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PubMed2000

Resident aerobic microbiota of the adult human nasal cavity.

Recent evidence strongly suggests that the microbiota of the nasal cavity plays a crucial role in determining the reaction patterns of the mucosal and systemic immune system. However, little is known about the normal microbiota of the nasal cavity. The purpose of this study was to determine the microbiota in different parts of the nasal cavity and to develop and evaluate methods for this purpose. Samples were collected from 10 healthy adults by nasal washes and by swabbing of the mucosa through a sterile introduction device. Both methods gave results that were quantitatively and qualitatively reproducible, and revealed significant differences in the density of the nasal microbiota between individuals. The study revealed absence of gram-negative bacteria that are regular members of the commensal microbiota of the pharynx. Likewise, viridans type streptococci were sparsely represented. The nasal microbiota was dominated by species of the genera Corynebacterium, Aureobacterium, Rhodococcus, and Staphylococcus, including S. epidermis, S. capitis, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis and S. warneri. These studies show that the microbiota of the nasal cavity of adults is strikingly different from that of the pharynx, and that the nasal cavity is a primary habitat for several species of diphtheroids recognized as opportunistic pathogens. Under special circumstances, single species, including IgA1 protease-producing bacteria, may become predominant in a restricted area of the nasal mucosa.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1999

Antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci isolated in blood cultures in relation to antibiotic consumption in hospital wards.

A total of 510 isolates of Micrococcaceae, 500 of staphylococci and 10 micrococci, detected in 485 (3.3%) of 14,860 consecutive blood cultures obtained from patients at a Swedish university hospital and 2 local hospitals were identified to species level and investigated for antibiotic susceptibility. The 5 most frequently isolated species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (54.8%), S. aureus (28.0%), S. hominis (3.4%), S. warneri (3.2%) and S. haemolyticus (2.8%). All isolates of S. aureus were oxacillin sensitive. Great diversity in antibiotic resistance among coagulase negative staphylococci between hospitals and different ward units in the university hospital was observed. The frequency of antimicrobial resistance among S. epidermidis correlated with the antibiotic consumption at different ward units, in particular for ciprofloxacin (p < 0.001) and co-trimoxazole (p < 0.004). The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring antibiotic consumption and resistance patterns of nosocomial staphylococci in order to avoid emergence and spread of multi-resistant bacteria within the hospital environment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in semen from fertile and infertile groups of men.

Semen samples were collected by masturbation under asceptic conditions from men who had sired children within the past 6 mo (group A) and asymptomatic men attending an infertility clinic who had not sired children and whose wives were asymptomatic for infertility (group B). These 109 semen samples were analyzed and cultured for isolation of aerobic and anerobic organisms. Overall, 68% of the specimens had positive bacterial cultures: 54% of the samples from group A were positive and 73% from group B were positive. Mixed bacterial flora were isolated from both groups but in group B they were more varied and present in a higher colony count than in group A. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staph. aureus, Corynebacterium species, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum were isolated from group A. Group B revealed these organisma plus Streptococcus pneumoniae type III, Strep. pyogenes group A, Strep. feacalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus species, and Eubacterium species. Semen samples from group A were of better quality than those from group B. In addition, the antibacterial effect of seminal plasma from group A was greater than that from group B.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) identification of the culturable bacterial flora on monetary coinage from 17 currencies.

