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PubMed2001

The domain specificity and generality of mental contamination: accuracy and projection in judgments of mental content.

In this study we examined individual differences across two tasks requiring people to judge the mental contents of the minds of other people--an opinion prediction task and a knowledge prediction task. The tendency to overproject one's own mental contents in both of these tasks has been interpreted as an instance of mental contamination by Wilson and Brekke (1994). Results demonstrate no domain generality in the process of projecting one's own internal states onto predictions about the internal states of others. Furthermore, projection was efficacious in the opinion prediction task but not in the knowledge prediction task. The differing consequences of mental contamination across these tasks was moderated by the presence of other diagnostic cues that were negatively correlated with the diagnosticity of one's own mental contents in the knowledge prediction task but not in the opinion prediction task. Mental contamination was largely unrelated to cognitive ability or to styles of epistemic regulation. However, predictive accuracy (and its primary determinant--use of other diagnostic cues) was correlated across the two tasks, and was also related to cognitive ability and styles of epistemic regulation. The results are interpreted within the context of two-process models of cognitive functioning (e.g. Evans & Over, 1996; Sloman, 1996).

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during a combined visual discrimination reaction time task.

Decisions about the visual world can take time to form, especially when information is unreliable. We studied the neural correlate of gradual decision formation by recording activity from the lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) of rhesus monkeys during a combined motion-discrimination reaction-time task. Monkeys reported the direction of random-dot motion by making an eye movement to one of two peripheral choice targets, one of which was within the response field of the neuron. We varied the difficulty of the task and measured both the accuracy of direction discrimination and the time required to reach a decision. Both the accuracy and speed of decisions increased as a function of motion strength. During the period of decision formation, the epoch between onset of visual motion and the initiation of the eye movement response, LIP neurons underwent ramp-like changes in their discharge rate that predicted the monkey's decision. A steeper rise in spike rate was associated with stronger stimulus motion and shorter reaction times. The observations suggest that neurons in LIP integrate time-varying signals that originate in the extrastriate visual cortex, accumulating evidence for or against a specific behavioral response. A threshold level of LIP activity appears to mark the completion of the decision process and to govern the tradeoff between accuracy and speed of perception.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1977

An experience with a systems approach to curriculum design.

Learning system design, based on general systems theory, is a powerful facilitator for planning and implementing programs of curriculum and instruction. Curriculum planners are directed to a practical consideration of all systems components, and an awareness of their interrelatedness. Specifically they must deal with: Problem areas or barriers to success; the need to define and choose explicit outcomes; ways to make the curriculum operational; and a specific plan for program assessment. The systems process is value free and content free. Values are generated as content is selected and fitted into the system components. Therefore the system input is a crucial factor in the quality of the system. I have attempted to share some aspects of systems methodology which were very useful in the experience of designing a program for the education of gerontological nurse practitioners.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1992

[A comprehensive assessment of the working conditions for workers in vibration-hazardous jobs].

Comprehensive evaluation of work conditions of workers of different occupational groups (bulldozer, excavator and boring machine operators, embroideresses) helped create a new parameter of occupation harmfulness evaluation: mean arithmetic value and root-mean-square digression. The main parameters of transitory disablement morbidity were found connected with the integral parameter of harmful environmental factors, which helped define the morbidity increase per 1 harmfulness grade for men and women and predict the morbidity levels of workers depending on their work conditions.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1992

[The prevention of occupational diseases in glassware grinders].

The role is shown of a complex of hygienic measures in the prophylaxis of professional diseases of the hands of grinders--reduction of the level of morbidity and delay of the onset of symptoms. Nonobedience of hygienic regulations is the major cause of failures of prophylactic measures. The authors worked out physiological regulations of static loads and effective means of their control.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A prospective audit of critical incidents in anaesthesia in a university teaching hospital.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to reduce mortality and morbidity in anaesthesia by identifying common factors contributing to critical incidences and 'near misses'. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective survey over a 2-year period from May 1999 to April 2001 of all reported critical incidents in patients undergoing anaesthesia. Critical incidents were reported anonymously, using the Anaesthetic Incident Monitoring Study form. This consisted of structured questions with tick box answers. Completed forms were reviewed and after open discussion with the department, preventive strategies and guidelines were developed and introduced. RESULTS: A total of 116 critical incidences were reported in 108 patients. These are events that have resulted or could have resulted in an adverse outcome for the patient. Airway incidences were the commonest incidence reported (33.6%), followed by pharmacological problems like wrong drug or dose (28.4%). These occurred most often during maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia largely due to human factors like inattention, haste and failure to check equipment. They were preventable in 76% of cases. As a consequence, 33.6% of incidents resulted in cardiac arrest or major physiological change. There was no adverse outcome in 36.2%. From a review of the critical incident reporting, organisation of manpower was improved to ensure adequate supervision of junior staff. Checking of equipment and drug before use was constantly emphasized. CONCLUSION: Critical incident reporting is a useful tool for quality assurance programmes. It analyses human and systems problems to ensure improved patient care.

Anesthesia↗