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Results for “Root Resorption”

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PubMed1988

Early post-operative endodontic therapy limits inflammatory root resorption of autotransplanted maxillary canine teeth.

This study has provided information concerning the limitation of inflammatory root resorption of autotransplanted maxillary canine teeth. It has been shown that early post-operative endodontic therapy significantly decreases the occurrence of inflammatory root resorption (P less than 0.001) but does not change the prevalence of replacement root resorption. It is argued that by limiting inflammatory resorption the prognosis for autotransplanted teeth is considerably improved.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Evaluation of root resorption in relation to two orthodontic treatment regimes. A clinical experimental study.

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of a treatment pause on teeth in which apical root resorption was discovered after an initial treatment period of 6 months with fixed appliance. Forty patients with initial apical root resorption in 62 upper incisors were included in the study. In 20 patients treatment continued according to the original plan and in 20 patients active treatment was interrupted during a pause of 2-3 months. After the pause active treatment was resumed. Assessment of apical root resorption was performed on standardized radiographs taken with individual film holders. The amount of root resorption was significantly less in patients treated with a pause than in those treated without interruption.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Assessment of apical root resorption using digital reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the in vitro and in vivo accuracy of a mathematical computer-based reconstruction of two images that are not taken with the same recording geometry for the measurement of apical root resorption following orthodontic treatment. METHODS: A gold standard for root resorption in vitro was developed from 10 extracted upper central incisors using calipers. Radiographs made with five different projection angles were reconstructed mathematically by two observers. The calculated loss of length was compared with the gold standard. Eighty-two upper central incisors from 61 patients were radiographically evaluated for the prevalence and degree of apical root resorption after orthodontic fixed appliance therapy. The relative amount of reduction was calculated after mathematical reconstruction. RESULTS: The inter-observer error in vitro was 1.8%. The 95% confidence intervals for the difference with the gold standard are small. The duplicate measurement in vivo error was 2.2% and the correlation between duplicate measurements was 0.94. The mean loss of tooth length was 7.8% (s.d. 6.9). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of root resorption corresponds well with that in the literature. Digital reconstruction is a reliable method to correct for different projection angles and to monitor the effects of orthodontic movement in serial dental radiographs.

Confidence Intervals↗

PubMed2003

Bone turnover rate in rats does not influence root resorption induced by orthodontic treatment.

The aim of this study was to determine, in a rat model, whether a state of high or low bone turnover had an effect on the rate and type of tooth movement and on the incidence of root resorption induced by orthodontic treatment. The maxillary left first molar was moved mesially for 21 days in 52 6-month-old Wistar rats. They were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 19) with normal bone turnover, group 2 (n = 16) with high bone turnover, and group 3 (n = 17) with low bone turnover. The contralateral side was left untreated to act as a control. The different metabolic rates were created by inducing hyper- and hypothyroidism. The amount of tooth movement was measured using an electronic calliper and the location of the centre of rotation (CRot) was determined after microcomputer tomographic scanning and subsequent three-dimensional reconstruction. Histomorphometric evaluation of root resorption was performed on undecalcified 7 microm thick sections of the maxilla and the differences between treated and untreated sides were evaluated. The results showed that high bone turnover increased the amount of tooth movement compared with the normal or low bone turnover state. There was no statistical difference in the location of the CRot. The treated side presented more root resorption than the untreated side, but this difference was not influenced by the metabolic rates. On the contrary, the untreated side in the low bone turnover group showed more root resorption, suggesting that in subjects where a decreased bone turnover rate is expected, the risk of root resorption could be increased.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Characteristics of patients with severe root resorption.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare a group of patients in whom all four maxillary incisors were resorbed at least 20% with a matched group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, case-control. Root resorption was measured on pre- and post-treatment periapical radiographs collected from 868 patients treated in private practices in southern California. Diagnostic and treatment factors were recorded, and vertical and horizontal apical movement calculated from cephalometric films. Root shape was assessed with a six-object non-parametric rating system. From this patient population, 25 patients were found who had >20% root resorption on all four maxillary incisors. A case control group without severe root resorption matched by sex, treating office, age at start, ethnicity, and duration of treatment was created with two controls for each severe case. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences found for extractions, use of Class II and finishing elastics, transverse treatments, overjet, overbite, vertical, tooth length, habits, and root shape. Higher estimated risk was found for abnormal root shape for both maxillary incisors, and tongue thrust. Horizontal apical displacement was not significantly different (p = 0.07) but severely resorbed incisors were retracted an average of one millimeter further. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-five of 868 patients were found to have over 20% of all four of their maxillary incisors resorbed. This is <3% of the total patients. Matching this group by sex, ethnicity, office, treatment time, and age greatly reduced the number of factors that would differentiate these patients from 50 who did not get severe root resorption. We conclude that horizontal root displacement, tongue thrust, and abnormal root shape may have higher estimated risk but interoffice variability and treatment time cannot be underestimated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Effect of placement of occlusive membranes on root resorption and bone regeneration during healing of circumferential periodontal defects in dogs.

