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NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINATION: LIVE VERSUS INACTIVATED VACCINES.
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THE "FATTY LIVER AND KIDNEY SYNDROME" OF YOUNG CHICKENS.
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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE POTENCY OF BETA-PROPIOLACTONE INACTIVATED NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINES PREPARED FROM A LENTOGENIC STRAIN AND A VELOGENIC STRAIN.
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THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL ANTIBODY ON VACCINATION AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE.
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THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL ANTIBODY ON VACCINATION AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE.
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VACCINATION AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE: EFFECT OF DOUBLE VACCINATION OF BROILER CHICKS.
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Diseases of indigenous chickens in Bokaa village, Kgatleng district, Botswana.
This study examined flock size and management, level of internal and external parasite burden and seroprevalence of antibodies to poultry pathogens in indigenous chickens in Bokaa village, Kgatleng district, Botswana. The mean flock size was 22.6 +/- 6.85 with a range of 11-34. The mean body weights of cocks and hens were 2.28 +/- 0.56 kg and 1.70 +/- 0.38 kg, respectively. Housing and commercial poultry feed were not provided. Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Syngamus trachea were found in some birds. Although the chickens were not vaccinated against any poultry diseases, serum antibodies to Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis were detected.
[Prevention of infectious diseases in intensive poultry management].
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Recent progress on the cytokine regulation of intestinal immune responses to Eimeria.
A variety of methods are available to combat avian diseases in the commercial setting, including improved farm management practices, use of antibiotic drugs, selection of disease resistant chicken strains, and manipulation of the chicken immune system. In the latter category, development of vaccines against the major avian diseases has become a priority for the poultry industry. With increasing demands for developing alternative control programs for many poultry diseases, it is important to understand the basic immunobiology of host-pathogen interactions in order to develop novel vaccination strategies. From studies carried out in many mammalian species, it is evident that host immune responses to intracellular pathogens are complex and involve many components of the host immune system. For enteric pathogens such as Eimeria and Salmonella, understanding cell-mediated immunity is most important because antibodies, although abundantly produced locally, can not access and act on these intracellular pathogens. In poultry, slow but increasing understanding of various components of host immune system mediating cellular immunity is opening new opportunities for thorough investigation of the role of thymus-derived lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokines in normal and disease states. This paper will review recent progress with chicken cytokines that have been characterized, and discuss various experimental strategies to enhance host immunity to pathogens using chicken cytokines.
Phenotypic variation among three broiler pure lines for Marek's disease, coccidiosis, and antibody response to sheep red blood cells.
To identify candidate genes, chicken lines with the most divergent phenotypes are usually crossed to generate resource mapping populations, for example, either backcrossed or F2 populations. Linkage between the genetic marker and the phenotypic trait locus is then tested in the mapping population. As an initial step in the development of a mapping population from commercial broilers, the goal of the current research was to evaluate the phenotypic variation among three pure lines for antibody response to SRBC and in resistance to two economically important poultry diseases, Marek's disease (MD) and coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina). Chicks from each line were received and separated into three experimental studies to evaluate each of their responses. In summary, broiler Line 3 had significantly lower antibody responses to SRBC immunizations compared to the other two lines, and nonvaccinated birds from Line 3 were also more susceptible to MD. With coccidiosis, the response was complex, and ranking of the lines was dependent on the age of infection, and whether it was a first or second challenge. With the first challenge, Line 1 was most susceptible at the younger age (Day 30), whereas Line 3 was susceptible at the older age (Day 58). Upon the second challenge, broiler Line 1 remained susceptible at the younger age, but Line 2 was more susceptible at the older age. Line 3 was completely resistant to the second challenge at the older age. Thus, although the broiler lines have been intensively selected for productivity and general livability, this study also demonstrates that the lines differ for immune response and disease resistance. Based on the phenotypic differences between Lines 1 and 3, they were chosen to establish a mapping population for identifying candidate genes that affect MD and coccidiosis in commercial broiler chickens.
[Changes in the disease spectrum of poultry and exotic birds-- 18 years of a poultry diagnostic service].
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Broiler industry strategies for control of respiratory and enteric diseases.
