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PubMed1984

A unifying aetiological explanation for anomalies of human tooth number and size.

Genetic and environmental factors are implicated in the aetiology of supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, megadontia and microdontia ; these anomalies tend to be associated. 1115 school children aged 11-14 years examined clinically and radiographically provided prevalence data. A further 703 children with dental anomalies were studied. 153 of these became probands for a family study and 327 of their first-degree relatives were examined. There were much higher frequencies (p less than 0.001) of all anomalies among the relatives of probands than in the general population. Males more often had supernumerary teeth and megadontia and females more frequently had hypodontia (p less than 0.05) and microdontia . For hypodontia, the proportion of relatives affected varied with the severity of the condition in the proband (p less than 0.05). In the prevalence study, there was an association between hypodontia and microdontia (p less than 0.001). These findings may be explained by a multifactorial model having a continuous scale, related to tooth number and size, with thresholds. Position on the scale usually depends upon the combination of numerous genetic and environmental factors, each with a small effect, but occasionally a chromosomal anomaly, a major single gene or a major environmental insult may have a large effect. The finding that the estimated difference between the means of the sexes was the same for each anomaly, within the limits of experimental error, supports the validity of the model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Delayed dental development in children with isolated cleft lip and palate.

Although most cases of cleft lip and palate are free of other developmental defects, children with isolated cleft lip/palate are at enhanced risk of delayed growth and reduced final size. Three variables were assessed in the permanent dentition away from the cleft site: congenital absence by tooth type (which ranged from 0 to 7%) asymmetry in developmental staging (3 times more common in cleft lip/palate than in controls), and dental age (with a mean delay of 0.9 yr in cleft lip/palate relative to controls). The pervasive nature of these measures of reduced growth potential and developmental control, which were greatest in teeth forming during infancy, suggests that the cause of the compromised growth is the adverse early postnatal environment rather than conditions intrinsic to the individual.

Age Determination by Teeth↗
PubMed1993

Molar odontogenesis in the trisomic 16 mouse.

Stocks used were male and female monozygotes for Robertsonian translocation specific for chromosomes 16 and 17 Rb(16.17)7Bnr and males and females homozygous for Robertsonian translocation for chromosomes 6 and 16 Rb(6.16)24Lub to produce double heterozygotes characterized as Rb(16.17)Bnr/Rb(6.16)24Lub. This study was based on 156 fetuses, of which 70 were normal (euploid/controls) and 86 were affected trisomics identified grossly by decreased size, shortened faces (flattened snouts), oedema, petechiae, open eyelids and dysplastic ears. Confirmation of trisomics included karyotyping metaphasic spreads. Throughout the five gestational days studied (14-18), trisomic fetuses exhibited developmental delays of up to 24 h. In general, tooth organs were smaller, hypocellular, hypoplastic and had a decreased blood supply. These differences were progressive and more pronounced in the later periods of odontogenesis, especially in the morpho- and histodifferentiation stages.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Orthodontic therapy for the restorative patient. Part II: The esthetic aspects.

By incorporating orthodontics and other specialty disciplines into the restorative and prosthodontic treatments for the adult patient presenting for improvement or enhancement of esthetics, the dentist can correct reverse over-lapped (cross-bite) relationships, retrieve and reposition unerupted (impacted) anterior teeth, and improve irregular smile lines in three dimensions. The correction or improvement of incisal guidance, incisal planes, root proximity, and embrasure spaces will enhance long-term stability and successful prognoses. This article discusses several of the daily challenges encountered by the restorative dentist regarding malposed teeth in the anterior portion of the oral cavity. By using established principles of orthodontic therapy, composite resin bonding of brackets, improved wire technology, polymer plastic force modules, and additional advances in the methods of repositioning the malposed teeth, the necessary corrections can be made.

Adult↗