The aim of the investigation reported in this paper was to identify the bacterial microflora on monetary coinage from 17 countries by employment of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequenced-based molecular identification of rDNA from bacterial cultures. Silver, bronze, and other alloy coins (approximately 300 g) from 17 currencies were enriched individually by aerobic culturing in tryptone soya broth for 72 hours at 30 degrees C. Next, 20 microL of broth was inoculated onto Columbia blood agar supplemented with 5 percent volume-pervolume (v/v) defibrinated horse blood for 72 hours at 30 degrees C, and resulting colonies were purified by further subculture, as detailed above, for a further 72 hours. All colonies were identified by initial PCR amplification of a partial region of the 16S rDNA gene locus, which was then sequenced, and the sequence was aligned according to the BLASTn algorithm. Twenty-five isolates were obtained from the coinage; of these, 25 (100 percent) were Gram positive, and the most prevalent genus observed was Bacillus (B. megaterium, B. lentus, B. litoralis, B. subtilis, B. circulans and other Bacillus spp.), which accounted for 10 of 25 isolates (40 percent) and was isolated from 10 of 17 countries (58.8 percent). It was followed in prevalence by Staphylococcus spp. (Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis, Staph. hominis, Staph. schleiferi), which accounted for 7 of 25 isolates (28 percent) and were isolated from 7 of 17 countries (41.2 percent). Given the organisms identified in this study, it is not believed that monetary coinage presents any particular risk to public health. The authors support the principles of basic hygiene, however, in terms of proper handwashing and the avoidance of handling money when working with food or dressing wounds and skin lesions, In conclusion, the study demonstrated that money from 17 countries was contaminated by environmental Gram-positive flora, in particular Bacillus spp., and that the universal 16S rDNA-PCR approach coupled with automated direct sequencing provides a rapid means of identifying the contaminant organisms present.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

The use of beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of septicaemia and endocarditis.

Despite the availability of numerous beta-lactam antibiotics, benzylpenicillin remains the most important beta-lactam antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis. Penicillin alone and in combination with an aminoglycoside is effective in the treatment of endocarditis due to all streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus aprophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Listeria monocytogenes. Oral phenoxymethylpenicillin in combination with streptomycin is effective in treating endocarditis due to viridans streptococci. Ampicillin is effective in endocarditis due to Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, H. paraphrophilus, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Oral amoxicillin with gentamicin has been used to treat enterococcal endocarditis. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins are effective in treating S. aureus endocarditis. Carbenicillin or ticarcillin in combination with tobramycin or gentamicin are used to treat endocarditis due to Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The use of piperacillin in combination with tobramycin against P. aeruginosa endocarditis has been associated with failure and increased resistance. The cephalosporins have been used to treat endocarditis caused by susceptible organisms. There have been few data on the efficacy of the newer cephalosporins in treating endocarditis. They have been used to treat septicaemia due to susceptible organisms with good results.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1999

Identification and medical importance of coagulase-negative staphylococci species.

A total of 126 coagulase-negative staphylococci strains (CNS) were isolated from blood samples and from the intravenous catheters and cerebrospinal fluid of 103 patients admitted to the University Hospital of Ribeirão Preto. Staphylococcus epidermidis (68.2%), S. haemolyticus (11.1%) and S. hominis (3.2%) were the most frequent species. The last two CNS showed greater resistance to antimicrobial agents than S. epidermidis. CNS were the agents of infection in 10. 7% of the patients and the agents of intravenous catheter colonization in 18.4% of the cases.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1990

Sequential analysis of staphylococcal colonization of body surfaces of patients undergoing vascular surgery.

Slime-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci are pathogens in vascular surgery by virtue of their ability to adhere to and persist on prosthetic graft material. Inguinal and abdominal skin sites were cultured in 41 patients upon hospitalization, and slime production and antimicrobial susceptibility were assessed in all recovered staphylococcal isolates. Twenty-one patients eventually underwent lower-extremity revascularization. In the operative population, cultures were also obtained on the day of surgery and fifth postoperative day. All 21 patients received perioperative cefazolin. Of 327 coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered, Staphylococcus epidermidis (47%), S. haemolyticus (21%), and S. hominis (10%) were the predominant isolates. Slime-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci were recovered from 17 of 21 patients at admission but only from 8 of 21 patients on day 5 postoperation (P less than 0.05). S. epidermidis isolates demonstrated increasing multiple resistance from admission to 5 days postoperation to methicillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P less than 0.05). All coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Slime-producing capability was not associated with increased methicillin resistance for the recovered isolates. The data demonstrate that patients enter the hospital colonized with slime-producing strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and that during hospitalization the staphylococcal skin burden shifts from a predominately susceptible to a resistant microbial population, which may enhance the importance of slime production as a risk factor in lower-extremity revascularization.

