SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Smoking Reduction”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Epidemiology of lung cancer.

In the United States, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women even though an extensive list of risk factors has been well-characterized. Far and away the most important cause of lung cancer is exposure to tobacco smoke through active or passive smoking. The reductions in smoking prevalence in men that occurred in the late 1960s through the 1980s will continue to drive the lung cancer mortality rates downward in men during the first portion of this century. This favorable trend will not persist unless further reductions in smoking prevalence are achieved.

Diet↗

PubMed2005

Seizing the 9-month moment: addressing behavioral risks in prenatal patients.

OBJECTIVE: Our qualitative study explored prenatal care providers' methods for identifying and counseling pregnant women to reduce or stop smoking, alcohol use, illicit drug use, and the risk of domestic violence. METHODS: We conducted six focus groups (five with OB/Gyn physicians, one with nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives), total N=49, using open-ended questions. Investigators analyzed transcripts to identify and describe themes. RESULTS: Three major themes emerged: (1) specific risk-prevention tactics or strategies exist that are useful during pregnancy; (2) some providers address patients' isolation or depression; and (3) providers can adopt a policy of "just chipping away" at risks. Specific tactics included normalizing risk prevention, using specific assessment techniques and counseling strategies, employing a patient-centered style of smoking reduction, and involving the family. CONCLUSIONS: Providers generally agreed that addressing behavioral risks in pregnant patients is challenging. Patient-centered techniques and awareness of patients' social contexts help patients disclose and discuss risks. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Brief but routine assessment and risk reduction messages require little time of the provider, but can make a big difference to the patient, who may make changes later.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1994

Effects of a restricted work-site smoking policy on employees who smoke.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the biological and subjective consequences observed in individual smokers after implementation of a workplace smoking-restriction policy. METHODS: Employees were evaluated for 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after their workplace became smoke-free (n = 34). A comparison group of smokers whose work-site smoking was unrestricted served as controls (n = 33). Daily exposure to tobacco constituents and withdrawal effects were measured. RESULTS: Smokers at the restricted site had verified smoking reduction (mean = four cigarettes per day) and significantly reduced nicotine and carbon monoxide during the work shift. There were increases in ratings of some common withdrawal symptoms (cravings/urges, concentration difficulties, increased eating, depression). No evidence of compensatory smoking during nonwork hours was found. Overall tobacco exposure, as measured in saliva cotinine, showed a nonsignificant 15% decline. CONCLUSIONS: Workplace smoking restriction markedly altered smoking patterns (i.e., reduced daytime smoking) and reduced cotinine levels to an amount consistent with cigarette reduction. Thus, work-site smoking restriction may promote meaningful, albeit limited, reductions in tobacco exposure and consequent health risks.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Feasibility of computerized scheduled gradual reduction for adolescent smoking cessation.

The purpose of this project was to modify a smoking cessation program that uses computerized scheduled gradual reduction for use with adolescent smokers and to test the feasibility of this cessation approach in group support and minimal contact modalities. Utilizing a lesson plan approach with high school marketing students in five high schools and student survey feedback, the LifeSign program was modified to be an acceptable smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers. In the first study, 17 adolescent smokers used the modified program with seven associated weekly group support sessions. At the end of treatment, 29% had quit smoking, and over half of those who continued to smoke reduced their smoking rate by 50%. In the second study, the LifeSign for Teens program was evaluated with 18 adolescent smokers in a minimal contact format. At the end of treatment, 17% had quit smoking, and mean smoking rate reductions of 43% were found among those who continued smoking. At 1-year follow-up, all subjects who had quit at posttreatment reported continuous abstinence. The results of these two small trials suggest that a computerized scheduled gradual reduction approach may be an accepted and potentially efficacious approach for smoking cessation among adolescent smokers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Thought suppression and smoking cessation.

