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PubMed1998

[Delusions and intuition].

Taking into account the different concepts of delusion and analysing rational and intuitive cognition, the present phenomenological-conceptual study aims at defining the essential nature of delusion. Intuitive cognition as a result of holistic processing is founded in the development of polysensoric-kinaesthetic basic pictures (eidetic matrices), which are recognized preverbally and prereflexively by subliminal perception of corresponding eidetic structures. A positive match between a matrix and a given phenomenon produces an eidetic feeling. This eidetic feeling encompasses three aspects. The first is a preverbal knowledge of something as something definite. As a direct self-reference, the second is the feeling of an object-inherent significance of the given phenomenon for the subject itself. Thirdly, a power vector is perceived to derive from the object. The application of this concept allows us to consider delusion as a disturbance in the system of holistic information processing. This disturbance is characterized by a disinhibition and actualization of eidetic matrices in different ways. The resulting eidetic feeling we call delusion; its expression in thoughts and words we call a delusional idea. All features of an eidetic feeling can be demonstrated in delusion. Owing to their special intensity and suspended reason, they mostly appear to be unique. The analysis of the eidetic structures of delusion allows a deeper understanding of delusion and facilitates both its diagnosis and its differentiation. Heterogeneous terms, such as delusional mood, idea of meaning, idea of reference, delusional notion and delusional perception emerge in an understandable context.

Delusions↗
PubMed2001

A hypothalamic digoxin mediated model for conscious and subliminal perception.

The isoprenoid pathway and its metabolites--digoxin, dolichol and ubiquinone were assessed in schizophrenia. There was an upregulation of the isoprenoid pathway as evidenced by elevated HMG CoA reductase activity. Digoxin, an endogenous Na+-K+ ATPase inhibitor secreted by the hypothalamus was found to be elevated and RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity was found to be reduced in schizophrenia. Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition can result in increased intracellular Ca2+ and reduced magnesium levels. Hypothalamic digoxin can modulate conscious and subliminal perception and its dysfunction may lead on to schizophrenia. Digoxin can also preferentially upregulate tryptophan transport over tyrosine resulting in increased levels of depolarising tryptophan catabolites--serotonin and quinolinic acid (NMDA agonist), and decreased levels of hyperpolarising tyrosine catabolites--dopamine and noradrenaline contributing to membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition. NMDA excitotoxicity could result from hypomagnesemia induced by membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition and quinolinic acid, an NMDA agonist acting on the NMDA receptor. Hypomagnesemia and increased dolichol level can affect glycoconjugate metabolism and membranogenesis leading on to disordered synaptic connectivity in the limbic allocortex and defective presentation of viral antigens and neuronal antigens contributing to autoimmunity and viral persistance important in the pathogenesis. Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase inhibition can produce immune activation, a component of autoimmunity. Mitochondrial dysfunction consequent to altered calcium/magnesium ratios and reduced ubiquinone levels can result in increased free radical generation and reduced free radical scavenging & defective apoptosis leading on to abnormal synaptogenesis. Schizophrenia can thus be considered as a syndrome of hypothalamic digoxin hypersecretion consequent to an upregulated isoprenoid pathway.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The influence of near-threshold priming on metamemory and recall.

A metamemory paradigm involving the use of near-threshold visual priming is developed in which a brief flash of a previously nonrecalled answer occurs, and then the person attempts to recall the answer and/or make feeling-of-knowing judgments. The major new finding is that the feeling of knowing did not detect perceptual input from a near-threshold prime that increased the recall of otherwise nonrecallable items. This finding has two important implications: (1) The feeling of knowing is not always more sensitive than recall as an indicant of information in memory (particularly, as an indicant of small amounts of information newly deposited into memory), and (2) 'monitored' information (that the feeling of knowing would be capable of detecting, as examined in previous research) can be combined with 'nonmonitored' information (that is newly deposited into memory and that the feeling of knowing does not detect) so as to produce the successful recall of an otherwise nonrecallable item.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Responding to subliminal threat cues is related to trait anxiety and emotional vulnerability: a successful replication of Macleod and Hagan (1992)

Macleod and Hagan (1992) [Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 151-161] reported that threat-relevant interference on a masked Stroop task, where neutral and negative words cannot be consciously perceived, is positively correlated with trait anxiety and emotional vulnerability to stressful life events. Their findings were obtained from subjects who were currently stressed. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the Macleod and Hagan findings could be replicated in a sample that was not currently stressed. Using a sample of 32 volunteers, we found a significant correlation between trait anxiety and threat-relevant interference on a masked Stroop. Furthermore, it was found that the single best predictor of vulnerability to life stress was the interference on the masked Stroop. The findings of the present study correspond quite closely to those reported by Macleod and Hagan (1992).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The influence of subliminal emotional words on functional hemispheric asymmetry.

The P300 component of the evoked potential was recorded over both hemispheres in order to study interhemispheric differences in the process of perception of subliminal verbal stimuli. The stimuli--subliminal words, neutral and emotional--were presented at random to the left or right visual fields. In response to an unrecognized emotional word, the amplitude of P300 wave increased diffusely over both hemispheres as compared to that to a neutral word, with no changes in interhemispheric differences. The interhemispheric difference changed considerably in the presence of an 'unaccountable' emotion caused by a subliminal word. This suggests a unilateral activation of the right hemisphere and a predominant role of this hemisphere in the cortical organization of the unconscious function 'unaccountable' emotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

On the feeling of doing: dysphoria and the implicit modulation of authorship ascription.

The experience of authorship arises when we feel that observed effects (e.g., the onset of a light) are caused by our own actions (e.g., pushing a switch). This study tested whether dysphoric persons' authorship ascription can be modulated implicitly in a situation in which the exclusivity of the cause of effects is ambiguous. In line with the idea that depressed individuals' self-schemata include general views of uncontrollability, in a subliminal priming task we observed that dysphoric (compared with nondysphoric) participants experienced lower authorship of action effects when the self-concept was primed. Priming the potential effects of an action just prior to their occurrence, however, increased experiences of authorship in all participants and eliminated the effect of self-concept priming on dysphoric participants' authorship experiences. These findings suggest that the human mental system seizes on a match between primed and actual action effect to establish a sense of authorship, even in a state of depression when persons have weak self-views of causing behavioral outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Hypervigilance in patients with borderline personality disorder: specificity, automaticity, and predictors.

According to cognitive theory, an important factor in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is hypervigilance. The aim of the present study was to test whether BPD patients show schema-related biases, and to explore relations with childhood trauma, schemas, and BPD symptoms. Sixteen BPD patients were compared with 18 patients with a cluster C personality disorder, 16 patients with an axis I disorder, and 16 normal controls. An emotional Stroop task was applied with schema-related and unrelated, negative and positive, supra- and subliminal person-related stimuli. BPD patients showed hypervigilance for both negative and positive cues, but were specifically biased towards schema-related negative cues. Predictors were BPD schemas, childhood sexual traumas, and BPD anxiety symptoms. Both BPD and axis I disorder patients showed a trend for a bias for negative schema-related subliminal stimuli. More attention to hypervigilance in BPD is recommended for clinical practice.

Adult↗