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PubMedDate not supplied

Training and detraining effects of a combined-strength and aerobic exercise program on blood lipids in patients with coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate training and detraining effects on blood lipids and apolipoproteins induced by a specific program that combined strength and aerobic exercise in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: For this study, 14 patients participated in a supervised 8-month training program composed of two strength sessions (60% of 1 repetition maximum) and two aerobic training sessions (60%-85% of maximum heart rate), and 13 patients served as a control group. Blood samples for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoproteins A1 (apo-A1) and B (apo-B), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp[a]) were obtained along with muscular strength at the beginning of the study, after 4 and 8 months of training and after 3 months of detraining. RESULTS: The patients in the intervention group showed favorable alterations after 8 months of training (TC, -9.4; TG, -18.6; HDL-C, 5.2; apo-A1, 11.2%; P <.05), but these were reversed after 3 months of detraining (TC, +3.7; TG, 16.1; HDL-C, -3.6; apo-A1, -5.5%). In addition, body strength also improved after training (27.8%) but reversed (-12.9%) after detraining (P <.05). The patients in the control group did not experience any significant alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that an 8-month training program combining strength and aerobic exercise induces favorable muscular and biochemical adaptations, on TC, TG, HDL-C, and apo-A1 levels, protecting patients with CAD. After 3 months of detraining, however, the favorable adaptations were reversed, underscoring the need of uninterrupted exercise throughout life.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

A disease-specific self-help program compared with a generalized chronic disease self-help program for arthritis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Both the Arthritis Self-Management Program (ASMP) and the generic Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) have been shown to be successful in improving conditions in patients with arthritis. This study compared the relative effectiveness of the 2 programs for individuals with arthritis. METHODS: Patients whose primary disease was arthritis were randomized to the ASMP (n = 239) or to the CDSMP (n = 116). Analyses of covariance were used to compare the outcome measures for the 2 programs at 4 months and 1 year. Measures included quality of life outcomes (self reported, health distress, disability, activity limitation, global health, pain, and fatigue), health behaviors (practice of mental stress management, stretching and strength exercise, aerobic exercise), self efficacy, and health care utilization (physician visits and hospitalizations). RESULTS: Both programs showed positive results. The disease-specific ASMP appeared to have advantages over the more generic CDSMP for patients with arthritis at 4 months. These advantages had lessened slightly by 1 year. CONCLUSION: The disease-specific ASMP should be considered first where there are sufficient resources and participants. However, both programs had positive effects, and the CDSMP should be considered a viable alternative.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Effects of a 3-week integrated body weight reduction program on leptin levels and body composition in severe obese subjects.

The effects of short-term (3 weeks) integrated body weight reduction (BWR) program (including energy-restricted diet, aerobic and strength exercise (5 days/week), nutritional education and psychological counseling) on plasma leptin levels and body composition were investigated in 54 morbidly obese patients (38 females/16 males; mean BMI +/- SE: 41.8 +/- 0.1 kg/m2, range 35-58 kg/m2; mean age: 29.8 +/- 1.0 yr, age range: 18-46 yr). The BWR program induced a significant (p < 0.001) weight loss (BMI reduction: -4.8%) and a significant modification in body composition, consisting in a fat mass (FM) decrease (-7.0 +/- 0.4%, p < 0.001) with a concomitant fat-free (FFM) mass increase (1.8 +/- 0.3%, p < 0.001). On average, plasma leptin levels decreased significantly both in males (from 19.4 +/- 2.6 ng/ml to 11.6 +/- 1.3 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and in females (from 41.1 +/- 3.6 ng/ml to 29.9 +/- 3.0 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Both before and after weight loss, leptin levels were positively correlated (p < 0.001) with BMI and percent fat mass (FM) values. Weight changes after the BWR program were negatively correlated with baseline leptin concentrations both in absolute terms and expressed per unit FM. In conclusion, a short-term diet plus aerobic/strength training effectively induces body composition changes and reduces plasma leptin levels. Body FM reduction appears to be not the unique determinant of leptin levels regulation and the degree of leptin over-expression may negatively affect weight loss in morbidly obese patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Investigative strategies for muscle pain.