Blood Vessel Prosthesis↗
PubMed1992

Survey of methicillin-resistant clinical strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci for mecA gene distribution.

A total number of 125 methicillin-resistant (MIC, greater than or equal to 16) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated in Japan were surveyed for the distribution of the mecA gene, the structural gene for penicillin-binding protein 2', which is the causative genetic element for the intrinsic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Screening with colony hybridization by using a cloned mecA gene probe revealed that 121 strains (96.8%) belonging to the nine coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. hominis, S. capitis, S. warneri, and S. caprae) carried mecA in their genome, indicating wide distribution of the gene among coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. Most (93.4%) of the mecA-carrying strains were producers of penicillinase. Four strains, including two S. haemolyticus and two S. saprophyticus strains, did not carry mecA in spite of their resistance to methicillin. One of them was of low-level resistance (MIC, 16), but three of them had moderate- to high-level resistance to methicillin (MIC, 64). Analysis of gel electrophoretic banding patterns of penicillin-binding proteins of these strains showed absence of penicillin-binding protein 2' but some alterations in signal intensities of the other penicillin-binding proteins. The result indicated that about 3% of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in these hospitals had a resistance mechanism different from that associated with the production of penicillin-binding protein 2', as has been reported in the case of a borderline methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1991

Reduction in the colonization of central venous cannulae by mupirocin.

In an in-vitro simulation of an intravascular cannula enclosed in a fibrin sheath, 0.03 mg1(-1) of mupirocin prevented significant colonization [greater than 15 colony forming units (cfu)] by two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and one each of S. saprophyticus, S. hominis and S. haemolyticus. This suggests that in vivo, where protein binding of mupirocin is 95-97%, 1 mg 1(-1) of mupirocin at the cannula surface would be required to prevent colonization. These results support the findings of our previously published prospective controlled trial, in which mupirocin applied to the insertion sites of 172 internal jugular cannulae reduced the rate of colonization of cannula tips to 5%, compared with 25% for the 186 controls (P less than 0.001). Of the 46 colonized cannula tips from 110 control patients, the same species was isolated from the skin of the insertion site in 67% and from the lumen flush in only 15%. Analysed by patient, mupirocin reduced the proportion of patients with colonized tips from 17% to 3% after 24 h of infection, and from 35 to 10% after 48 h (P = 0.002). The use of agar containing charcoal, as a mupirocin neutralizer, and the incubation of tip-culture plates flooded with the Oxford staphylococcus, gave no evidence of carry over of mupirocin onto cannulae removed from mupirocin-treated patients.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Physico-chemical properties of staphylococci of different species in resistance to human thrombodefensins].

Testing 54 strains of staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. hominis, S. capitis) revealed that S. aureus in contrast to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) is more resistant to bactoriocidal action of human thrombodefensins (resistance index: 60.3 vs 25.6%), less hydrophilicolipophilic balance-HLB: -0.42 vs -0.64) and less charged (x-potential: -32.4 vs -35.6 mV). In groups of staphylococci (S. aureus and CNS) correlation links of bacterial resistance to human thrombodefensins with their HLB and x-potential (r=-0.32...-0.36). By In vitro experiments, it was shown that 5 passages of staphylococci in meat-peptonic broth with human thrombodefensins (50 mkg protein/ml) lead to adaptation of bacteria followed by the formation of resistance to cationic peptides from thrombocytes, a decrease of hydrophobicity and x-potencial. The role of physico-chemical properties in providing thrombodefensin-resistance of staphylococci as a developmental factor of infectious-and-inflammatory process and persistence of bacteria was confirmed with Salmonella infection.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Development of a PCR assay for identification of staphylococci at genus and species levels.

