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PubMed1989

T-cell response towards HIV in infected individuals with and without zidovudine therapy, and in HIV-exposed sexual partners.

HIV-specific T-cell response in HIV-infected individuals at different stages of the disease and during zidovudine therapy was studied using HIV and HIV-envelope derived native and recombinant proteins as antigens. Neither antibody-negative at-risk individuals nor HIV-infected individuals responded to HIV or its envelope-derived proteins, even though they responded to a recall antigen, purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). However, five out of 14 antibody- and antigen-negative sexual partners of known HIV-positive men did respond to HIV, native gp 120 and recombinant envelope and core proteins. Some AIDS-related complex (ARC) and AIDS patients treated with zidovudine also showed a low T-cell response which diminished along with clinical deterioration. A synthetic peptide representing one of the major T-cell epitopes in HIV envelope, frequently recognized by immunized and infected primates, gave only marginal stimulation in man. Our findings suggest that HIV infection in man results in a T-helper cell anergy directed against viral proteins. The response observed in the antibody- and antigen-negative sexual partners and in some of the zidovudine-treated patients implies that at least some epitopes on HIV envelope are immunogenic in man.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Chlamydial infection in males and conseqences for their female sexual partners, an example from rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

The aim of this paper is to examine the reproductive health status for the wives of chlamydia-infected, but largely asymptomatic men. In a cross-sectional study in rural Tanzania 447 men and 393 women, aged 15-44 years, were screened for chlamydial infection. The prevalence was 9.6% and 6.9%, respectively. Among 43 chlamydia-positive men, 17 were married. Data from both spouses, independently examined, could be matched for 12 couples. None of the 12 husbands had discharge, one had dysuria and 3 had pyuria. Three wives tested positive for chlamydial infection, two others had pelvic inflammatory disease, four others had pyuria. Men reported more sexual partners than women and were considered being the index case for the chlamydial infection. While three of 11 wives (27%) tested chlamydia-positive from a cervical sample, transmission might have occurred in 5-8 cases (transmission rate (42-67%), indicating that these 12 largely asymptomatic chlamydia-positive men were highly infectious to their sexual partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[The risk of virus transmission and morbidity in sexual partners of HBeAg positive patients with chronic liver disease (author's transl)].

Sexual partners of 50 HBeAg positive patients suffering from chronic HBV-induced hepatitis were investigated for signs of HBV-transmission or morbidity. 80% of the partners have been infected. 90% of these developed immunity against HBV; 10% acquired an acute or chronic hepatitis B. We were unable to establish any predominant criteria favoring the infection. Sexual activity, in particular, in our opinion is not of paramount significance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Case-control study of risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark. I: Role of the "male factor" in women with one lifetime sexual partner.

Possible risk factors for cervical cancer were investigated in 645 women, 20-49 years of age from Copenhagen, with histologically confirmed cervical cancer or carcinoma in situ and in 614 controls drawn at random from the female population of the same area. To study the role of the "male factor", monogamous cases and controls together with their husbands were invited for further examination. This included a personal interview, a blood sample for analysis of herpes simplex virus antibodies, and a penile swab for papillomavirus analysis. In total, 41 case couples and 90 control couples were enrolled (89% and 92% of eligibles, respectively). The most significant risk determinants were a history of genital warts in the male (RR = 17.9 for ever vs. never) and ever having used condoms (RR = 0.2). Other potentially important factors, although not statistically significant, were ever having visited prostitutes (RR = 2.6, p = 0.14), circumcision (RR = 0.3, p = 0.18), and a history of genital warts in the female (RR = 4.6), p = 0.09). Having a husband with a history of multiple sexual partners was also associated with an increased crude risk, but when adjustment was made for husband ever having had genital warts, use of condom, and age, no significant excess risk was observed. Human papillomavirus DNA, which was tested for with ViraPap and ViraType, was detected in one of the controls, and in only 2 case husbands. This study points to the importance of "high-risk males" for the development of cervical cancer in their sexual partner; the results support the infectious nature of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Value of examining the sexual partners of women suffering from initial genital herpes.

In a retrospective clinical audit of patient records to determine the value of examining the sexual partners of women with initial genital herpes, it was evident that only the regular partners attended for screening. Twenty-six per cent of women with initial genital herpes and 19% of male partners had some form of other lower genital tract infection. Of 164 male partners of women with initial genital herpes, 30 (18.3%) also suffered from initial genital herpes at the same time, 22 (13.4%) gave a history of, or had signs consistent with, recurrent genital herpes, and 3 (1.8%) asymptomatic male partners without a previous history of genital ulceration had herpes simplex virus isolated from the urethra on routine screening.

Contact Tracing↗
PubMed2003

Ethnicity or race, area characteristics, and sexual partner choice among American adolescents.

