a funic potassium chloride protocol.

Advanced pregnancy termination with uterotonic agents with their inherent risk for occurrence of a live birth and surgical evacuation of a fetus perceived to be vigorous can both be sources of emotional anguish for women. They argue for offering women an option for induction of fetal demise prior to uterine evacuation. We report on our experience with 60 pregnancies in which lethal fetal administration of potassium chloride was performed prior to evacuation of the uterus. We describe a double-bolus technique for funic intravascular injection of potassium chloride to arrest the fetal heart. There were no maternal complications and the procedure was successful in 86.7% (n = 52) of the cases; of the remaining 8 cases, 7 had demise induced by direct fetal cardiac injection, and a live birth occurred in 1 case.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1984

Hyperkalemia from single small oral doses of potassium chloride.

Clinically important hyperkalemia occurred in 2 patients receiving a single small dose of potassium chloride by mouth. In spite of normal or near function, both subjects manifested abnormalities predisposing to impaired potassium homeostasis including hypoaldosteronism, autonomic dysfunction, or diabetes mellitus. It is suggested that in this type of patient the oral dose of potassium be as small as possible, taken with meals or given as a slow-release preparation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Effect of solvent flow Reynolds number on dissolution rate of a nondisintegrating solid (potassium chloride).

An apparatus for measuring dissolution rates of solids in the form of disks was designed to possess the following features. The solvent flowed continuously and reproducibly past the disk at various rates associated with calculable Reynolds numbers, Re. The effluent solution was adequately mixed before analysis. The concentration of dissolved solute was much less than the solubility. The surface area of the disk in contact with the solvent was constant during measurements. The dissolution rate of the disk was reproducible, and the disk and its surface could be readily characterized. The apparatus was tested at 37 degrees with compressed potassium chloride and water. The intrinsic dissolution rate, G, was a linear function of Re from Re=360 to greater than 6000. This relationship enabled one unknown constant in each dissolution theory to be expressed in terms of Re. For the diffusion layer model, the thickness of this layer, calculated from the experimental value of G, agreed well with that calculated from the various physical properties, provided that natural convection did not predominate. The dissolution of potassium chloride in this system was, therefore, controlled by diffusion.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1992

Effect of potassium chloride on gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in humans.

The effect of potassium chloride on gastric acid secretion and gastrin release was studied in 6 healthy human beings. On 3 separate days and in random order, subjects received an intragastric infusion of 0.5 L of a glucose-saline solution to which had been added 40 mmol KCl, 40 mmol NaCl, or no additional salts. All test solutions stimulated acid secretion and gastrin release to a similar degree. While potassium ions play a critical role in acid secretion by parietal cells (via the H+, K(+)-ATPase), KCl administered into the gastric lumen at a concentration of 80 mmol/L has no effect on acid secretion in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The effect of potassium chloride infusion of parotid salivary flow and composition in conscious sheep.

The composition and flow of parotid saliva in conscious sheep was measured before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 0-43 M-KCl or 0-43 M-NaCl at 2 ml./min for 2 hr. The salivary flow rate was depressed during the infusion of potassium chloride into both intact sheep and adrenalectomized sheep. As the salivary flow was unchanged by sodium chloride infusion it was concluded that the potassium ion was responsible for the decrease in flow and that this effect was not mediated through any of the adrenal hormones. The highly significant negative correlation between plasma potassium concentration and salivary flow throughout all potassium infusions indicated that the extent to which the salivary flow was depressed varied with the degree of hyperkalaemia. Except for situations where mineralocorticoid levels were likely to be elevated the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the saliva were positively correlated with the plasma concentrations of these ions. The salivary bicarbonate concentration of the saliva was negatively related to flow. The chloride concentration of the saliva was negatively correlated with salivary flow during all potassium chloride infusions.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1981

Potassium chloride versus voltage clamp contractures in ventricular muscle.

In frog ventricle, developed tension was markedly larger in response to depolarization caused by a voltage clamp step than to depolarization induced by high concentrations of potassium chloride. Measurement of extracellular potassium activity at the surface and at the depth of muscle during the development of contractures showed that the diffusion of potassium is much slower than the spread of depolarization through the cross section of muscle. These two observations suggest that competition between the depolarizing and the negative inotropic effects of an increase in the extracellular potassium ion concentration may determine the time course and magnitude of contractile tension in heart muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mechanisms of potassium chloride release from compressed, hydrophilic, polymeric matrices: effect of entrapped air.

The release of potassium chloride from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrices was investigated for tablets prepared with several different compression forces. It was determined that the release kinetics for these systems deviates significantly from the classical t1/2 dependence. This behavior was attributed to air entrapped in the matrix during preparation. Removal of the air prior to release restored the traditional t1/2 behavior.

Air↗
PubMedDate not supplied

First-trimester selective termination in multiple gestation by transvaginal ultrasound-guided intrathoracic injection of potassium chloride.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Selective termination by transvaginal ultrasound-guided intrathoracic injection of potassium chloride (KC1) was performed between 8 and 10 weeks' gestation in eight women with multiple gestation after ovulation induction (6/8) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) (2/8). RESULTS: Four patients have delivered uneventfully at term, one delivered prematurely at 34 weeks' gestation with good neonatal outcome, and the other 3 patients lead a smooth pregnancy at present. No pregnancy loss or any major complication was found. CONCLUSIONS: Transvaginal ultrasound-guided intrathoracic injection of KC1 may be the procedure of choice for first-trimester selective termination with acceptable safety. However, more experience is needed to clarify the risk/benefit ratio associated with this procedure.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1989

Involvement of Cl in the Increase in Proline Induced by ABA and Stimulated by Potassium Chloride in Barley Leaf Segments.