Muscle pain is the presenting symptom in patients with a wide variety of conditions. Such patients often pose problems in diagnosis and management and a rational scheme for their investigation is needed. The results of muscle biopsy, electromyography, exercise and strength testing and blood measurements in 109 consecutive patients presenting with myalgia are reported. By determining the sensitivity and specificity of the tests in identifying patients with specific muscle abnormalities, a rational investigative protocol has been constructed. Creatine kinase and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are the most useful screening tests and if either is abnormal, muscle biopsy, electromyography, muscle strength and exercise testing are then performed. Despite exhaustive investigation, specific muscle abnormalities were found in only one-third of the patients; whilst many of the remaining patients undoubtedly had a psychogenic component to their pain, it is likely that a number of unidentified specific metabolic defects remain as causes of myalgia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Perspectives on bone mechanical properties and adaptive response to mechanical challenge.

The bones of the human skeleton serve a mechanical function besides providing a reservoir for calcium and hematopoietic homeostatis. When mechanically challenged, they usually respond and adapt; failure to do so can result in fracture. The mechanical behavior of bone is determined by bone mass and its material properties and by its geometry and architecture. Therefore, in vivo noninvasive measurements of bone mass, geometry, and structure can predict bone strength and are usually employed as a useful-if not always reliable-way to estimate bone fragility, whereas direct bone biomechanical testing in vitro can provide detailed information about mechanical strength. Because bone strains are likely to be regulators of bone mass and strength, exercise protocols designed to counteract the effects of osteoporosis should load the target bone with repeated high peak forces and high strain rates or high impacts on a long-term basis. Such a protocol creates varied strain distributions throughout the bone structure, producing short, repeated strains on the bone in directions to which it is unaccustomed. Exercise in this manner can maintain and perhaps increase bone mass and improve mechanical properties and neuromuscular competency, reducing skeletal fragility and the predisposition to falls.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Rehabilitation of neck-shoulder pain in women industrial workers: a randomized trial comparing isometric shoulder endurance training with isometric shoulder strength training.

OBJECTIVES: To study whether isometric shoulder endurance was more advantageous than isometric shoulder strength training in reducing pain and perceived exertion and to increase shoulder function through improved muscle endurance and strength. DESIGN: Randomized trial. SETTING: Three occupational health care centers. PARTICIPANTS: Women industrial workers with nonspecific neck-shoulder pain. The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis was "cervicobrachial syndrome" (M53.1). Thirty-eight patients completed the isometric shoulder endurance training and 31 patients completed the isometric shoulder strength training. INTERVENTION: Twelve weeks of training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported pain and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), arm motion performance test, shoulder muscle strength, shoulder muscle endurance, and shoulder functional tests, as well as follow-up after supervised training had ended. RESULTS: The isometric shoulder strength training resulted in an almost one-scale step decrease in RPE at work and a 5% to 15% improvement of arm motion performance compared with the endurance training. The isometric shoulder strength training more effectively improved left side shoulder abduction strength (p < .026), but no major differences were found for the other strength measurements. The isometric shoulder endurance training was not more successful than the strength training in the endurance test (p .51 to .81). CONCLUSIONS: Physical training programs for neck-shoulder pain may include isometric shoulder muscular strength exercise in addition to isometric shoulder endurance training, rather than endurance training only.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed2002

The effect of dynamic versus isometric resistance training on pain and functioning among adults with osteoarthritis of the knee.