Deliberate suppression of intrusive thoughts has previously been shown to be associated with higher levels of intrusion compared to monitoring without suppression. In an attempt to apply this paradigm to people attempting smoking reduction and cessation, it was demonstrated that intrusive thoughts about smoking occur frequently. Subjects reported difficulty in controlling smoking related intrusions, and ratings indicated that all subjects made attempts to suppress them. In an experimental study, instructions to suppress were associated with increased frequency of intrusion compared to the control (mention) condition. A simple distracting task was highly effective in reducing intrusion frequency to below the levels obtained in the control condition, and intrusions remained significantly lower during the second (non-suppression) period.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Risk of hospital admission for COPD following smoking cessation and reduction: a Danish population study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effects of changes in smoking habits on the subsequent risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking cessation and reduction and admission to hospital for COPD in a general population sample. METHODS: A total of 19,709 participants from three prospective population studies in Copenhagen were followed with record linkage for date of first hospital admission for COPD until 1998 (mean follow up 14 years). Heavy smokers (>/=15 cigarettes/day) who reduced their tobacco consumption by at least 50% between the two initial examinations without quitting and smokers who stopped smoking during this time were compared with continuous heavy smokers using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: During the follow up period 1,260 subjects (741 men and 519 women) were admitted to hospital for COPD. After multivariate adjustment, quitting smoking was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hospital admission. The relative hazard (HR) was 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33 to 0.99). Those who reduced smoking did not show a significantly lower risk of hospitalisation than continuing heavy smokers (HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.18)). Exclusion of events during the first 5 study years, detailed adjustment for lung function, or restriction of analyses to participants with impaired pulmonary function did not reverse the observed trend. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported smoking cessation is associated with a reduction in the risk of COPD morbidity of approximately 40%; the benefit of smoking reduction is questionable.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings.

This study evaluated the efficacy of using a brief motivational intervention to reduce smoking among adolescent patients treated in a hospital outpatient clinic or Emergency Department. Patients aged 14-19 years (N=85) were randomly assigned to receive either one session of motivational interviewing (MI) or standardized brief advice (BA) to quit smoking. The assessment and intervention were conducted in the medical setting proximal to the patient's medical treatment. Patients were proactively screened and recruited, and were not seeking treatment for smoking. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 1, 3, and 6 months post-intervention. Self-report data indicated that 7-day abstinence rates at 6-month follow-up were significantly higher in the MI group than in the BA group, but this difference was not confirmed biochemically. Self-reported smoking rate (average cigarettes per day) was significantly lower at 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up than it was at baseline. Cotinine levels indicated reduced smoking for both groups at 6 months, but not at 1 month. At 3-month follow-up, only those in MI showed cotinine levels that were significantly reduced compared to baseline. Findings offer some support for MI for smoking reduction among non-treatment-seeking adolescents, but overall changes in smoking were small.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The role of parents' health in their offspring's intentions to quit smoking.

BACKGROUND: Motivating cessation among young smokers is an important challenge for smoking reduction programs. This research examines the role of perceived illness in smoking parents as a motivator for cessation in young smokers. METHODS: Two nationally representative samples of young U.S. smokers (ages 14 to 22 and 18 to 25 in 2002) assessed perceptions of parent health, quit intentions, risk perceptions and affective expectations for smoking to test the hypothesis that perceived illness in smoking parents motivates quitting by linking unfavorable emotional reactions to the smoking experience. RESULTS: Approximately 88% of young smokers reported that parents who smoked were in less than very good health compared to 54% of smokers whose parents did not smoke. Unlike young smokers whose parents did not smoke, the quit intentions of those whose parents smoked were directly related to the perceived ill health of their parents. Affective expectations rather than perceived risk of smoking appeared to mediate these relations. CONCLUSION: Youth smoking cessation programs could benefit from targeting smokers whose parents smoke and are likely to show the long-term effects of smoking-related illness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A randomized, open-label pilot comparison of gabapentin and bupropion SR for smoking cessation.

This 6-week, randomized, open-label pilot study estimated the treatment effect size of gabapentin (n = 17) compared with bupropion SR (n = 19) for smoking cessation, thereby allowing sample size calculations for a definitive comparison study. The primary outcome measure was smoking cessation. Secondary outcome measures included smoking reduction and withdrawal severity. Gabapentin was less efficacious than bupropion for smoking cessation but was associated with fewer dropouts from adverse effects. Withdrawal severity was less with bupropion. Bupropion remains the first-line non-nicotine pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Further study is required to determine if gabapentin has any useful role in smoking cessation. Based on our primary outcome measure, 79 subjects would be required in each treatment group of a two-armed study to achieve 90% power for detecting a difference in efficacy between gabapentin and bupropion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Contingent reinforcement for reduced carbon monoxide levels in cigarette smokers.