Previous studies indicate that root resorption is a frequent sequela to significant amounts of periodontal repair in animal models. A model was developed in labrador dogs to study periodontal wound healing in large circumferential defects in the absence of influence from the oral environment. A polytetrafluorethylene membrane of 1 micron pore size (GORE-TEX) was used to occlude cells from specific tissues from populating the healing dentin-connective tissue wound. 3 modalities were studied: (1) control, in which no membrane and therefore no cell occlusion was used, (2) flap occlusion, in which the internal surface of the flap was lined with the membrane preventing contribution of cells from the flap, (3) bone occlusion, in which the reduced alveolar bone was lined with the membrane preventing contribution from bone cells. Wound closure included total submergence of teeth and membranes. The membranes remained incorporated and no exposure of membranes or teeth occurred during the 3 months healing period. Histology revealed bone regrowth in all 3 treatment modalities. It is suggested that inductive elements in the connective tissue or dentin, or bone cells from periosteum were responsible for bone regrowth in the bone membrane treatment modality. No significant difference was seen for root resorption between the 3 treatment modalities. This study found that physical occlusion of cells from the inside of the surgical flap, or from the pre-existing bone, is not sufficient to prevent root resorption in periodontal wound healing.

Alveolar Process↗

PubMed2000

Apical root resorption of upper first molars as related to anchorage system.

Night-time use of extra-oral traction for anchorage may cause jiggling, rotational and extrusional forces. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that headgear forces in an anchorage system may increase the risk of radiographically detectable root resorptions on molar teeth. Twenty-one patients were selected among patients planned for orthodontic treatment, in which there was a need of anchorage in a full-bond appliance during a period of at least 6 months. An experimental group of 11 patients was given reinforcement anchorage in the maxilla with an extra-oral traction (cervical-pull) during night. Ten patients in a control group was given anchorage by a Goshgarian palatal bar, or by Class II-elastics. Periapical radiographs were taken of the upper first molars according to a standardised technique at the start of treatment, and at 3 and 6 months. Recordings included also patient compliance, force evaluation and the measurement of tooth movement. Significant reduction of root length was shown for some roots already after 3 months. However, mean root resorption after 6 months did not exceed 0.6 millimeter in any upper first molar root of the present sample. The degree of root resorption was similar in the experimental and the control groups. The hypothesis of a significant effect on root resorption of upper first molars by night-time use of extra-oral traction for a 6 month period was rejected. It is concluded that patients given anchorage by night-time use of extra-oral traction will show similar degrees of root resorption of the upper molars as those in which anchorage is given by a Goshgarian bar or Class II elastics.

Extraoral Traction Appliances↗

PubMed1991

Patient characteristics and treatment variables associated with apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment.

Multivariate analysis of patient characteristics and clinical variables was carried out with the maximum single maxillary incisor apical root resorption for each patient as the dependent variable. Root lengths were measured in standardized intraoral radiographs from 485 consecutively treated patients, 11.5 to 25 years of age. The correlation matrix revealed a complex pattern of positive and negative associations between the six pretreatment and seven treatment variables. Variables found to contribute significantly to apical root resorption were overjet, history of trauma to maxillary incisors before initiation of treatment, time of treatment with rectangular arch wires, time of treatment with Class II elastics, lip/tongue dysfunction, and/or history of finger-sucking habits persisting beyond the age of 7 years, and impacted maxillary canines to be corrected orthodontically. Clinical application of an open activator was significantly correlated with overjet but negatively correlated with apical root resorption, with the use of rectangular arch wires and/or Class II elastics, and with total banding time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Expression of mRNA for osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) during root resorption induced by the application of heavy orthodontic forces on rat molars.