OBJECTIVE: To compare 16 weeks of isometric versus dynamic resistance training versus a control on knee pain and functioning among patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Outpatient setting. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 102 volunteer subjects with OA of the knee randomized to isometric (n=32) and dynamic (n=35) resistance training groups or a control (n=35). INTERVENTIONS: Strength exercises for the legs, 3 times weekly for 16 weeks. Dynamic group: exercises across a functional range of motion; isometric: exercises at discrete joint angles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The time to descend and ascend a flight of 27 stairs and to get down and up off of the floor. Knee pain was assessed immediately after each functional task. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index was used to assess perceived pain, stiffness, and functional ability. RESULTS: In the isometric group, time to perform all 4 functional tasks decreased (P<.05) by 16% to 23%. In the dynamic group, time to descend and ascend stairs decreased by 13% to 17%. Both groups decreased knee pain while performing the functional tasks by 28% to 58%. Other measures of pain and functioning were significantly and favorably affected in the training groups. The improvements in the 2 training groups as a result of their respective therapies were not significantly different. The control group did not change over the duration of the study. CONCLUSION: Dynamic or isometric resistance training improves functional ability and reduces knee joint pain of patients with knee OA.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Assessing perceived physical environmental variables that may influence physical activity.

The present study evaluated a measure of perceived physical environments that may influence physical activity. Forty-three self-report items were used to assess environmental variables at homes, in neighborhoods, or on frequently traveled routes. The presence of facilitators of (e.g., equipment, programs, attractive surroundings) and barriers to (e.g., high crime) physical activity was assessed. In 110 college students, test-retest reliabilities were .89 for the home equipment scale, .68 for the neighborhood scale, and .80 for the convenient facilities scale. Home equipment and convenient facilities scales were correlated with self-reported physical activity. In multiple regression analyses, the only significant association, after adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status, was home equipment with strength exercise. Further research is needed to identify other environmental characteristics that may influence physical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Promoting healthy lifestyles in children: a pilot program of be a fit kid.

Be a Fit Kid is a 12-week program aimed at improving physical activity and nutritional habits in children. The physical activity component of the program emphasized cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, muscular strength, and bone development through running, yoga, jumping, and strength exercises. All activities were individualized and noncompetitive. The nutrition component focused on current dietary guidelines that emphasize a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, unsaturated fats, and whole grains, and low in saturated fat and sugar. Following the 12-week intervention, significant improvements were observed in body composition, fitness, nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, and in those who participated 75% of the time, significant reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed. Findings from the pilot trial suggest that health promotion programs can be well received by children and may favorably alter overweight and the development of adult lifestyle-related diseases.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2006

Shoulder muscle EMG activity during push up variations on and off a Swiss ball.