Expired air carbon monoxide (CO) was evaluated simultaneously as the target for a contingent reinforcement intervention to promote smoking reduction and as a measure of within-subject changes in recent smoking rates and patterns. Eleven volunteer smokers participated in a three-week study which utilized an A-B-A design. CO levels were measured on weekday afternoons between 3:00 and 4:30 p.m. and detailed self-report records of smoking were kept by subjects throughout the study. A monetary payment of +5.00 was available during study week 2 for CO readings which were 50% or less of the average reading obtained for that subject during study week 1. Contingent payment was withdrawn during study week 3. Three measures of smoking changed in an orderly manner during the study. CO readings were reduced from initial baseline levels during study week 2 but generally did not return to original baseline levels when the contingency was withdrawn. Number of daytime cigarettes recorded decreased and minutes of cigarette abstinence prior to the afternoon study contact increased during the contingent intervention period compared to baseline study phases. The average within-subject correlation between expired air CO level and number of daytime cigarettes was 0.67 (p less than 0.01), that between CO and time since last cigarette was -0.59 (p less than 0.05). Expired air CO appears to be an appropriate target for contingent reinforcement intervention as well as an objective measure which reflects rates and patterns of recent smoking in individual subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Nicotine intervention during detoxification and treatment for other substance use.

This preliminary study evaluated the efficacy of a brief smoking cessation intervention (30 controls, 34 intervention groups) on a smoke-free inpatient unit for substance use detoxification. Controls received usual care, including the transdermal nicotine patch and referral to an outpatient smoking program. The intervention group additionally received a structured motivational enhancement program. Biochemically confirmed smoking cessation rate and abstinence/reduction of alcohol or other drug use were the main outcome measures taken 6 months after treatment initiation. The smoking cessation intervention did not result in greater participation in formal outpatient smoking cessation treatment and was not associated with either enhanced smoking cessation (6 vs. 0%) or greater smoking reduction at follow-up. Both groups significantly reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day (cpd) from about 24 at baseline to 10cpd. The groups did not differ on abstinence from nonnicotine addictive substances. Smoking cessation treatment in substance users undergoing detoxification resulted in little or no smoking cessation advantage.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Reduction of quantity smoked predicts future cessation among older smokers.

AIM: To examine whether smokers who reduce their quantity of cigarettes smoked between two periods are more or less likely to quit subsequently. STUDY DESIGN: Data come from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of older Americans aged 51-61 in 1991 followed every 2 years from 1992 to 1998. The 2064 participants smoking at baseline and the first follow-up comprise the main sample. MEASUREMENTS: Smoking cessation by 1996 is examined as the primary outcome. A secondary outcome is relapse by 1998. Spontaneous changes in smoking quantity between the first two waves make up the key predictor variables. Control variables include gender, age, education, race, marital status, alcohol use, psychiatric problems, acute or chronic health problems and smoking quantity. FINDINGS: Large (over 50%) and even moderate (25-50%) reductions in quantity smoked between 1992 and 1994 predict prospectively increased likelihood of cessation in 1996 compared to no change in quantity (OR 2.96, P<0.001 and OR 1.61, P<0.01, respectively). Additionally, those who reduced and then quit were somewhat less likely to relapse by 1998 than those who did not reduce in the 2 years prior to quitting. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing successfully the quantity of cigarettes smoked appears to have a beneficial effect on future cessation likelihood, even after controlling for initial smoking level and other variables known to impact smoking cessation. These results indicate that the harm reduction strategy of reduced smoking warrants further study.

Female↗

PubMed2006

[Reduction of cigarette consumption: an intermediate stage before a total stop?].

Reduction of cigarette consumption is a natural tendency of many undecided smokers and can be an intermediate stage before a total stop. It does not offer proven benefits regarding smoking-associated morbidity or mortality but seems to increase the motivation of smokers without intention to quit and the long-term chance of cessation. Smoking reduction can be offered to some smokers with smoking-related diseases as a transition before complete cessation. It can be obtained more easily with the use of nicotine replacement therapy.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

Policy interventions to reduce the harm from smoking.

The other papers in this series on reduced smoking discuss interventions focused on individuals. This paper illustrates possible smoking reduction interventions focused on policies rather than individuals. Target 12 of the new WHO Health For All Policy aims to significantly reduce the harm from addictive substances, including tobacco, in all member states by 2015, and the WHO Third Action Plan for Tobacco-Free Europe focuses on reducing the harm from tobacco. These documents recommend five key policy strategies: market regulation, product liability, smoke-free environments, support for smoking cessation and education, public information and public opinion. Interventions such as price increases, restricting availability, advertising bans and product control could all be used to achieve harm reduction. Research on reducing the harm of smoking needs to include policy as well as treatment research.

