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PubMed1974

Nature of the genetic determinant controlling exfoliative toxin production in Staphylococcus aureus.

Phage group II Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as the etiological agent of the staphylococcal scaleded skin syndrome. The development of an animal model system permitted fulfillment of Koch's postulates and recognition of exfoliative toxin (ET) as being responsible for some of the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. Initial studies directed toward associating a lysogenic phage with the genetic control of ET synthesis failed to support this hypothesis. Growth of two Tox(+) strains at 44 C was more effective than growth in ethidium bromide or sodium dodecyl sulfate in eliminating the ability to produce ET. The early and rapid accumulation of ET-negative (Tox(-)) variants during growth of strain UT 0007 at 44 C, the lack of any selective advantage of the Tox(-) variants over Tox(+) cells during growth at 44 C, and an enhanced elimination frequency at 44 C of 97.9% over the spontaneous frequency of loss strongly suggest that the gene for ET synthesis is extrachromosomal. Additional evidence suggests that this gene is located on a plasmid which is not associated with genes for penicillinase synthesis and cadmium resistance. Two Tox(+) strains harbored lysogenic phage capable of transducing cadmium resistance, but not penicillin resistance, to specific Tox(-) recipients.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Phage types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Poland in 1999-2004].

The aim of study was to determine how population of Staphylococcus aureus strains from hospital environment forms itself with respect to phage types and frequency of their occurrence recently. 1157 S. aureus isolated from various clinical materials between 1999 and 2004 have been investigated. The basic set of phages and the three additional ones were used for typing strains according to Blair and Williams method. The results proved that population of S. aureus strains isolated from hospital environment differentiates with respect to phage types, like in the past. Strains belonging to phage group II dominates among them, but a considerable increase in number of phage group III have been remarked lately. A differential value of an individual phages from basic set remains on their usual level for years.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1988

Heat treatment to increase phage typability of Staphylococcus aureus.

Heat treatment was used to reduce the number of Staphylococcus aureus strains that were not typable with the basic set of phages. All strains were phage typed according to the standard method after growth in broth at 37 degrees C or 48 degrees C. Forty-eight of 72 nontypable strains could be phage typed after heat treatment of the bacterial cultures. The page lysability increased with the higher incubation temperature of the broth, but the mean variability in the phage pattern of a strain was not significantly affected. The phage typing results of strains sampled over a period of several months were in accordance with the epidemiology, suggesting that phage typing after incubation at 48 degrees C is a stable and useful epidemiological tool.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1985

Phage-typing of Staphylococcus aureus from cases of bacteraemia.

Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from 98 cases of bacteraemia from 16 different hospitals were phage-typed. Fifty-six isolates were associated with sporadic infections and 42 with hospital outbreaks. In the sporadic cases, group I strains, particularly types 29, 52, or 29/52, were very frequent (39.2%), followed by non-typable strains. Type 94/96 was also common (14.2%). In hospital outbreaks, mixed I and III strains (multiply-resistant) were found in 73.6% and non-typable strains in 21.4%.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1993

Changing pattern of phage group II Staphylococcus aureus infections: from community to hospital.

Changes in Staphylococcus aureus strains of phage group II were evaluated over a 30-year period. Strains of this group were previously known to be mainly community-acquired, to be rather sensitive to antibiotics and to occur in infections with better clinical outcome. During the period 1961 to 1990 a total of 551, 563 S. aureus strains was characterized according to antibiotic resistance, phage type and site of isolation. Clinical information was obtained on 16,781 bacteraemia cases. Strains of group II occurred until 1983 with a rather constant frequency around 16% of the S. aureus population. Since then, a constant increase in frequency has taken place and since 1990 they are the most frequently isolated phage pattern (22%). Bacteraemia caused by these strains occurs today with the same frequency in hospital and community as strains of other phage patterns. Moreover, these strains have changed from being highly susceptible, to being more resistant to penicillins and tetracycline than the rest of the population. Resistance to methicillin remained low in group II strains throughout the period (about 0.2%). Mortality rate and the proportion of patients with underlying diseases have been the same in recent years regarding group II strains as with other strains. This study indicates that the previous distinction between community-acquired and hospital-acquired S. aureus infections is no longer valid.

Community-Acquired Infections↗
PubMed1974

Phage types of Staphylococcus aureus in one hospital 1961-72.

Between 1961 and 1972, 4547 independent strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from one hospital were examined for phage type. After 1967 there was a decline in the number of strains received, which we consider reflects a decline in the number of infections in the hospital, and which was largely accounted for by a great reduction in the number of strains in four ;epidemic' types. Overall, the number of multiple-resistant staphylococci received also declined; this was in part due to the decline in the epidemic types and in part to a reduction in the proportion of multiple-resistant strains of all types.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1974

Role of the phi 11 phage genome in competence of Staphylococcus aureus.

