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PubMed2006

Epidemiology of salmonella infections in pig units and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the strains of Salmonella species isolated.

One hundred and thirteen finishing pig units and 74 sow units in Catalonia, Spain, were examined to determine the prevalence of salmonella infections and the factors that could be associated with them. Pooled faecal samples were taken from the finishing units, and samples of faeces were collected from individual sows. The Salmonella isolates were serotyped, phage typed and examined for their antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 common antimicrobial drugs. In addition, blood samples from pigs on 141 farms were analysed by ELISA. In both the bacteriological and serological surveys, a questionnaire with 84 questions was completed for each farm. Salmonella species were isolated from 20 per cent of the finishing units and 24 per cent of the sow units; 14 serotypes were detected in the finishing pigs and 11 in the sows. More than 30 per cent of the strains were resistant to tetracycline, sulphonamides, ampicillin or streptomycin, and 69 per cent of the strains were resistant to three or more agents up to 10 compounds. Seventy-seven per cent of the farms had at least one seropositive animal, and 26 per cent of these farms had an individual seroprevalence of 50 per cent or more. The factors associated (P<0.05) with the excretion of Salmonella species in the finishing units were the practice of raising livestock other than pigs (odds ratio [OR]=6.18), the herd size (OR=5.87), and a past history of clinical salmonellosis (OR=4.97). For the sows, the factors associated (P<0.05) with the excretion of Salmonella species were having open-flushed drainage of sewage (OR=34.48), a lack of rodent control measures (OR=0.05) and the number of sows in the unit (OR=9.26). Factors associated with seropositivity in the finishing units were a lack of bird-proof nets (OR=0.30) and the use of water from private wells (OR=3.64).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1990

Aging and the response to Salmonella infection.

We investigated the effect of age on the ability of Fischer 344 rats to mount a febrile response and contain infection due to Salmonella typhimurium. Elderly (22-23 month), middle-aged (12-13 month) and young (2-3 month) rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1.5 X 10(6) organisms and the febrile response and liver and spleen bacterial counts were followed for 13 days. The elderly had a more sluggish febrile response and did not achieve as great a maximum temperature elevation as the young and middle-aged rats. Except for days 1 and 5, bacterial counts in liver and spleen were greater in the elderly rats than in young and middle-aged rats.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Genetic resistance to Salmonella infection in domestic animals.

Genetic resistance to Salmonella infection in experimental animal models is well described. However, genetic resistance in domestic animals, which has potentially great value in terms of controlling Salmonella in the food chain, has been relatively poorly described. Recent advances in genetics and immunology have identified several factors that influence resistance in chickens and pigs in particular. Resistance to systemic salmonellosis in the chicken is encoded by a number of factors including Nramp1 (now termed Slc11a1) and a novel gene, SAL1 that leads to increased macrophage activity against Salmonella. Studies in outbred, and in particular, inbred chickens have revealed considerable differences in levels of colonization of the gastrointestinal tract and responses to vaccination. Factors influencing this appear to include innate immune function, MHC and Nramp. In pigs several immune factors, including polymorphonuclear cell activity, have been shown to influence resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Salmonella infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are susceptible to infections, notably salmonellosis. We report 37 cases of salmonella infection in 24 patients with SLE. These cases were detected in a group of 770 patients with SLE. All the patients were women, with a mean age of 25.6 years. At the onset of salmonella infection, 81% were taking prednisolone and 27% were taking cytotoxic drugs. Renal involvement was present in 75% of patients, which was approximately the same as in other SLE patients. Bacteremia, arthritis, osteomyelitis and rare manifestations of salmonellosis, including pulmonary and urinary tract involvement, were encountered. Diagnosis was based on isolation of the microorganism, mostly from blood cultures. Salmonella species other than typhi and paratyphi were often responsible. Widal agglutination test was positive in less than half the cases, and leukopenia was not seen frequently. Recurrence of infection in 29% of the patients and the high mortality rate (28.5%), despite the conventional period of appropriate antimicrobial treatment, show a poor prognosis of salmonellosis in SLE patients. This special picture of salmonellosis argues for a much longer period of treatment in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Serological diagnosis of salmonella infections by enzyme immunoassay.