BACKGROUND: Surface instability is a common addition to traditional rehabilitation and strength exercises with the aim of increasing muscle activity, increasing exercise difficulty and improving joint proprioception. The aim of the current study was to determine if performing upper body closed kinetic chain exercises on a labile surface (Swiss ball) influences myoelectric amplitude when compared with a stable surface. METHODS: Thirteen males were recruited from a convenience sample of college students. Surface electromyograms were recorded from the triceps, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and external oblique while performing push up exercises with the feet or hands placed on a bench and separately on a Swiss ball. A push up plus exercise was also evaluated with hands on the support surface. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Not all muscles responded with an increase in muscle activity. The pectoralis major muscle was not influenced by surface stability. The triceps and rectus abdominis muscles showed increases in muscle activity only when the hands were on the unstable surface. The external oblique muscle was only influenced by surface stability during the performance of the push up plus exercise. No muscle showed a change in activation level when the legs were supported by the Swiss ball instead of the bench. CONCLUSION: Muscle activity can be influenced by the addition of surface instability however an increase in muscle activity does not influence all muscles in all conditions. The relationship between the participant's center of mass, the location of the unstable surface and the body part contacting the Swiss ball may be important factors in determining the muscle activation changes following changes in surface stability.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Pediatric generalized joint hypomobility and musculoskeletal complaints: a new entity? Clinical, biochemical, and osseal characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features, osseal characteristics, and collagen biochemistry in children who attended our clinic with predominantly generalized hypomobility of the joints, in combination with musculoskeletal complaints or abnormal walking, and no known syndrome or known rheumatic, neurologic, skeletal, metabolic, or connective tissue disorder was present. METHODS: Nineteen children who attended the Children's Hospital of the University Medical Center Utrecht for generalized hypomobility of the joints (mean age: 11.6; standard deviation: 2.7), in combination with musculoskeletal complaints or abnormal walking as primary complaints (symptomatic generalized hypomobility [SGH]), were compared with an age-matched reference group of 284 healthy children with normal mobility of the joints. Anthropometrics, range of joint motion, muscle strength, exercise tolerance, motor development, quantitative ultrasound measurements of bone, and degradation products of collagen in urine were studied. Collagen modifications were determined in skin biopsies of 3 children and in hypertrophic scar tissue of another child, all with SGH. RESULTS: The range of joint motion was significantly decreased in almost all joints of all 19 children and after adjustment for age, gender, body weight, and height, significantly lower than that of the reference group (-108.3 degrees; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -136.9 to -79.8). Quantitative ultrasound measurements as well as urinary pyridinoline cross-link levels were, after adjustment for possible confounders, significantly lower in SGH children (broad-band ultrasound attenuation: -9.6 dB/MHz [95% CI: -17.4 to -1.9]; speed of sound: -25.0 m/s [95% CI: -39.7 to -10.3]; hydroxylysylpyridinoline: -50.1 micromol/mmol [95% CI: -87.6 to -12.6], lysylpyridinoline: -21.3 micromol/mmol [95% CI: -34.0 to -8.6]). An increased amount of pyridinoline cross-links per collagen molecule was observed in skin and hypertrophic scar tissue, in combination with increased amounts of collagen. CONCLUSION: SGH in children is considered a new clinical entity with specific clinical characteristics and might be related to an increased stiffness of connective tissue as a result of higher amounts of collagen with increased cross-linking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Neuromuscular adaptations during 30 days of cast-immobilization and head-down bedrest.

Prolonged skeletal muscle disuse, during space flights and on Earth, produces distinct adaptive changes in the neuromuscular system of human subjects. There is a significant decline in muscle mass and strength, exercise capacity, fatigue resistance, integrated EMG (IEMG) output and time-dependent alterations in the behavior of Hoffman (H) and deep tendon reflexes. The objective of this study was to examine the changes in excitability of segmental motoneuronal network and its influence upon gastrocnemius-soleus (G-S) function in healthy male and female subjects, who underwent either 6 degrees head-down bedrest (HDB) or unilateral cast-immobilization (CIM) for a period of 30 days.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Growth hormone deficiency in adults and clinical use of recombinant human growth hormone.

OBJECTIVE: To review the modern recognition of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults and the beneficial effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment in such cases. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: Most published original articles about GH and GHD in recent domestic and world wide related literatures were available. STUDY SELECTION: More than 65 originally identified articles were reviewed and 29 were selected that especially addressed the stated purpose. RESULTS: Treatment of GHD in adult human beings became an option following the development of rhGH and the numerous reports on the effect of rhGH therapy in such patients. The syndrome of GH deficiency in adults principally comprises abnormalities in body composition, cardiovascular risk factor, and psychological well-being. In comparison with normal individuals, these patients have increased total-body fat mass (particularly visceral adiposity), reduced muscle mass, reduced muscle strength exercise performance, and reduced bone mass. The psychological dysfunction comprises self-reported reduction in energy, mood, and sleep, along with objective reductions in marital and socioeconomic performance. CONCLUSION: The evidence that rhGH administration may be beneficial for the prevention, as well as treatment, of various clinical situations.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Anabolic steroids: damages, effect on performance, and on metabolism (author's transl)].