The aim of this paper is to examine the association of individual demographic variables and area characteristics with the characteristics of sexual partners of American adolescents. Data for the study were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The data indicate that the community characteristics of ethnic or racial composition of the population and region were most strongly related to the ethnicity or race of the partner. Regional differences in the ethnicity or race of partners were significant even after controlling for the ethnic or racial composition of the community. Differences in partner s age, grade, neighborhood, and school or residence were not related to school and community characteristics. In addition, the individual characteristics of age, gender, and race or ethnicity were also related to ethnicity or race of partner.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Multiple sexual partners: results of a national HIV/AIDS survey in the Central African Republic.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of individuals with more than one sexual partner in the Central African Republic during the previous 12 months. DESIGN: A national survey. METHODS: A stratified sample of 2589 individuals aged 15-50 years was interviewed in late 1989. The 157-question survey questionnaire was a modified version of a questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization Global Programme on AIDS. RESULTS: Thirty-four per cent of men and 17% of women reported having sex with more than one partner during the previous 12 months. For both men and women, logistic regression indicated that the risk of having multiple partners increased with being single compared with being married; being employed in a profession other than agriculture compared with being a farmer, unemployed, a housewife, or a student; living in an urban rather than a rural area; rape being part of their first sexual encounter; and combining sex with alcohol. Risk increased with increasing ability to read for men and with decreasing age and drinking alcohol for women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can be used to develop and target HIV/AIDS prevention and control programmes and to improve mathematical models of the epidemic.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Is risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients in Britain increased if sexual partners came from United States or Africa?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS is increased by sexual contact with groups from abroad with a high incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma. DESIGN: Analysis of risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS, according to country of origin of their sexual partners. SETTING: United Kingdom. PATIENTS: 2830 patients with AIDS reported to the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre and the Communicable Disease (Scotland) Unit up to March 1990, of whom 566 had Kaposi's sarcoma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of patients with AIDS who had Kaposi's sarcoma. RESULTS: 537 of 2291 homosexual or bisexual men (23%) with AIDS had Kaposi's sarcoma; 10% (14/135) of the men and women who acquired HIV by heterosexual contact had Kaposi's sarcoma. None of the 316 subjects who acquired HIV through non-sexual routes had Kaposi's sarcoma. Kaposi's sarcoma was more common among homosexual men whose likely source of infection included the United States (171/551, 31%) or Africa (9/34, 26%) than among those infected in the United Kingdom (119/625, 19%) (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by a sexually transmissible agent which was introduced into the British homosexual population mainly from the United States [corrected].

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Trends in the number of sexual partners among American women.

Data provided by 797 women were analyzed to determine how sexual behavior has changed over time. These women, interviewed in 1983, were originally enrolled as healthy controls for a cervical cancer study. A total of 54.5% of white women and 15.6% of black women had no partners other than their husbands. White women less than 35 years old had twice as many sexual partners during their lifetime (mean of 5.5) as white women greater than or equal to 55 years old (mean of 2.8). Among women greater than or equal to 40 years old, black women had more sexual partners than white women, but among younger women there was little difference by race. Although the number of sexual partners was low compared to homosexual men of the same period, the trends among young women (born 1944 to 1963) to have a higher number of partners and younger ages at the time of first sexual experience indicate that sexual behavior changed in ways that might promote the spread of AIDS and other venereal diseases among women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Data from the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. II. Multiple sexual partners among Hispanics in high-risk cities.

Data from a random sample of 4,658 heterosexual Hispanics from 23 high-risk cities in the 1990-1991 National AIDS Behavioral Surveys reveal that 11% of Hispanics have had multiple partners in the past year-17% of men and 4% of women. The study shows a higher proportion of multiple sexual partners in the past year among Hispanic men who are unmarried (31%), Cuban (28%), aged 18-29 (25%), better educated (21%), of lower income (23%) and highly acculturated (20%). Among Hispanic women, marital status, age, Hispanic subgroup and level of acculturation are significant predictors of having multiple partners. Among highly acculturated Hispanic men, income, Hispanic subgroup and marital status are significant predictors of having multiple partners; among less acculturated Hispanic men, marital status is the only significant predictor. Only 20% of Hispanics with multiple partners report using a condom regularly with their primary partner, and 29% report regular condom use with their secondary partner. Among men, condom use tends to decrease as the number of partners increases.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1993

[Chlamydia trachomatis in the eyes and sexual partners of women with genital chlamydial infections].

Conjunctival scrapings from 24 women found to be positive for genital Chlamydia trachomatis previously and urethral swabs from their sexual partners were obtained and processed with direct fluorescent antibody technique. 8.3% of the conjunctival scrapings and 33.3% of the urethral specimens were found positive for C. trachomatis. None of the female patients had ocular complaints or signs of conjunctivitis and only two of the male subjects had urogenital symptoms.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk and protective factors for alcohol use among pregnant African-American, Hispanic, and white adolescents: the influence of peers, sexual partners, family members, and mentors.