We have developed a PCR-based assay which allows the detection of staphylococci at the genus level by targeting the tuf gene, which encodes the elongation factor Tu. Degenerate PCR primers derived from consensus regions of several tuf genes were used to amplify a target region of 884 bp from 11 representative staphylococcal species. Subsequently, the entire nucleotide sequence of these amplicons was determined. The analysis of a multiple alignment of these sequences revealed regions conserved among staphylococci but distinct from those of other gram-positive bacteria genetically related to staphylococci. PCR primers complementary to these regions could amplify specifically and efficiently a DNA fragment of 370 bp for all of 27 different staphylococcal species tested. There was no amplification with genomic DNA prepared from 53 nonstaphylococcal species tested to verify the specificity of the assay (20 gram positive and 33 gram negative). Furthermore, this assay amplified efficiently all 27 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) staphylococcal reference strains as well as 307 clinical isolates of staphylococci from the Québec City region. Analysis of the multiple sequence alignment for the 884-bp fragment for the 11 staphylococcal species as well as comparison of the sequences for the 370-bp amplicon from five unrelated ATCC and clinical strains for each of the species S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. saprophyticus demonstrated sufficient interspecies polymorphism to generate genus- and species-specific capture probes. This sequence information allowed the development of Staphylococcus-specific and species-specific (targeting S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, or S. saprophyticus) capture probes hybridizing to the 370-bp amplicon. In conclusion, this PCR assay is suitable for detection of staphylococci at both genus and species levels.

DNA Primers↗
PubMed1990

Treatment of bone and soft tissue infections with teicoplanin.

The use of teicoplanin was evaluated in a group of 33 patients, which included 18 prosthetic infections, seven with osteomyelitis, five skin and soft tissue infections, and three cases of septic arthritis. The bacterial pathogens isolated were 27 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin sensitive 18; methicillin resistant 9), Staph. hominis (2), Staph. epidermidis (1), Staph. haemolyticus (2), Enterococcus faecalis (1), Streptococcus pyogenes (1), Peptococcus spp. (1). Eleven patients had polymicrobial infections (Gram-positive plus Gram-negative and/or anaerobic bacteria). In ten cases (nine polymicrobial infections) teicoplanin was used in combination with other antibiotics. Teicoplanin was administered intravenously 400 mg every 24 h in 26 cases, 200 mg every 24 h in six cases and 600 mg every 24 h in one case. The duration of the treatment ranged from 9 to 73 days with a mean of 27.3. Efficacy was evaluable in 30 patients, because in three patients treatment was stopped because of adverse reactions. Cure or improvement was noted in 28 patients (93%). Bacteriological cure occurred in 25 patients (83.3%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Qualitatively distinct patterns of cytokines are released by human dendritic cells in response to different pathogens.

Dendritic cells produce cytokines that regulate the class of the adaptive immune response. Microbial recognition is mediated, at least in part, by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, which influence dendritic cell maturation. In humans it is not yet clear how intact pathogens modulate the developing immune response. To address the effects of intact pathogens on the maturation and effector functions of human dendritic cells, we investigated their responses to a number of microbial pathogens. We studied a range of micro-organisms including Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium), Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus) and atypical bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma hominis) as well as the human protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The micro-organisms were fixed in formaldehyde to prevent replication whilst preserving surface morphology. All the pathogens induced similar up-regulation of dendritic cell activation-associated cell surface markers but there was a profound difference in the patterns of cytokines produced by the stimulated dendritic cells. Some pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium and S. aureus) induced interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-10 and interferon-alpha whereas others (M. tuberculosis, Mycoplasma hominis and T. vaginalis) induced only IL-10. This differential effect was not altered by costimulation of the dendritic cells through CD40. These results support the notion that human dendritic cells are plastic in their response to microbial stimuli and that the nature of the pathogen dictates the response of the dendritic cell.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Treatment of acute mastoiditis: report of 31 cases over a ten year period.