INTRODUCTION: Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL) activates osteoclast differentiation, whereas this activity is blocked by osteoprotegrin (OPG), so that the relative expression of these 2 proteins might contribute to bone and root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. We describe experiments with RANKL and OPG mRNA expression in rats subjected to orthodontic forces. It was hypothesized that the ratios of RANKL to OPG expression would increase during root resorption processes. METHODS: Fixed Sentalloy (GAC, Bohemia, NY) closed-coil springs capable of delivering approximately 100 g of force were applied for mesial movement of the mandibular left first molar in 9 male, 7-week-old Wistar rats; the right mandibular molar was used as an internal control for each animal. After 14 days, the rats were killed; tissues from 2 rats were examined by paraffin histology, and high-quality messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was extracted from 4-mm widths of the mesial bony tissues in the remaining animals. RESULTS: Paraffin sections showed osteoclastic resorption of roots on the mesial surfaces of teeth subjected to orthodontic forces. The integrity of mRNA was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the housekeeping gene GAPDH, and that of primers specific for OPG and RANKL was determined by RT-PCR for these genes in material isolated from the UM106 rat cell line known to express both proteins. Densitometric analysis of the RT-PCR OPG product showed an increase in background levels of OPG mRNA in bony tissues subjected to orthodontic forces in all animals studied (P < .05). In contrast, low levels of mRNA for RANKL were detected in only 5 animals and only in association with orthodontic forces. CONCLUSIONS: Data are consistent with changes in levels of OPG and RANKL in tissues subjected to orthodontic forces and experiencing root resorption.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients.

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for apical root resorption in adult orthodontic patients. Standardized periapical radiographs of maxillary anterior teeth and cephalograms made before and after treatment and treatment charts of 343 adults, representing groups of consecutively treated patients from four orthodontic practices, were examined. Apical root resorption was calculated by subtracting posttreatment tooth length measurements from the corresponding pretreatment measurements. Root width was measured from the mesial to the distal outline of the roots 4 mm from the apex. Root form was scored subjectively as normal, pointed, eroded, blunt, bent, and bottle shaped. Root movement was calculated from measurements of superimposed tracings of pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms. Proximity of the central incisor roots to the palatal cortical bone was scored subjectively as present or absent. Severity of initial malocclusion and treatment variables were collected from the charts. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that amount of root movement, long roots, narrow roots, abnormal root shape, and use of Class II elastics were significant risk factors. However, the statistical model had a low explained variance, strongly suggesting a weak prediction power. No association was found between type of initial malocclusion, treatment time, use of rectangular arch wires, proximity of the root to the palate or treatment with maxillary osteotomy, and root resorption. Endodontic treatment was a preventive factor.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A case of multiple idiopathic external root resorption: a 6-year follow-up study.

Multiple idiopathic external root resorption of permanent teeth is a very infrequent phenomenon. This paper describes a case of multiple idiopathic external root resorption at cement-enamel junction in 21 of 25 teeth followed up for 6 years. In addition to clinical features and radiographs, we present results of histological and bacteriological examinations.

Bone Density Conservation Agents↗

PubMed1999

Are dental anomalies risk factors for apical root resorption in orthodontic patients?

Regression analyses suggest a weak prediction power of identified risk factors for apical root resorption in orthodontic patients, indicating the presence of etiologic or causative factors that have not yet been disclosed. To investigate the possible significance of dental anomalies as risk factors, pretreatment and posttreatment periapical radiographs of 84 patients with presence of at least one dental anomaly and of 84 patients without such anomalies were compared. The patients in the two groups were matched according to age, gender, Angle Class, extraction therapy, overbite, and treatment time. Apical root resorption was calculated by subtracting posttreatment tooth length measurements from the corresponding pretreatment measurements. Two sample t tests revealed no differences in mean root resorption between the patients in the two groups (P = .88). Stepwise regression analyses did not identify any of the individual anomalies as risk factors. In addition, patients with more than one anomaly did not appear to be at increased risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Idiopathic root resorption: report of a case.

A case of multiple idiopathic apical root resorption in a 26-yr-old female patient is presented. A review of the literature revealed that extensive idiopathic root resorption is unusual. Neither local nor systemic etiological factors were found in our case. Examination of parents and siblings did not reveal a familiar tendency. Radiographs and clinical evaluation showed a very poor prognosis for most of the teeth present in the mouth of our patient.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Radiographic evaluation of apical root resorption with 2 different types of edgewise appliances. Results of a randomized clinical trial.

The purpose of this paper was to compare radiographically the prevalence and degree of apical root resorption after treatment with a fully programmed edgewise appliance (FPA) and a partly programmed edgewise appliance (PPA) in a randomized multipractice clinical trial. Two groups of patients with Class II malocclusions were treated orthodontically. The type of treatment was randomly assigned by a computer program. During fixed appliance therapy, one group was treated according to the precepts of the straight wire concept (FPA; n = 32) while the other was treated with conventional full edgewise mechanics (PPA; n = 29). Treatment times were recorded. Radiographs of the maxillary incisors were made before and after active treatment with fixed appliances using the bisecting angle technique. To correct for different projecting angles the pairs of radiographs were digitally reconstructed. The prevalence and degree of root resorption were assessed. The mean treatment time was 1.8 years and 1.6 years for treatment with FPA and PPA, respectively. The mean amount of loss of tooth length was 8.2% for the patients treated with FPA and 7.5% for the patients treated with PPA. No statistically significant differences could be assessed between both groups at the end of active treatment. The mean prevalence of apical root resorption was 75% for the patients treated with FPA and 55% for the patients treated with PPA. Statistical evaluation showed no significant differences. We concluded that the prevalence and degree of root resorption is independent of the appliances as used in this study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Inflammatory cervical root resorption following segmental orthognathic surgery. A case report.