Factors affecting the drinking patterns of 183 pregnant, African-American, Hispanic, and White adolescents were investigated, including the influence of peers, sexual partners, family members, and mentors. Among participants who drank alcohol prior to their pregnancies, 87% quit or cut back on their drinking behaviors. Those adolescents who lived in environments where their partners, peers, and relatives were drinking and using drugs were more likely to have consumed alcohol in the previous month, while adolescents who identified mentors and/or parents who provided high levels of support were less likely to have consumed alcohol. Finally, distinct patterns of both drinking and life circumstances among the African-American, Hispanic, White adolescents were revealed. The implications of these findings for future research and intervention with pregnant adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Communication with sexual partners about the risk of HIV/AIDS infection in seamstress apprentices in Benin].

Communication with sexual partners on the risk of HIV/AIDS infection and its relation to risk-taking was examined in a group of young single women who have been removed from school and apprenticed to a seamstress in Cotonou, Benin. Twenty women aged 15 to 24 were interviewed. Results showed that more than half the women had already discussed HIV/AIDS with their partners. This discussion, always initiated by the woman, progresses until the ultimate goal is achieved: discussion of practicing safer sex. Women who openly communicated with their partners possessed certain common characteristics (e.g. they were born in Cotonou, seeking marriage or financial assistance, had a perception of risk, had discussions with friends). Those who communicated the most reported that practicing safer sex consisted of using a condom, which still remains an occasional practice at best.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

HIV-specific IgG in cervicovaginal secretions of exposed HIV-uninfected female sexual partners of HIV-infected men.

The presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific antibodies was examined in plasma and cervicovaginal (mucosal) samples of 24 HIV-exposed uninfected (EU) female sexual partners of HIV-infected men, and compared with findings in 18 HIV-infected and 15 low-risk HIV-uninfected women. Only HIV-infected women had detectable HIV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) (18 of 18) or HIV-IgA (6 of 18) in cervicovaginal samples by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). However, 3 of 24 EU women had positive Western blot (WB) for HIV-IgG in cervicovaginal secretions, while 2 of 24 EU women and 1 of 15 low-risk controls had indeterminate IgG-WB. EU women with positive or indeterminate IgG-WB in the cervicovaginal samples were similar in risk to the remaining EU women. None of the HIV-uninfected women had mucosal HIV-IgA. The findings suggest that some sexually or parenterally exposed HIV-uninfected women might develop low-level mucosal IgG responses. However, it appears unlikely that HIV-specific cervicovaginal antibodies play a major role in protection from HIV infection in this EU population.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2000

Self-disclosure of HPV infection to sexual partners.

Disclosure decisions of persons with genital HPV infection were examined. The research questions focused on relationships among knowledge of transmission, beliefs about the obligation to disclose knowledge of HPV infection to sexual partners, factors that influence the disclosure decision, and evaluations of the decision. Participants were 92 persons diagnosed with HPV 6 months prior to data collection. Sixty-three women and 29 men whose average age was 23.1 years constituted the sample. A subset of 48 persons provided detailed information about their reasons for disclosing or not disclosing knowledge of HPV and subsequent evaluation of their behavior. Knowledge of HPV transmission was adequate; however, there was no relationship between transmission knowledge and disclosure beliefs. Participants tended to disclose the presence of HPV to partners at point of diagnosis, but not to new partners 6 months later. Both disclosers and non-+disclosers felt positively about their decision. Possible changes in clinical interventions for persons with HPV infection are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Discrepancies between men and women in reporting number of sexual partners: a summary from four countries.

Men and women in national surveys from four countries, the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Norway, give mutually inconsistent reports of numbers of opposite-gender sexual partners. In all cases the number of female partners reported by men exceeds the number of male partners reported by women. Gender difference in reporting bias seems to be the most plausible explanation for the discrepancies.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Data from the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. IV. Multiple sexual partners among young adults in high-risk cities.

Among a sample of 1,334 urban heterosexuals aged 18-25 from the 1990-1991 National AIDS Behavioral Surveys, 24% report having had more than one sexual partner during the past year. Young men are more than twice as likely as young women, and unmarried respondents are eight times as likely as married respondents, to have multiple partners. A multiple regression analysis of the interaction between race or ethnicity and education indicates that among whites, young people with 12 or more years of education are four times as likely to have multiple partners as are those with less than a high school education; among Hispanics and blacks, educational level is not related to having more than one partner. Among those with multiple partners, approximately 40% never use condoms with primary or secondary partners, and condom use decreases with increasing number of partners.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