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Using data obtained from 48 male and 161 female undergraduate students in psychology, correlations between scores on the scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the facets of the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness domains of the NEO Personality Inventory were low to moderate.
64 normal adult controls (53 men, 11 women; M age 45.2 yr.) in a study of an estuary-associated syndrome were administered the MMPI-2-180 and the Neuroticism scale from the NEO-Personality Inventory. Pearson product-moment correlations between MMPI-2 scales and the Neuroticism scale were similar to those reviously reported using the full-length MMPI. Correlations between MMPI-2 scales, D, Pt, Sc, and Si, and NEO-PI Neuroticism (range .44 to .52) suggest that many psychiatric conditions are associated with psychological distress of the type individuals high in trait neuroticism are prone to experience.
On the basis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), 20 male students were separated in low (LP) versus high (HP) subjects with psychopathic tendencies. Pictures from the Ekman and Friesen series were used in an event-related potentials study to investigate the neurophysiological correlates of the emotional deficit described in psychopathy. Subjects were confronted with a visual oddball design, in which they had to detect, as quickly as possible, deviant happy, sad or fearful faces amongst a train of standard stimuli (neutral faces). Behavioral results suggest that LP subjects are more efficient in the detection of emotional deviant faces. This emotional deficit was neurophysiologically indexed, in HP subjects, by a decreased N300 component, which is supposed to be particularly sensitive to affective features of stimuli rather than to physical characteristics. Moreover, independently of the nature of the deviant faces, the P3a component shows an earlier latency in the HP group as compared to the LP group, whereas the reversed pattern was shown for the P3b component. Implications of these results were discussed.
The utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in predicting treatment response to pharmacotherapy for a group of 54 anxious and 43 depressed outpatients was examined. Discriminant function analyses using the MMPI scales were conducted on groups of improved and unimproved patients. Several significant function, as well as zero-order, differences were found. In general, improved patients scored significantly lower on scales reflecting depression and obsessive-compulsive or schizoid tendencies. They also obtained lower scores on scales measuring interpersonal sensitivity and suggestive of character traits such as low frustration tolerance, impulsivity, and resentment toward authority figures. Additional analyses in which several different profile types were compared for treatment outcome revealed few differences among groups.
Age and education effects on the Caudality (Ca) Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were investigated. The MMPI was administered to a sample of 33 lateralized (21 = right hemisphere, 12 = left hemisphere) brain damaged subjects. Demographic data were obtained from hospital records and cross-checked with the subjects. The MMPI profiles were computer scored and Ca Scale t scores were computed. Ca Scale score correlations were computed separately for left and right hemisphere groups for both age and education. All correlations failed to meet conventional standards for statistical significance. Clinical implications are discussed.
This paper, in response to Achenbach's review of the Personality Inventory for Children manual and actuarial interpretive guide recently published in the Journal of Personality Assessment, summarizes some of the empirical data that support the validity and potential application of the PIC profile scales. In contrast to Achenbach's subjective critique of selective inventory items, review of scales and scale items provides evidence of their temporal stability, and their ability to classify criterion groups and to predict external correlates obtained independently from parents, teachers, and clinicians. It was also noted that Achenbach's concern over potential distortion of PIC descriptions because they are obtained from informants must be tempered by evidence of scale validity obtained despite the possible presence of such distortion, as well as by direct evidence that suggests the independence of scale elevation and informant psychopathology.
34 long-term psychiatric patients with psychotic-type diagnoses, participating in a Psychiatric Rehabilitation program, completed the Basic Personality Inventory 5 times at 6-mo. intervals. In comparison with normative data, participants had statistically significant (p < .01) higher means at Time 1, indicating greater reported psychopathology on all scales except Interpersonal Problems. Program participants also showed greater impairment than a heterogeneous group of 112 psychiatric patients, with statistically higher means on the scales of Denial, Persecutory Ideas, Thinking Disorder, and Self-depreciation. No statistically significant differences were found for sex, time, or their interaction. Correlations indicated high stability in the scale scores over time. Considerable stability in test scores over time does not indicate lack of program success but reflects stability maintenance goals and processes in patients with longstanding psychotic disorders.
We ran meta-analyses that compared the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scale scores produced in 770 booklet and 762 computer administrations described by nine studies. While most of the differences were small, the computer-based scores significantly underestimated their booklet counterparts on 8 of the 13 scales. The average underestimate was about three-quarters of a T-score point and accounted for around 4% of the reliable variance. These findings suggest that separate norms and profile sheets for computer-administered MMPIs might be helpful.
This study examined differences in self-reported psychiatric symptomatology on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 according to adult attachment status on the Adult Attachment Interview in first-time mothers from a high-risk poverty sample. Participants reported fairly high levels of symptomatology regardless of attachment status. The dismissing adult attachment group reported comparatively little psychiatric distress, emphasized independence, and scored the lowest on self-reported anxiety. The preoccupied group was highest on a range of indices of psychiatric symptoms indicative of self-perceived distress and relationship problems. The autonomous group's scores ranged between the scores of the other 2 groups on most scales. These different symptom patterns are consistent with adult attachment status as an index of self-representation and as a set of strategies for processing emotions and thoughts related to distress and to attachment relationships.