The commercial broiler industry is a modern day agricultural success due to popular consumer demand, healthy flocks, and least cost production. Preventive medicine is the key for economical control of disease in integrated broiler companies, and includes quarantine-eradication, controlled-exposure, and preventive feed medication. Respiratory and enteric diseases present a continuing, potential threat for economic loss. Most exotic and egg-transmitted poultry diseases have been controlled by reduction or eradication policies. Endemic diseases are controlled by mass vaccination and preventive feed medication. Improvements in genetics, housing, equipment, and disease surveillance has allowed continued improvements in disease prevention. Attention to detail and management of risk is crucial to industry success. With fast industry growth and market maturity of the broiler industry, new challenges have risen. These challenges include increased poultry house density, increasing economic pressures, changing industry attitudes, and increased governmental regulations that will strain the continued success of today's control strategies.
Pasteurella multocida infection of cats on poultry farms.
Eight cats on six poultry farms, four of which had a history of recent turkey pasteurellosis were examined for Pasteurella multocida infection. Nine strains were recovered and serotyped and of these five were tested for virulence in chickens and mice. By comparison with a strain from a field outbreak in turkeys three cat strains were considered capable of causing poultry disease. These findings are discussed epidemiologically.
Diseases of free-ranging chickens in the Qwa-Qwa District of the northeastern Free State province of South Africa.
A total of 177 free-ranging chickens from 19 Qwa-Qwa villages were bled from wing veins over a period of 6 months (June-November 2000). Serological tests indicated that 5% of chickens tested had been exposed to Newcastle disease, 43% to infectious bronchitis and 63% to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. McMaster and Visser sieve techniques were used to determine helminth and coccidia from pooled fresh faecal samples. Helminths isolated in 37% of the villages investigated were Heterakis, Ascaridia and Capillaria species. Eimeria species were also isolated in 32% of the villages investigated. The red fowl mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) was isolated from some of the birds and their nests. Data from a questionnaire survey indicated that all farmers interviewed had never received any technical support and that their chickens had never been vaccinated against any avian diseases. Only 10.5% of the owners interviewed had scientific knowledge on poultry diseases. There is an urgent need for the government to support free-ranging poultry farmers by providing subsidised vaccinations and technical support in order to develop and stimulate economic development in impoverished rural areas of South Africa.
Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in commercial broiler hatcheries.
Clostridium perfringens, a cause of human foodborne and poultry disease, has been isolated from the intestinal tract of poultry and from the processed carcass. Little is known about the incidence and sources of this pathogen in the poultry production environment. To determine if the broiler hatchery is a possible source of C. perfringens, we collected samples from three hatcheries, each operated by a different poultry integrator, and the presence of C. perfringens in these samples was determined. For each sampling period, eggshell fragments, chick fluff from the hatcher, and paper pads stored in the hatchery before use with chicks and after placement beneath chicks for 1 hr were evaluated. Clostridium perfringens was found in eggshell fragments, fluff, and paper pads in each of the three hatcheries. The percentages of C. perfringens-positive samples from the three hatcheries ranged from 13% to 23%, with an overall incidence of 20%. Positive samples were consistently found, i.e., detected on each of the nine sampling days (three sampling days for each of three hatcheries). These results suggest that the hatchery is a potential source/reservoir for C. perfringens in the integrated poultry operation.
[RESEARCH ON AN ATTENUATED VIRUS OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS IN CHICKENS. V. PROPAGATION OF THE VIRUS IN VACCINATED AND NORMAL ANIMALS].
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Serological evidence of chicken anaemia virus infection in Nigerian indigenous chickens.
Serum samples from 20 out of 180 (11.1%) apparently healthy Nigerian indigenous chickens were negative for antibodies against chicken anaemia virus using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the 160 positive sera (88.9%), 12 (7.5%) had titres ranging from 1500-3000, 46 (28.8%) had titres from 3000-5000 while 102 (63.8%) had titres between 5000-11000. The overall mean titre value was 5845 +/- 2402. This appears to be evidence of a natural outbreak of the infection since the chickens had no history of vaccination against any poultry disease.