10 normal persons (age: x=22 years) and 15 weight lifters (age: x=27 years) were studied before and three months after taking Nandrolone danoate (ND). Strength exercises, hear rate during ergometer work, physical working capacity and certain biochemical variables were measured in the experimental group, as well as in a controll group of 7 weight lifters. Six weight lifters in the experimental group who had been taking ND for at least 3 years were also studied to determine whether there were any deleterious effects on their health. In addition, 75 athletes who had been taking anabolic steroids were investigated to determine the possible effects. It was found that: 1. In spite of an 7% increase in performance, the maximal heart rate was not higher when the subjects took ND. During submaximal work loads the heart rate (p less than 0.025) and the blood lactate level (p less than 0.05) were lower. During physical work, there was essentially no effect of ND on glucose or total lipids in serum. 2. The results from the three-months study, from the weight lifters taking ND for 3 years, as well as from 26 of the 57 athletes who had been taking ND showed no evidence of a deleterious effect of ND (based on 26 biochemical measurements). It would appear, therefore, that the general suggestion of a detrimental effect of anabolic hormones is not justified. 3. Damages or functional disturbances were found in 31 athletes and 3 weight lifters of the experimental group after oral application of anabolic alkyl-steroids. After a period of time without alkyl-steroid administration, all investigated biochemical parameters returned to normal levels; thus it appears that the aforementioned pathological findings are reversible changes in liver function.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of physical training on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: changes in disease activity, muscle strength and aerobic capacity. A clinically controlled minimized cross-over study.

For decades, physical training of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-patients has been controversial, especially for patients with active disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RA-patients could receive graduated training without increasing the activity of the disease. In a controlled cross-over study the effect of graduated progressive training has been evaluated in 18 RA-patients with moderately active disease. The training was performed twice weekly with aerobic conditioning and strength exercises progressing to strenuous exercises over an 8-week period. The design was a crossover project with two groups obtained by minimisation. After training the patients had significantly fewer swollen joints than before. Training of the muscles acting over the swollen joints resulted in more than a 35% decrease in the number of swollen joints. The hemoglobin level increased significantly after the training period. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the complement factor C3d, and the number of sore joints remained unchanged. A decrease in the need for medicine was non-significant. From this study it appears that RA-patients with some activity are trainable without aggravating the disease, even in the chronically swollen joints. The rheumatoid arthritis activity decreased with fewer swollen joints and higher hemoglobin level after training.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[A study on the effect of Dan Jeon breathing method to reduce blood pressure of the client with essential hypertension].

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Dan Jeon Breathing method and to suggest that the method is an effective nursing intervention to reduce the blood pressure. The Dan Jeon breathing method is composed of thirty-minute program including Dan Jeon Breathing, a kind of abdominal-deep breathing, free gymnastics, mental concentration, physical strength exercise, and suggestion. The Quasi-experimental design was used in this study. In order to evaluate the devised the Dan Jeon breathing method, the non-synchronized research method with non-equivalent control group was employed. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. The blood pressure of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group was reduced as time goes by. When the training was finished, the systolic blood pressure was lower than the baseline blood pressure by 15.80 mmHg (Y = -1.11X + 147.78, P = .0001, R2 = 0.89), and the diastolic blood pressure was lower than the baseline blood pressure by 10.91 mmHg (Y = -0.85X + 98.9, P = .0001, R2 = 0.96). 2. The score of perceived stress of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group after training was lower than that of other groups (F = 2.51, P = .09). 3. The serum cortisol level of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group was reduced as compared with that of there groups (F = 3.21, P = .05). But aldosterone level of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group did not show any change. The result proved that the Dan Jeon breathing method was an effective behavioral therapy to reduce blood pressure of the client with the essential hypertension from this study. The Dan Jeon breathing method might be an effective nursing intervention device to protect the ego structure of the clients, to promote their well-being and to reconstruct them by setting mind and body at ease. The Dan Jeon breathing method can be used in clinic as well as in community as an independent nursing intervention. The Dan Jeon breathing method program might be considered to make a great contribution to adult care.

Blood Pressure↗