Information regarding the sensitivity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to psychopathology and the meaning of MMPI elevations in neurological patients, particularly in those with epilepsy, is of both theoretical and clinical concern. Such information has a particular relevance to the temporal lobe epilepsy-psychopathology controversy. In order to investigate evidence for increased psychopathology as a function of complex partial seizures (temporal lobe epilepsy in the old nomenclature), three groups of epilepsy patients differing in seizure type were compared on the MMPI. No supportive evidence was present for such an association. Second, the sensitivity of the MMPI to psychopathology was examined by comparing three groups of epilepsy patients differing in history of psychiatric problems. The results clearly indicated that the MMPI is sensitive to psychopathology in patients with epilepsy. Finally, the Sc scale was examined in relation to items descriptive of "disease-related experiences" and the psychiatric implications of endorsing such items. About one third of the items were identified as descriptive of "real experiences." Nevertheless, patients with psychiatric histories endorsed more of such items. In conclusion, the MMPI appears to be sensitive to psychopathology in epilepsy. Therefore, insensitivity of this instrument cannot be advanced as an explanation for the results of many studies that have not supported the temporal lobe epilepsy-psychopathology controversy.
The present study explored the usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in understanding the relationship between duration of chronic pain and psychiatric difficulties. The MMPI responses of workers' compensation patients with varying levels of low back pain chronicity were compared. One hundred ninety eight patients, divided into three groups according to length of disability, underwent social history interviews and completed the MMPI. In regard to the overall profile, the sample had elevations on the Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales. A series of analysis of variance designs revealed that those who were disabled for two or more years evidenced significantly more depression and psychopathology than those who were disabled for less than one year. Further statistical evaluation of 200 social history variables did not reveal significant differences between the three groups on most variables. In conjunction with previous research, the results suggested a causative link between disability and psychiatric disease.
Students in Introductory Psychology (N = 75) were administered the Narcissism-Projective (N-P), which asks subjects to describe two TAT cards and two early childhood memories. Protocols were scored using criteria adapted from the DSM-III section that describes the narcissistic personality disorder. On the basis of these ratings, the high and low narcissists (N = 16) were chosen for further study. These subjects were interviewed by an experienced clinician who was unaware of their performance on the N-P. The interviewer rated each subject as either a high or low narcissist. After the interview, the subject was administered the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Results indicate a statistically significant relationship between the interview assessment of narcissism and the N-P (p less than .01), the NPI (p less than .05), and the NPI factor of self-absorption/self-admiration (p less than .05). The limitations and implications of these data are discussed. It is concluded that both measures demonstrate promise as instruments useful in the rigorous scientific investigation of significant clinical and theoretical issues related to narcissism.
The assessment of personality variables measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), was compared in a sample of 52 female inpatients with anorexia nervosa at the time of hospitalization, discharge from hospital, and 10 years after treatment. Admission MMPI scores were significantly higher than scores both at discharge and 10 years later. There were no significant overall differences between discharge and follow-up evaluation. Discharge, but not admission, MMPI scores were positively correlated with 10-year follow-up study on seven of 10 clinical MMPI scales (all but hypochondriasis, masculinity/femininity, and hypomania). At follow-up evaluation, eating disorder poor outcome was associated with higher MMPI scores. There was no significant difference on admission MMPI scores between the four outcome groups; however, patients who recovered had a greater decrease in MMPI scores at the 10-year follow-up study compared with poor outcome patients. The long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa was largely unrelated to the severity of psychopathology during the acute phase of the illness. These results suggest that persistent personality features are best measured following treatment of acute symptomatology of anorexia nervosa.
Investigated the clinical utility of the McVaugh and Grow (1983) suggestions that Adjustment Scale (ADJ) greater than or equal to 84T indicates faking bad and K greater than or equal to 59T or Social Desirability (SD) greater than or equal to 54T indicates faking good on the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) in 100 children, aged 6-0 to 12-11, seen in a private, fee-for-service, practice of psychology. Profiles that exceeded the fake bad criterion were found in 35% of the cases, but only one profile met fake good criteria. In contrast to profiles below the faking bad criterion, those profiles with ADJ greater than or equal to 84 were associated with higher levels of family pathology, a higher incidence of learning disabilities, and a higher incidence of hyperactivity. It was concluded that profiles that meet the ADJ greater than or equal to 84T criterion reflect psychopathology, not faking.
The number of microvolt seconds of alpha rhythm emitted during a five-minute period were collected for 30 male and 30 female subjects. This measure of alpha abundance was then compared in subjects who scored high and in those who scored low on the E and N scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Subjects who scored low on the E scale tended to have a significantly greater number of microvolt seconds of alpha than did subjects who scored high on the scale. No differentiation on the basis of emitted alpha was possible for subjects scoring high and low on the N scale.
The article reviews the general construction of th Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scale and the clinical interpretations of the individual subscales. Issues related to the use of the MMPI with low back pain patients are examined. Particular emphasis is paid to the diagnosis of functional versus organic pain and prediction of successful treatment. Overall, the research indicates that patients with high Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Hysteria, (Hy) scores are more likely to emit pain behaviors, complain about their suffering and be concerned with their health. The literature suggests that a simple functional/organic dichotomy does not take into consideration the complexities of the pain experience. The MMPI has significant value in predicting successful response to medical treatment. Scores on the Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Hysteria (Hy) scales appears to be particularly useful. The article concludes with some suggestions for chiropractic research using the MMPI.
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