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PubMed1989

Increased remineralization of subsurface enamel lesions with molybdenum treatment.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of high molybdenum (Mo) concentration on fluoride (F) uptake and remineralization of subsurface lesions utilizing acid cyclic methods in vitro. Bovine enamel with artificial subsurface lesions were treated with test solutions containing 1,000 ppm F (NaF) with and without 1,000 ppm Mo at pH 7.0. F uptake was analyzed using a microdrilling technique and remineralization was evaluated by polarized light microscopy. The results indicate that addition of 1,000 ppm Mo in a 1,000 ppm F solution modestly increases F uptake and promotes remineralization of subsurface lesions compared with 1,000 ppm F alone. These findings suggest that a high level of Mo may enhance the remineralizing activity of F in subsurface bovine enamel lesions in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Mineral distributions in enamel after in vivo de- and remineralization.

Plates of human enamel were demineralized under plaque in 18 participants. The subjects were randomly allocated to 3 groups consuming 0, 1 or 2 filled chocolate products (FCP) in between meals daily for periods of 4 weeks. Subsequently, the specimens were remineralized in vivo for 9 weeks, with or without the consumption of an FCP. The mineral distribution was assessed by means of microradiography. Special emphasis was placed on the type of mineral distribution. The results showed that: 1) significantly more enamel samples demineralized in vivo with a surface layer covering the lesion, when FCP's were eaten in between meals. The ranking of the number of samples with a surface layer was 0 FCP less than 1 FCP less than 2 FCP. 2) The amount of mineral lost during demineralization was not statistically different between 0 and 1 FCP. There is a difference between 0 and 2 FCP. 3) There was no difference in surface layer thickness or mineral content in the surface layer of 0, 1 or 2 FCP consumption in the demineralization experiment. 4) After 9 weeks a substantial remineralization occurred. There was no difference in remineralization between the 0 and 1 FCP group. 5) No difference in the percentage remineralization was found between mineral distributions with or without a surface layer.

Cacao↗
PubMed2002

Organic material and the optical properties of the dark zone in caries lesions of enamel.

Sections of uncavitated natural caries lesions of human enamel were extracted with various solvents and examined by polarizing microscopy. After lipid extraction, the dark zone enlarged by 19-162% and its birefringence increased, while after protein extraction it shrank by 37-92% and became less birefringent. It is concluded that occlusion of submicroscopic pores by organic material largely accounts for the optical properties of the dark zone. The results are not consistent with occlusion of pores by reprecipitation of mineral. On the basis of previous work, organic material in this location could influence demineralization and remineralization.

Calcium↗
PubMed1991

Interactions between fluoride and plaque in the remineralization of enamel caries-like lesions.

The effect of fluoride and plaque, separately and together on the remineralization of early artificial caries lesions was studied in a group of volunteers in a double-blind randomized study design. Artificial caries lesions produced in slabs of human enamel were mounted buccally in silver bands cemented bilaterally to the mandibular first molar teeth. Volunteers wore the bands for two 2-week periods, rinsing daily with either a placebo or a 500 ppm fluoride mouthrinse. Plaque accumulation was encouraged by placing Dacron gauze over one of each pair of slabs. Sections were cut from the lesions and analyzed by microradiography followed by microdensitometry and image analysis. Microdensitometric data revealed that non-significant increases in mineralization had occurred in all of the test groups. However, the image analysis results indicated that significant remineralization had occurred in lesions after 2 weeks on the fluoride rinse regimen, with no significant remineralization in lesions exposed to the placebo. The presence or absence of plaque over the lesions had no effect on the amount of remineralization induced on the fluoride rinse regimen.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The quantitative determination of dentinal fluid during the treatment of deep caries].

A method for dentin fluid measurements has been developed permitting an indirect judgement on remineralizing effect of drugs. The study was carried out in 36 teeth of 23 patients. Hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and, as a reference agent, calmecin were used in the treatment of deep caries. A reliable remineralizing effect of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate was revealed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Crystallographic analysis of demineralized human enamel treated by laser-irradiation or remineralization.

Crystallographic information on dental hard tissue is helpful in evaluating whether incipient caries that has received preventative treatments is resistant to subsequent attack. The aim here was to analyse crystallographically by means of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) demineralized human enamel that had been laser-irradiated or remineralized. Electron-microscopic observation identified a distinct layer at a depth of 100 nm in the demineralized and laser-irradiated enamel. The crystallinity in the shallower area was inferior to that in the deeper area. Comparison of the HREM findings from the deeper area with the data provided by the Joint Committee on Powdered Diffraction Standards revealed that the mineral in the demineralized and laser-irradiated enamel was either alpha- or beta-tricalcium phosphate, while that in the remineralized enamel was thought to be tetracalcium diphosphate monoxide.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

High-resolution electron microscopy of enamel-crystal demineralization and remineralization in carious lesions.