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection and measurement of serum IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies to salmonella was developed with commercially available lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Salmonella typhimurium and S enteritidis combined as antigen. Of 130 sera from patients with culture-confirmed salmonella infections, 115 (88.5%) were positive in this assay. The classic Widal agglutination test was positive in only 50 (38.5%) cases. This EIA method offers a substantial advance in the serological diagnosis of acute salmonella infections; it detects antibodies to the salmonellae of groups B and D, which constitute about 70% of culture-positive cases of human salmonellosis. Antibodies to other salmonellae are also detected. This EIA is particularly valuable for the detection of salmonella antibodies during post-infectious complications when isolation of the organism is often no longer possible.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Multidrug-resistant non-typhoid Salmonella infections in a medical center.

Due to the high incidence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in Taiwan, the emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella has become of particular concern. This retrospective study assessed the clinical features of patients with multidrug-resistant Salmonella treated from January 1998 through June 2000. A total of 201 children and 33 adults with multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections treated during a 2.5-year period were included. Sixty-percent of these patients had used antibiotics before multidrug-resistant Salmonella infection developed. The incidence of extra-intestinal infections was higher in adults (51.4%) than in children (4.9%). Infection with an invasive serotype of Salmonella, such as Salmonella choleraesuis, and host factors appeared to be predisposing factors for bacteremia or extra-intestinal infections. None of the patients had mortality attributable to multidrug-resistant salmonellosis. The increasing rate of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and the high multidrug-resistant rate of S. choleraesuis found in this study indicate the importance of judicious use of antimicrobial agents in both humans and animals to reduce the selection and spread of resistant strains.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Mycotic aneurysm of the iliac artery caused by Salmonella infection. A case report].

Localized extra-intestinal manifestations of salmonella infections are rare, but will be encountered more frequently due to the increasing number of salmonellosis in recent years. We report a 55-year-old patient with an infected aneurysm of the right iliac artery caused by S. enteritidis. Vascular surgery with resection of the aneurysm, debridement, reconstruction with direct anastomosis of the mobilized artery was successful in combination with antibiotic therapy, but the course was complicated by a deep venous thrombosis, ileus and abdominal wall hemorrhage. A short review of the pertinent literature follows the case report, with emphasis on the surgical aspects. Autogenous reconstruction is considered the surgical treatment of choice for infected iliac aneurysms.

Aneurysm, Infected↗
PubMed1985

[Role of peritoneal macrophages in the development of an experimental Salmonella infection].

The effect produced on the course of Salmonella infection in mice by the removal of peritoneal macrophages with agarose has been studied. Peritoneal macrophages have been shown to control the multiplication of faintly virulent and virulent S. typhimurium strains in the spleen of mice. In immune mice the elimination of the virulent strain of the causative agent of superinfection may occur without the control of peritoneal macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Endovascular repair of Salmonella-infected abdominal aortic aneurysms: a word of caution.

Over the last several years, treatment modalities have changed for infected aortic aneurysms. Surgical treatment has undergone a paradigm shift from débridement and extra-anatomic bypass to direct reconstruction to, most recently, endovascular repair. Although many reports of endovascular repair of such aneurysms are favorable, the following two cases highlight some of the concerns with endografts in an infected field. Specifically, we urge caution when considering endovascular repair of Salmonella-infected arterial pathologies.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Dillon Beach Project--a five-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection in turkeys and their environment.

A 5-year epidemiological study of naturally occurring salmonella infection 2 basic strains of turkeys and their environment was completed. Multiple generations of these turkeys, free from salmonella infection, were raised on a new commercial breeding ranch (the Dillon Beach Ranch) in California during a 31/2-year period. Eight salmonella serotypes eventually gained access to the ranch. Egg transmission and prior contamination of the premises were ruled out as the source of these infections. The most likely means of their introduction was physical transport into the ranch by contaminated feed, personnel, and/or equipment. Several serotypes of salmonella were isolated from pelleted feed delivered to the ranch, demonstrating its role in introducing infection. The low isolation rate from feed samples and environmental samples taken from many buildings indicates the need for intensive sampling as a reliable indicator of infection. The most severe and consistently detected infection occurred in young birds grown in forced-air-ventilated buildings. A total of 17,858 bacteriological cultures representing about 102,756 environmental, feed, and bird samples, and 93,930 serological tests on 46,977 serum samples, were run during the study.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Nosology, epidemiology and bacteriological taxonomy: salmonella infections as an example (author's transl)].