Advertising↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

Deciding how to manage displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures is challenging. Preoperative assessment of the fracture, patient status, and the patient's functional needs are important in determining treatment approach. In general, older, sedentary patients and those with no or with minimally displaced fractures may be treated successfully with nonsurgical management. Traits strongly predictive of satisfaction with surgery include age younger than 40 years, simple fracture pattern, and accurate reduction. Smoking, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease markedly increase the risk of surgical complications. In addition, the quality of surgical reduction affects outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Response prevention in the treatment of cigarette smoking.

The present study developed and tested a response prevention treatment for cigarette smoking. Response prevention is based on the conditioning theory of addictions. Thirty-nine smokers were divided into two groups, one receiving response prevention and the other a rapid smoking comparison treatment. No significant differences were found between the two treatments in terms of their effectiveness in achieving abstinence or smoking reduction. The abstinence rate at the 6-month follow-up for response prevention was 7% and for rapid smoking was 23%.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effect of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction: an 8-month and 5-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to examine whether acupuncture treatment may have a long-term effect on smoking cessation or reduction. METHODS: Altogether 46 healthy men and women who reported smoking 20 +/- 6 cigarettes per day (mean +/- SD) volunteered in the study. They were randomly assigned to a test group (TG) or to a control group (CG) in which presumed anti-smoking acupoints were stimulated (TG) or acupuncture was applied to acupoints considered to have no effect on smoking cessation (CG). Before each treatment, after the last one, and 8 months and 5 years after the last one, each subject answered questionnaires about his or her smoking habits and attitudes. Blood samples for measuring variables related to smoking, i.e., serum cotinine and serum thiocyanate, were taken. RESULTS: During the treatment period the reported cigarette consumption fell on average by 14 (TG) and 7 (CG) cigarettes per day (P < 0.001). For both groups the reported cigarette consumption rose on average by 5-7 cigarettes during the following 8 months, and there was no systematic change thereafter. Consequently, TG showed a maintained reduction in smoking; no lasting effect was seen for CG. The TG reported that cigarettes tasted worse than before the treatments, and also the desire to smoke fell. For TG the serum concentration of cotinine fell, and the values correlated with the reported smoking. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that adequate acupuncture treatment may help motivated smokers to reduce their smoking, or even quit smoking completely, and the effect may last for at least 5 years. Acupuncture may affect the subjects' smoking by reducing their taste of tobacco and their desire to smoke. Different acupoints have different effects on smoking cessation.

Acupuncture↗

PubMed2005

A gender-based dynamic multidimensional longitudinal analysis of resilience and mortality in the old-old in Israel: the cross-sectional and longitudinal aging study (CALAS).

The objective was to examine gender differences and similarities in health, function, familial and non-familial social networks; longitudinal resilience in those factors; and their association with risk of mortality in Israeli men and women aged 75-94. We used the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study (CALAS), a stratified random sample of 960 Israeli Jews aged 75-94, drawn on January 1, 1989 from National Population Registry, stratified by gender, age (75-79, 80-84, 85-89, 90-94), and place of birth (Europe/America, Middle East/North Africa, Israel), interviewed twice (Wave 1, 1989-1992; Wave 2, 1993-1995); Wave 1 values and longitudinal resilience predicted the 1999 mortality risk for those alive at both waves. Gender differences and similarities were found at Wave 1 in longitudinal resilience and in risk factors for mortality, partially supporting a gender paradox. Men were more physically active, had better cognition, gave more help to children, relied less on paid caretakers, and attended synagogue more than women, factors associated with better health and functioning. Women had poorer health and functional status and more help from children. More physical activity, synagogue attendance, and resilience in activities of daily living (ADL) were associated with lower risk of mortality for both genders. Women's risk of mortality was reduced by smoking reduction and higher cognitive vitality, and men's by emotional support and solitary leisure activity. Both men and women were resilient, yet there were differences. Gender-neutral mortality reduction programs would include physical activity, religious services, maintenance and improvement of ADL, and engaging in solitary leisure activities; for women, smoking cessation and cognitively challenging activities; and for men, maintaining or increasing emotional ties.

Activities of Daily Living↗