Although dental caries destroys dental hard tissues, both demineralization as a destructive process and remineralization as a restorative process take place in carious lesions. These conflicting processes occur constantly either simultaneously or alternately. In crystallographic terms, demineralization is crystal dissolution, and remineralization is restoration of partially dissolved crystals, new crystal formation and growth of surviving crystals. In this review, we employ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate demineralization and remineralization of enamel crystals obtained from cross-cut sections of the c-axes of crystals from carious lesions.

Crystallization↗
PubMed1991

Remineralization and demineralization in situ from a triclosan/co-polymer/fluoride dentifrice.

An in situ study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a dentifrice containing 1100 ppm F (NaF) and triclosan, an anti-plaque agent, on remineralization of artificially-formed caries lesions in thin sections of human enamel. The thin sections were placed in mandibular partial dentures of 15 subjects and covered with a steel mesh to provide an area for plaque accumulation. The subjects brushed their teeth and dentures three times daily for two-week periods in a cross-over design, after which the specimens were removed and analyzed by quantitative microradiography for changes in mineral content. Results showed that lesions treated with the triclosan-fluoride product were remineralized 18.0 +/- 23.4% compared with 19.0 +/- 32.3% from a 1100-ppm F (NaF) positive control. Use of a placebo dentifrice resulted in 71.9% demineralization. The findings showed that triclosan neither enhanced nor interfered with the promotion of remineralization by fluoride.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Remineralization by fluoride enhanced with calcium and phosphate ingredients.

The effectiveness of fluoride ions provided by toothpastes and mouthrinses in promoting remineralization can be limited by the low concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in saliva. The purpose of this study was to determine whether improved remineralization can be obtained from toothpastes or mouthrinses that simultaneously deliver fluoride, calcium, and phosphate ions from dual-dispensing systems. Enamel specimens with artificial lesions between 60 and 90 microns deep were cycled 15 times through demineralization for 30 minutes, treated for 5 minutes with an experimental or control fluoride toothpaste or mouthrinse, and remineralized for 60 minutes. In the toothpaste study, surface hardness increased by 11.5 +/- 9.2 and 2.7 +/- 3.6 Vickers hardness units, and enamel fluoride content was 5984 +/- 521 ppm and 3971 +/- 531 ppm for the experimental and control fluoride toothpastes, respectively. Remineralization was confirmed by x-ray microradiography. In the mouthrinse study, surface hardness increased by 8.8 +/- 7.7 and 2.2 +/- 3.7 Vickers hardness units, and enamel fluoride content was 6111 +/- 1078 ppm and 3160 +/- 364 ppm for the experimental and control fluoride mouthrinses, respectively. Use of a non-fluoride control mouthrinse led to a decrease in surface hardness of 3.7 +/- 5.2 Vickers hardness units despite a fluoride content of 402 ppm. The results demonstrate that calcium and phosphate supplementation in a toothpaste or mouthrinse can improve remineralization and increase fluoride uptake.

Calcium Phosphates↗
PubMed1989

[High resolution electron microscopy of the crystalline structure in remineralized enamel].

The present work was designed to elucidate crystallographic changes in enamel that had been demineralized in a 0.01 M acetate buffer (pH 4.0) for 2 days at 50 degrees C and then remineralized in a solution containing 1 mM Ca, 0.6 mM P, and 0.05 mM F for 1 or 2 weeks at 37 degrees C. The demineralized and remineralized enamel samples were observed by means of high-resolution electron microscopy, electron-probe analysis, and small area X-ray or electron diffraction. Before remineralization, demineralized enamel had been composed of sparsely arranged apatite crystals with either a central perforation or lateral surface defects or both. Measurements of crystalline (001) planes indicated that crystals in demineralized enamel were significantly larger than those in intact enamel, thus suggesting that crystal growth had taken place during demineralization. Small, newly formed, hexagonal crystals occurred in remineralized enamel. In some cases, precipitation of such small crystals together with localized enamel-crystal regrowth restored central perforations and lateral defects. A number of the small, newly formed crystals and preexisting enamel crystals aggregated to form a group with a roughly hexagonal outline. After the growth and fusion of these grouping crystals, a large, regular-hexagonal crystal formed. Such various kinds of lattice defects as edge dislocation, small-angle grain boundary, and lattice displacement were frequently detected in fusing crystal boundaries. Prolonging remineralization duration seemed to reinforce these lattice defects. Electron-probe and X-ray diffraction studies led to the assumption that the large hexagonal crystals were fluoroapatite. These results indicate that remineralization of demineralized enamel proceeds through several stages, including formation and growth of new crystals and regrowth of preexisting enamel crystals.