Both phage ø11 and 83A, when present as prophage or when used as helper phage, induce competence for transfection and transformation to the same level in Staphylococcus aureus, strain 8325-4. Cells lysogenized with certain temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of phage ø11 show competence at the nonpermissive temperature (41 C) without production of infectious phages. Phage ø11ts allele 31 can neither as a prophage nor as a helper phage develop competence under nonpermissive conditions. This mutant appears, therefore, to be mutated in the region of the phage genome controlling competence. The competence level for both transfection and transformation is increased by superinfecting strain 8325-4 (ø11) or 8325-4 (83A) at high multiplicities with phage ø11 with some of its mutants or with phage 83A. This superinfection enhancement appears to require protein synthesis but not deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis as judged from studies with inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis. Besides the phage particle, no extracellular or cell-bound factors so far detected can induce competence. The phage-induced product conferring competence is rapidly synthesized by strain 8325-4 (tsø11(31)) after shift to permissive conditions, but requires deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis to be expressed. Recombination between the sus mutants of phage ø11 of Kretschmer and Egan and tsø11(31) indicate that competence is controlled by an early gene in the lytic cycle which may be expressed also in lysogenic cells. The phage product inducing competence appears to have a half-life of 10 to 15 min in the conditional lethal mutant at shift to nonpermissive temperature. Ultraviolet inactivation of phage ø11 infectivity occurs more rapidly than inactivation of competence induction. In fact, the number of transformants is increased at low doses of irradiation. Competence induction is, however, decreased at high does of ultraviolet irradiation.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1986

Phage types of Staphylococcus aureus received at the Quebec Public Health Laboratory from 1976 to 1983.

Phage typing of 13,579 clinical and environmental strains of Staphylococcus aureus received at the Quebec Public Health Laboratory between 1976 and 1983 was routinely performed to assess the distribution of lytic groups. Strains susceptible to phages 94, 95, and 96 predominated and accounted for 25% of the specimens. The distribution of strains in lytic groups varied with time and specimen source.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1987

Phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus associated with subclinical bovine mastitis.

Six hundred and seventeen isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical clinical mastitis cases in 63 dairy herds in Northern Ireland were typed using a set of 25 phages. Ninety-four per cent of the isolates were typable, with nine phages, predominantly from groups I and III, being responsible for almost all of the lysis. Although 68 phage patterns were found, six of them typed 47.2% of the isolates. One strain accounted for 14.7% of the isolates, but the largest number of strains (44) was restricted to individual farms. The epidemiological significance of these findings for on-farm mastitis control is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

An exfoliative toxin A-converting phage isolated from Staphylococcus aureus strain ZM.

Exfoliative toxin A (ETA) causes staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome in children. The gene for ETA was believed to be coded by the chromosomal DNA. We isolated temperate phages from an ETA-producing strain, ZM, using a restriction minus strain, 1039, as an indicator. One of the prophages, designated phi-ZM-1 mediated lysogenic conversion of ETA. The polymerase chain reaction assay of the eta gene revealed that phage phi-ZM-1 carries the structural gene for ETA.

Exfoliatins↗
PubMed1996

Molecular and phage typing of Staphylococcus aureus harbouring cryptic conjugative plasmids.

The spread of antibiotic resistant-bacterial pathogens in a hospital could be due to the spread of a resistant strain or the spread of a resistance plasmid among unrelated strains. In this study the relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus isolates carrying identical cryptic conjugative plasmids was determined by a combination of resistance profiles, plasmid patterns, pulsed field gel electrophoresis of SmaI digested chromosomal DNA and phage typing. Results of the different typing techniques were in agreement to one another and demonstrated that the isolates were of three different types. The results suggested that a cryptic conjugative plasmid had spread to different S. aureus isolates in the hospital. This is an example of plasmid spread as opposed to strain spread.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1975

[Phage typization of Staphylococcus aureus strains from staphylococcic mastitis of dairy cows].

Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the "M" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Phage-typing of Staphylococcus aureus from slaughtered poultry (author's transl)].

445 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from poultry and further 345 strains were isolated from the personnel of a poultry processing plant. The strains were typed with the International Basic Set and a set of poultry phages according to Gibbs et al. (1978b). In total, it was possible to type 38% more of the staphlococci with the poultry set than with the human set, of which the most frequent phage reaction occurred in phage groups III (human set) and B1 (poultry set). 83% of all the strains which were not typable, using the International Basic Set, were however typable with the poultry set. - Poultry specific staphylococci, classified according to biochemical characteristics, in general did not react with the human set. They did, however, show the most frequent reaction in phage groups A and A/B2 of the poultry set. - The human specific strains were almost all typable with the International Basic Set. They also reacted frequently with the phage group B1 of the poultry set, mainly in combinations of B1/III and B1/NT. - In contrast to the International Basic Set, the poultry phage set exhibited a lower specifiy, in that a greater number of strains were typable with the poultry set which were classified by biochemical characteristics as human specific. - It was also possible to type about 70% of the human staphylococci with both sets. A clear classification into the poultry biotype appeared to be possible only with strains reacting with phages of group A of the poultry set.

Animals↗