Salmonella infections are discussed as an example of the interdependence of the classification of infectious diseases on the one hand and the taxonomy of bacteria on the other. The term paratyphoid was first created as a name for a disease but was later turned into a common name for the cause and then refined into a specific epitheton of a species of bacteria. It was difficult to create terms for pathology as long as a reliable differentiation of related species of bacteria was not possible, so both a typhoid and an enteric form of paratyphoid fever were referred to, superimposing the clinical differentiation of typhoid fevers and food poisoning (enteritis infectiosa). Epidemiology and bacteriology cannot expect their classifications to determine the classification of bacteria on the level of genus and subgenus, but systematic bacteriology should not conserve or create species and subspecies that are unnecessary for applied medical bacteriology. The needs of epidemiology usually require identification and determination of serovar, biovar and phagovar of the individual strain, but for pathology it is important to classify series of strains on the basis of certain combinations of serovars, biovars, and phagovars as special forms.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Salmonella infection in market swine, Trinidad and Tobago.

Salmonella organisms were isolated from samples of mesenteric lymph nodes taken from healthy market swine at an abattoir in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, on 36 different visits over a 12-month period. Of the 869 samples examined, 160, or 18,4%, were positive for Salmonella. A total of 19 serotypes were isolated of which S. agona was the most prevalent. The findings are compared with observations by other workers.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cytosolic flagellin requires Ipaf for activation of caspase-1 and interleukin 1beta in salmonella-infected macrophages.

Gram-negative bacteria that replicate in the cytosol of mammalian macrophages can activate a signaling pathway leading to caspase-1 cleavage and secretion of interleukin 1beta, a powerful host response factor. Ipaf, a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor in the family of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-leucine-rich repeat proteins, is critical in such a response to salmonella infection, but the mechanism of how Ipaf is activated by the bacterium remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that salmonella strains either lacking flagellin or expressing mutant flagellin were deficient in activation of caspase-1 and in interleukin 1beta secretion, although transcription factor NF-kappaB-dependent production of interleukin 6 or the chemokine MCP-1 was unimpaired. Delivery of flagellin to the macrophage cytosol induced Ipaf-dependent activation of caspase-1 that was independent of Toll-like receptor 5, required for recognition of extracellular flagellin. In macrophages made tolerant by previous exposure to lipopolysaccharide, which abrogates activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases, salmonella infection still activated caspase-1. Thus, detection of flagellin through Ipaf induces caspase-1 activation independently of Toll-like receptor 5 in salmonella-infected and lipopolysaccharide-tolerized macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Calcium in milk and fermentation by yoghurt bacteria increase the resistance of rats to Salmonella infection.

Calcium in milk products stimulates gastric acid secretion and inhibits the cytolytic activity of intestinal contents. Based on these effects, it was hypothesised that calcium might lessen the severity of food borne intestinal infections. The possible differential effects of a low calcium milk and normal milk products (milk, acidified milk, and pasteurised yoghurt) on the resistance of rats to a salmonella infection was therefore studied. Rats were infected orally with Salmonella enteritidis just after food consumption. The first day after infection, faecal salmonella counts of the yoghurt fed rats were significantly lower than those of the other groups. Thereafter, faecal salmonella excretion declined rapidly in all high calcium groups, whereas rats fed the low calcium milk continued to excrete high numbers of salmonella. The reduced colonisation resistance to salmonella of rats fed low calcium milk might be caused by the high cytolytic activity of faecal water or a high iron concentration in faecal water, already present before infection, or both. The reduced resistance of these rats corresponded with a large infection induced increase in the cytolytic activity of faecal water, an appreciable reduction in apparent iron absorption, and a large increase in faecal mucin and alkaline phosphatase excretion. In yoghurt fed rats, only minor infection induced changes in luminal parameters were noticed. The rats fed milk and acidified milk always showed intermediate reactions. In conclusion, in addition to fermentation by yoghurt bacteria, calcium in milk products strongly enhanced the resistance to salmonella infection by lowering luminal cytolytic activity or diminishing the availability of iron for pathogen growth, or both.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of Salmonella infection on hemopoietic stem cells in mice immunized with Salmonella vaccines.

Effects of Salmonella enteritidis infection on hemopoietic stem cells were examined in mice immunized with killed bacteria and in those immunized with viable bacteria. The results are summarized as follows: i) Mice immunized with the killed salmonellae showed hemopoietic responses similar to those of normal, nonimmunized mice, i. e., increase in CFUs and CFUc in the spleen and decrease in these cells in the bone marrow. ii) Mice immunized with viable salmonellae were protected from such decreases in bone marrow stem cells, but showed a decrease in spleen CFUc, with a concomitant decrease in the peripheral granulocytes. iii) Hemopoietic responses to viable salmonellae of mice immunized with viable bacteria differed from the responses to killed salmonellae of normal, non-immunized mice. These results suggest that both LPS and cell-mediated immune responses affect hemopoietic stem cells in mice infected with salmonellae.

Animals↗