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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Hospital waste management in the teaching hospitals of Karachi.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current practices of segregation approaches, storage arrangements, collection and disposal systems in the teaching hospitals of Karachi. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight teaching hospitals of Karachi, using convenient sampling technique. The instrument of research was a self administered questionnaire, with four sections, relating to the general information of the institution, administrative information, information regarding Health Waste Management personnel and a check-list of Hospital Waste Management activities. RESULTS: Out of eight hospitals visited 2 (25%) were segregating sharps, pathological waste, chemical, infectious, pharmaceutical and pressurized containers at source. For handling potentially dangerous waste, two (25%) hospitals provided essential protective gears to its waste handlers. Only one (12.5%) hospital arranged training sessions for its waste handling staff regularly. Five (62.5%) hospitals had storage areas but mostly it was not protected from access of scavengers. Five (62.5%) hospitals disposed off their hazardous waste by burning in incinerators, two (25%) disposed off by municipal landfills and one (12.5%) was burning waste in open air without any specific treatment. No record of waste was generally maintained. Only two (25%) hospitals had well documented guidelines for waste management and a proper waste management team. CONCLUSION: There should be proper training and management regarding awareness and practices of waste disposal. Research must be undertaken to seal existing gaps in the knowledge about hospital waste management. The hospital waste management guidelines enacted on 7th June 2004 should be followed and regulated by law enforcement agencies rigorously.

Awareness↗
PubMed1996

[Emission of odors from composting of biological waste].

Results of qualitative and quantitative detection of odour substances during the process of composting of biowaste are shown. Olfactometric measurements were carried out beside detection of odour substances by gaschromatography--mass spectroscopy. Some odour relevant substances were set in relation to odorant concentration. 158 volatile substances could be identified by GC/MS. The occurrence of odour substances demonstrated a characteristic dynamic. As a consequence of analysis of odour substances, detection of odorant concentration and odour quality the composting process could be divided in 3 main phases. For the start phase substances from anaerobic degradation like alcoholes and esters of carbonic acids played an important role in odour generation. Sulfur containing compounds dominated the characteristic odour during thermophilic phase of composting process. The importance of ammonia during later composting process could be shown. The concentration of dimethyl disulfide and limonene was set in relation to odorant concentration and both substances are discussed as indicator compounds.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Urban residential refuse composition and generation rates for the 20th century.

Examination of historical data shows that 3.5 x 10(8) tonnes (t) of residential refuse was discarded in New York City (NYC) during the 20th century. Maximum and minimum rates of per capita mass discard of residential refuse during this time are reported in 1940 (940 kg per capita yr(-1)) and 1961, 1963 (320 kg per capita yr(-1)), respectively. Since 1980, per capita residential refuse discard rates have been steady and comparatively low (430 kg per capita yr(-1) +/- 2.5%). Fuel ash accounted for approximately 34% of residential refuse in NYC during the century. A decline of refuse bulk density (as collected) from approximately 500 to 200 kg m(-3) and an increase in refuse organic matter content from 20% to 80% (by mass) is reported between 1920 and 1990 and is due largely to mass fraction reductions forfuel ash and increases for paper and plastic. Approximately 4.9 x 10(8) t of refuse was disposed in NYC during the 20th century (including commercial and residential refuse), representing a total pool of about 8.0 x 10(7) t of organic carbon (as C) that has entered city landfills and incinerators.

Carbon↗