Crystallography↗
PubMed1999

Techniques for the production of dental eroded lesions in vitro.

This project firstly demonstrated an in vitro technique for the production of eroded lesions which simulates the in vivo conditions, and secondly evaluated the influence of salivary parameters on the degree of erosion in vitro. Teeth were sectioned sagitally into three equal portions. The portions were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (A, B and C). Lesions were produced by cycling the teeth between orange juice and either artificial saliva (A) or water (B) for a total period of 12 h, or by a single 12 h immersion in orange juice (C). Sections were prepared from each specimen and mineral loss was quantified using transverse microradiography. Mineral loss was significantly lower in group A compared with B and C. Greatest mineral loss was observed in B though not significant when compared with C. The present technique mimics the in vivo conditions with the saliva reducing the degree of erosion and possibly remineralizing the lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro remineralization of in vivo and in vitro formed enamel lesions.

Thin sections of natural white spot enamel lesions (WS) and of artificial in vitro lesions (VL) were remineralized simultaneously in vitro. The sections, clamped in a PMMA holder, were microradiographed at baseline and after remineralization in a calcium- and phosphate-containing solution (pH = 7.0; 1 ppm F) after 2 and 4 weeks. All data were analyzed with respect to baseline. The results show that the lesion depth values did not change significantly during 2 and 4 weeks of remineralization. The mineral accumulation (change in DeltaZ), however, was substantial and significant in WS and VL. In WS the change in mineral accumulation was roughly proportional to the amount of mineral at baseline. The WS accumulated more than two times the amount of mineral than VL in the same periods of remineralization. After 4 weeks of remineralization the maximum mineral value Vmax in the surface layer of the WS was nearly up to the sound enamel level thick approximate87 vol%. This study shows that the technique and calculation procedure described make this single section method attractive for longitudinal demineralization-remineralization studies in vitro or in situ. Both WS and VL samples obviously remineralized in vitro similarly with respect to the baseline. Furthermore, this in vitro work indicates that remineralization inhibitors present in saliva, and previously penetrated into the enamel tissue, do not influence remineralization later on.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro study of remineralization of dentin: effects of ions on mineral induction by decalcified dentin matrix.

We examined the effects of various ions on the mineralization of dentin matrix in vitro. Demineralized dentin matrix was incubated in a metastable calcium phosphate solution with or without silicate, fluoride, calcium, phosphate, magnesium or silver. Insoluble dentin matrix induced mineral formation after incubation for 10.2 h in the metastable solution without added ions. Silicate at 5 microM and fluoride at 40 microM significantly reduced the mineral induction time. At least 200 microM calcium or 100 microM phosphate was required to promote mineral induction. Conversely, magnesium and silver concentrations as low as 10 and 2 microM inhibited mineral induction. The mineral induced by each sample after incubation for 24 h was identified by its X-ray diffraction pattern as apatite. We concluded that silicate is a stronger inducer of remineralization of dentin matrix than fluoride, calcium or phosphate, and that magnesium and silver inhibit the induction of remineralization of dentin matrix.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

In vivo bovine enamel remineralization and fluoride uptake from two dentifrices containing different fluoride concentrations.

In this study, the differences in lesion remineralization and fluoride uptake after brushing with a 300 ppm F or a 1000 ppm F dentifrice (as NaF) were investigated. Twenty volunteers with partial dentures in their lower jaws were divided into two groups. Bovine enamel slabs with artificial lesions were mounted in the dentures. After a test period of six weeks, the slabs were taken out and analyzed. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, in F-uptake and susceptibility of the enamel to demineralization, although the findings favored the 1000 ppm F toothpaste. The microradiograms in the 300 ppm F group showed lesions more pronounced than those in the 1000 ppm group. The present study cannot support the presumption that the fluoride content of regular NaF dentifrices can be lowered to 300 ppm F without undesirable effects on lesion arrest and remineralization.

Adult↗