An unusual case of bilateral inflammatory external/internal root resorption developed in the maxillae of a 28 year-old female approximately 4 years following routine segmental orthognathic surgery. The patient experienced dental pain in a tooth adjacent to a segmental osteotomy cut 8 months postsurgery, however, the tooth later became asymptomatic. A definitive diagnosis of inflammatory cervical root resorption was not established until nearly 4 years later on routine dental examination. The external/internal resorptive lesions were located 4 to 6 mm apical to the connective tissue attachment on 3 of the 4 tooth roots adjacent to osteotomy cuts. Two of the affected teeth required non-surgical root canal therapy due to pulpal communication with the resorptive defects. The lesions were accessed by flap surgery, thoroughly debrided, and obturated with an intermediate restorative material until definitive restorative therapy could be completed. All sites healed uneventfully and the patient has been closely observed for approximately 2 years without symptoms or recurrence of the resorptive lesions. Dental health care providers should be alert to the possible occurrence of inflammatory root resorption in sites adjacent to osteotomy cuts over extended periods of time. Routine radiographic examination may be beneficial in the postoperative management of the segmental orthognathic surgery patient.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Root resorption in dental trauma: 45 cases followed for 5 years.

We aimed to: (i) study the prevalence of root resorption after luxation or avulsion injuries on permanent teeth referred to our dental clinic over a 3-year period; (ii) study the relationship between type of injury and resultant type of resorption complication; and (iii) evaluate success of treatment protocols for various resorption complications. We observed 1943 patients with dental trauma, aged between 2 and 26 years, referred to the Accident and Emergency Department of the Dental Clinic, University of Brescia, from 1st September 1997 to 31st December 2001. Of these, 261 permanent teeth had sustained luxation (n = 188) or avulsion (n = 73) injuries. Permanent teeth luxation and avulsion injuries occurred most often in upper incisors (75%) of patients mostly aged 12-21 years, with males more commonly affected than females (68.3% vs. 31.7%). These cases were followed for 5 years, and complications and response to treatment were recorded. Root resorption was observed in 45 (17.24%) of these cases. Of the 45 cases with resorption, 9 were associated with luxation injury (20%) while 36 (80%) with avulsion. We distinguished 30 cases of inflammatory root resorption (18 transient and 12 progressive) and 15 cases of ankylosis and osseous replacement. When resorption was recognized, quick and effective treatment could still result in an excellent functional and aesthetic outcome for these teeth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Potentials for root resorption during periodontal wound healing.

The present study was undertaken to examine whether (1) the process of resorption, which invariably affects periodontitis involved reimplanted roots facing bone or gingival connective tissue during healing, is a transient phenomenon and, (2) root resorption can be prevented by permitting downgrowth of epithelium along the root surface. A total of 24 teeth in 2 monkeys (Macaca cynomolgus) was subjected to experimental periodontal tissue breakdown by the placement of elastic ligatures around the teeth. The ligatures were left in situ until about 50% of the supporting tissues had been lost. Following removal of the ligatures, the teeth were extracted and the denuded portions of the roots were scaled and planed. The crowns of the teeth were resected and the root canals filled with guttapercha. The roots were subsequently implanted into sockets prepared in the jaw bone in such a way that each root was embedded in bone except for a portion which was in contact with gingival connective tissue. 1 month prior to sacrifice of the animals, the cut surface of the coronal part of the roots was exposed by removal of the covering soft tissue. The epithelium was thereby allowed to migrate into the wound. Implantation of the roots was scheduled to provide healing periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks before exposure of the roots. The histologic examination of the implant specimens disclosed that replacement resorption was a progressive process which eventually resulted in the elimination of the transplanted roots. It was possible to prevent root resorption in this model by permitting apical downgrowth of epithelium along the root surface during the initial phase of healing. The results are discussed in relation to procedures used in periodontal therapy.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

A comparison of two different rapid palatal expansion techniques from the point of root resorption.

The aim of this investigation is to compare Haas and Cast Cap Splint devices from the point of root resorption. The material comprised thirty-eight upper and twelve lower premolar teeth derived from nineteen patients who required RME and subsequent removal of the first premolars as part of their full banded orthodontic treatment. Root resorption and repair areas were observed on the buccal surfaces of premolars. Repair tissue was cellular cementum in both groups. There was no significant difference between these two techniques from the point of root resorption amount.

Adolescent↗