PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Rural Spatial Distribution”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Impact of spatial distribution of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on child mortality in rural northern Ghana.

Effects of the distribution in space of permethrin (insecticide)-impregnated bed nets (IIBNS) on child mortality were studied in a randomized controlled trial of IIBNs in a an area highly endemic for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in rural northern Ghana. Eight hundred sixty-two deaths occurred among children 6-59 months of age during 16,841 child-years-at-risk. Mortality increased with the distance from health facilities but not with proximity to identifiable anopheline breeding sites (reservoirs). The efficacy of IIBNs was independent of these distances. Mortality in users of IIBNs was independent of the proximity of nonusers, and mortality rates of nonusers and users living close to each other were similar. Poisson regression estimated a 6.7% increase in mortality among nonusers with each 100-m shift away from the nearest compound with IIBNS, indicating that the insecticide protects nearby nonusers. High coverage of IIBNs achieves maximum impact, but users of IIBNs offer some protection to less fortunate neighbors if coverage is incomplete.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study on arsenical dermatosis in rural community of West Bengal.

The spatial distribution of chronic arsenicosis due to consumption of arsenic contaminated tube well water in different districts of West Bengal was gradually unfolding since 1983. Arsenical dermatosis was found to be the commonest and earliest manifestation of chronic arsenic toxicity. This study was conduct in Baruipur block of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. Total 313 people selected from three randomly selected villages with reported arsenic contamination in tube well water and 342 people living three randomly selected villages without such evidence of contamination were examined as control population. 5.97% of exposed population and 2.05% of unexposed population showed melanosis (p < 0.01). Moreover, 5.11% of exposed population and 0.88% of unexposed population showed keratosis (p < 0.01). The prevalence of dermatosis among exposed population was also seen to have increased with increasing age, from 7.19% in 0-19 year age group to 37.50% in above 40 year group (p < 0.001). Prevalence was also found to be more with increase in level of contamination. The prevalence rate of dermatosis among unexposedgroup was 2.92%. But age adjusted prevalence rate among exposed group was 19.08% at arsenic contamination level of 0.487 ppm. Mean arsenic concentration in nail and hair samples of exposed group was also found higher than the prescribed limit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Spatial distribution of watery diarrhoea in children: identification of "risk areas" in a rural community in Bangladesh.

To assess the geographic variation of acute watery diarrhoea in children 0 to 5 years old in rural Bangladesh, all cases of "cholera-like" diarrhoea were plotted on the map. A clustering pattern was noticed, and validated by a nonparametric clustering test for in-homogeneous population. Several risk areas for the disease were identified. In these areas, the point prevalence (8.7/1000) was notably higher than outside the areas (0.41/1000), (95% confidence interval, 15.55-29.30). Parents' education, population density and use of sanitary latrines were significantly related to the risk areas (p < or = 0.001). The results of this study indicate that computer-assisted mapping may be useful in defining and monitoring risk areas for watery diarrhoea in children.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2005

Detection of genetic markers of fecal indicator bacteria in Lake Michigan and determination of their relationship to Escherichia coli densities using standard microbiological methods.

Lake Michigan surface waters impacted by fecal pollution were assessed to determine the occurrence of genetic markers for Bacteroides and Escherichia coli. Initial experiments with sewage treatment plant influent demonstrated that total Bacteroides spp. could be detected by PCR in a 25- to 125-fold-higher dilution series than E. coli and human-specific Bacteroides spp., which were both found in similar dilution ranges. The limit of detection for the human-specific genetic marker ranged from 0.2 CFU/100 ml to 82 CFU/100 ml culturable E. coli for four wastewater treatment plants in urban and rural areas. The spatial and temporal distributions of these markers were assessed following major rain events that introduced urban storm water, agricultural runoff, and sewage overflows into Lake Michigan. Bacteroides spp. were detected in all of these samples by PCR, including those with <1 CFU/100 ml E. coli. Human-specific Bacteroides spp. were detected as far as 2 km into Lake Michigan during sewage overflow events, with variable detection 1 to 9 days postoverflow, whereas the cow-specific Bacteroides spp. were detected in only highly contaminated samples near the river outflow. Lake Michigan beaches were also assessed throughout the summer season for the same markers. Bacteroides spp. were detected in all beach samples, including 28 of the 74 samples that did not exceed 235 CFU/100 ml of E. coli. Human-specific Bacteroides spp. were detected at three of the seven beaches; one of the sites demonstrating positive results was sampled during a reported sewage overflow, but E. coli levels were below 235 CFU/100 ml. This study demonstrates the usefulness of non-culture-based microbial-source tracking approaches and the prevalence of these genetic markers in the Great Lakes, including freshwater coastal beaches.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2005

PM2.5 chemical composition in Hong Kong: urban and regional variations.

Chemically speciated PM2.5 measurements were made at roadside, urban, and rural background sites in Hong Kong for 1 year during 2000/2001 to determine the spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 mass and chemical composition in this highly populated region. Annual average PM2.5 concentrations at the urban and rural sites were 34.1 and 23.7 microg m(-3), respectively, approximately 50-100% higher than the United States' annual average National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 15 microg m(-3). Daily PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the U.S. 24-h NAAQS of 65 microg m(-3) on 19 days, reaching 131+/-8 microg m(-3) at the roadside site on 02/28/2001. Carbonaceous aerosol is the largest contributor to PM2.5 mass (explaining 52-75% of PM2.5 mass at the two urban sites and 32% at the background site), followed by ammonium sulfate (ranging from 23% to 37% at the two urban sites and 51% at the background site). Ammonium sulfate and crustal concentrations showed more uniform spatial distributions, while the largest urban-rural contrasts found in carbonaceous aerosol (likely due to emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles). Marine influences accounted for 7% of the mass at the background site (more than twice as much as at the two urban sites). Ternary diagrams are utilized to illustrate the different spatial patterns.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

[The formation of Quebec's urban populations: the Saguenay region in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries].

The author explores trends in urbanization during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries for the Saguenay region of Quebec province, Canada. He finds that "the Saguenay region experienced rapid urbanization at the end of the 19th century....Towns...attracted large numbers of immigrants from various geographic origins, with a marked male dominance. Flows from the East of Quebec...increased significantly (rural exodus) while new recruitment areas appeared in the more distant and more urbanized regions of western Quebec (selective outmigration)." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