Stimulation by sodium or potassium chloride of the ABA-induced increase in proline was synergistically enhanced by CaCl(2) or MgCl(2) as well as by 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino] propane chloride (BTP-Cl), N-methyl-d-glucamine chloride (NMG-Cl), or 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propandiol chloride (TRIS-Cl). This enhancing effect did not depend on the osmolarity and occurred when Cl(-) was higher than K(+) in the incubation medium, but not vice versa. When CaCl(2) or MgCl(2) or NMG-Cl were added, the higher the Cl(-):K(+) ratio in the external solution the higher was the increase in proline. When the excess of Cl(-) to K(+) was obtained with BTP-Cl the highest enhancing effect resulted with a Cl(-):K(+) ratio of 3:1 while, at a 5:1 ratio, the KCl stimulation was completely suppressed. The inhibiting effect of proline accumulation by NH(4) (+) and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene was reversed to varying degrees depending on the magnitude of the excess of Cl(-) on K(+) concentration in the medium. Also, the inhibition of proline accumulation obtained by tetraethylammonium chloride, monensin, and d-mannose was similarly reverted. These data suggest that Cl(-) elicits an increase in ABA-induced proline which needs the simultaneous presence of K(+) (or Na(+)) to take place.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Control of Alternaria alternata by cassia oil in combination with potassium chloride or sodium chloride.

AIMS: To compare antifungal effects of cassia oil alone and in combination with potassium chloride (KCl) or sodium chloride (NaCl) against Alternaria alternata in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: The inhibitory effect of cassia oil alone, or in combination with KCl and NaCl were tested in vitro. The spore germination and germ tube elongation of the pathogen was evaluated in potato dextrose broth with light microscopy analysis. The inhibitory effect of cassia oil alone, or in combination with KCl and NaCl, was determined on cherry tomatoes in vivo. The cassia oil in combination with KCl and NaCl exhibited strong antifungal effect in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The antifungal effect of cassia oil against Alt. alternata was enhanced significantly by combining with KCl and NaCl both in vitro and in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The combination of cassia oil and KCl or NaCl may enhance antifungal effect of cassia oil and reduce cost.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1988

Patient tolerance to intravenous potassium chloride with and without lidocaine.

Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte abnormality. Intravenous repletion therapy with potassium chloride (KCl) in concentrations greater than 80-100 mEq/L is not recommended due to patient intolerance. Since this guideline at times may be clinically impractical, this study was designed to examine use of peripheral vein infusions of high concentration KCl therapy. Tolerance to KCl 20 mEq/65 ml iv with and without lidocaine 50 mg was evaluated in 18 hypokalemic subjects in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Subjective and objective assessments of adverse effects were determined throughout the infusion period. Pain was assessed by both verbal descriptor and visual analog scales and correlated significantly following infusion of KCl with or without lidocaine. Multivariant analysis demonstrated differences in pain perception between solutions, with significantly less pain following KCl with lidocaine versus KCl infusions. Transient adverse effects occurred in both groups, but the incidence was not statistically different. Use of concentrated iv KCl infusions may benefit hypokalemic patients with hypervolemia and/or severe potassium deficits. Addition of lidocaine clearly improves patient tolerance to intravenous KCl replacement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Potassium chloride depolarization mediates CREB phosphorylation in striatal neurons in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner.

Potassium chloride (KCl)-depolarization has been used to study the properties of L-type Ca2+ channel-mediated signal transduction in hippocampal neurons. Calcium influx through L-type Ca2+ channels stimulates a second messenger pathway that transactivates genes under the regulatory control of the Ca2+-and cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE). Here, we show that in striatal neurons, but not in hippocampal neurons, CRE binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and CRE-mediated gene expression after KCl-depolarization depends on functional NMDA receptors. This difference in NMDA receptor dependence is not due to different properties of L-type Ca2+ channels in either neuronal type, but rather to different neuron-intrinsic properties. Despite this variation, the second messenger pathway activated by KCl requires Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) kinase for CREB phosphorylation in both neuronal types. We conclude that depolarization by KCl works differently in striatal and hippocampal neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of potassium chloride in the treatment of mild hypertension.

Epidemiological and experimental data suggest blood pressure-lowering effects of dietary potassium. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was used to assess blood pressure response to orally administered potassium, 120 mEq/day, and to placebo in 101 adults with mild hypertension. Blood pressure was measured with a random-zero sphygmomanometer every 2 weeks of this 8-week trial. Systolic blood pressure in the potassium-treated group decreased by 6.4 +/- 13.7 (SD) mm Hg (p less than or equal to 0.025) compared with 0.11 +/- 13.0 mm Hg in the placebo-treated group (p = 0.96). Diastolic blood pressure in the potassium-treated group decreased by 4.1 +/- 8.3 mm Hg (p less than or equal to 0.05) compared with a 1.6 +/- 6.5 mm Hg decrease in placebo-treated subjects (p = 0.09). Baseline blood pressure of potassium-treated subjects was unexpectedly higher than that of controls. After correcting for baseline variation, blood pressure still decreased 3.4/1.8 mm Hg more in potassium recipients than in placebo recipients (p = 0.14 and 0.24, respectively). Blood pressure decreased by 19/13 mm Hg in five blacks taking potassium versus a 1/0 mm Hg increase in seven blacks taking placebo. Compliance with the potassium regimen was 91.5% by pill count; only one subject discontinued treatment because of side effects. In conclusion, 120 mEq/day of microencapsulated potassium chloride was well tolerated in adults with mild hypertension. An antihypertensive effect of potassium cannot be ruled out despite the fact that there was no statistically significant difference between potassium-treated and placebo-treated subjects after adjustment for differences in baseline blood pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