OBJECTIVE: With possible extracranial and intracranial complications, acute mastoiditis is the leading complication of acute otitis media (AOM). The goal of this study is to assess the clinical features, pathogens, complications and especially management of acute mastoiditis in the ENT service, University Hospital of Strasbourg, France. METHODS: Systematic review of all medical records of patients who were admitted with acute mastoiditis from January 1993 to April 2003. RESULTS: 31 patients, 18 male (58%) and 13 female (42%) fulfilled inclusion criteria. The average age was 16, going from 6 months to 70 years, with 55% between 0 to 5 years. Most common symptom was otalgia (84%), 58% of patients had history of past AOM and 61% were under antibiotic therapy during admission. Twenty-three patients (74%) presented retroauricular swelling and erythema. 18 (58%) had a displaced pinna. Cultures taken from pus isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae in 12 cases (38.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 cases (6.4%), Streptococcus beta-haemolyticuis 1 case, Staphylococcus coagulase-positive 1 case and Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis 1 case (3%). Complications of acute mastoiditis occurred in 3 cases (10%): Meningitis 2 cases and facial nerve paralysis 1 case. Surgery therapy was periformed in 84% of cases (mastoidectomy only or in combination with myringotomy with tube insertion) and medical therapy only in 16% of cases. CONCLUSION: Despite use of antibiotics, acute mastoiditis remains still a threat for patients with AOM, especially for children under 5 years of age. Great care is required from clinicians to make an early diagnosis in order to promote adequate management and prevent complications.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Phage typing and biotyping of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

A total of 211 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical materials were tested by use of 16 phages of PULVERER's set and biochemical methods proposed by KLOOS and SCHLEIFER. It appeared that 75% of tested strains was typable by used phages and ninety different phage patterns were observed. Most strains were classified as Staphylococcus epidermidis and the rest as S. warneri, S. simulans, S. hominis, Single strains represented species: S. capitis, S. haemolyticus and S. cohnii. No segregation of different phage patterns into particular species was found.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Antibiotic resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from artisanal Naples-type salami.

In the present paper 42 isolates from Italian salami were specified as Staphylococcus xylosus (30), Staph. capitis (1), Staph. saprophyticus (1), Staph. hominis (1), Staph. simulans (1), Staph. cohnii (1) and as Staph. spp. (7). These strains were coagulase-negative and were examined for resistance/sensitivity against 25 antibiotics including beta-lactams (7), macrolides (3), amynoglicosides (5), glycopeptides, lincosamides (4) and novobiocin, fusidic acid, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, tetracycline, minocycline. More than 64% of the strains were resistant to lincomycin, penicillin G, amoxicillin, fusidic acid and novobiocin. All the strains were multiresistant and displayed at least three resistances. Over 75% had a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index between 0.2 and 0.5.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Mycoplasma hominis septic arthritis in a pediatric renal transplant recipient: case report and review of the literature.

Septic arthritis (SA) typically occurs in young children, often from Staphylococcus. With chronic immunosuppression, however, pathogens may be atypical. A 15-year-old African-American female developed Mycoplasma hominis SA in her right hip 2 months following cadaveric renal transplant (Tx). Her presentation was subtle and indolent, without fever or leukocytosis. Although reported in adult Tx recipients, M. hominis infections have not been described in pediatric recipients. Early immunosuppression (basiliximab, prednisone, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and Thymoglobulin) may have increased her susceptibility to M. hominis. Optimal therapy for M. hominis SA is not well established and relapses occur. This patient underwent joint incision and drainage, treatment for 8 weeks with doxycycline and levofloxacin guided by in vitro sensitivities, and a reduction in immunosuppression. She has been free of ongoing infection for 3 years with stable graft function (Cr 1.1 mg/dL) on moderate immunosuppression with prednisone, tacrolimus and MMF.

Adolescent↗