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Merging HMOs into an all-payer system: a model to pursue?

An almost unending debate over the future shape of America's health care system increasingly focuses on the continuum between managed competition and government regulations, and the question: What is right for the United States? The Maryland all-payer, rate setting system for its 50 hospitals, where over a third of the state's population is enrolled in managed care plans, is used as an example of relatively successful blending of competitive and regulatory strategies. This article concludes with the theme that given America's penchant for compromise, competitive and regulatory approaches can coexist in a pluralistic health system that constrains the use of services and costs, and enhances access and the quality of patient care.

Economic Competition↗

Physician supply, supplier-induced demand and competition: empirical evidence from a single-payer system.

We examined the earnings of 8106 office-based (FTE) physicians in 2002 in Taiwan for evidence of supplier-induced demand (SID). We hypothesize that SID, operating in the form of mutual cross-specialty referral, will cause earnings to increase with total physician density (all specialties taken together), but simultaneously, decrease with increasing competition within specialties. We used multiple regression analyses controlling for high-user population, physician demographics and practice type. The evidence supports our hypotheses. Increasing total physician density (all specialties) is positively associated with earnings. Concurrently, within specialties, increased competition is associated with reduced earnings. The medical appropriateness of increasing health care utilization with increasing physician supply cannot be directly determined from the data. However, evidence of a steady earnings increase with increasing total physician density, which precludes a saturation point (of appropriate care levels) at some optimum physician density, substantiates SID in the office-based practice market. Empirically, our data suggest that the average market effect of physicians on one another is synergic when all specialties are considered together, but competitive within each specialty.

Adult↗