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PubMed1996

Relative effectiveness coefficient: a quality characteristic of toothpastes containing active components.

It has been proposed that the parameter of relative effectiveness coefficient (REC) be used for the qualitative assessment of toothpastes containing active ingredients. REC is the ratio between the concentration of the active component in water eluates obtained after three minutes and adequately prolonged (up to the reaching of equilibrium state) dispersion of the toothpaste in distilled water at a 1:4 ratio (condition simulating the use of toothpaste in the oral cavity). The change in REC after storage following its production, as well as testing the toothpaste stability at high and low temperatures, provides an evidence for deviations in its quality. REC was applied for the assessment of toothpastes containing 0.5% zinc citrate as an active ingredient.

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed1983

The recovery period of the taste responses of rat chorda tympani after application of toothpaste.

The recovery period of the taste responses of rat chorda tympani after application of toothpaste was examined. The response observations of four kinds of essential taste stimuli, 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.005 M quinine hydrochloride, 1.0 M sucrose, and 0.05 M tartaric acid, were repeated every 2 or 5 minutes. After five observations of summated responses of the chorda tympani with each taste stimulus, a toothpaste solution diluted 3 to 1 was applied to rat tongues for 3 minutes and then they were washed with distilled water for 1.5 minutes. Thereafter, observations of the responses to each taste stimulus were repeated at 2 or 5 minute intervals for 30 or 60 minutes. The responses caused by four kinds of essential taste stimuli became smaller immediately after application of toothpaste, and then gradually returned to normal. The same experimental procedure was also applied using an application of distilled water instead of an application of toothpaste to rat tongues. A t-test was performed between the response ratios after application of toothpaste and those after application of distilled water. Significant differences disappeared at 18 minutes after application on the 0.1 M sodium chloride stimulus, at 23 minutes on the 0.005 M quinine hydrochloride stimulus, at 15 minutes on the 1.0 M sucrose stimulus, and at 15 minutes on the 0.05 M tartaric acid stimulus. The authors estimated that all kinds of taste responses recovered within at least 50 minutes.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effect of an anticalculus toothpaste containing pyrophosphate on pyrophosphatase activity and the state of calcium phosphate in saliva.

Experiments were performed to determine if a pyrophosphate-containing anticalculus toothpaste could affect certain salivary constituents involved in the mineralization of dental plaque. The findings indicated no obvious changes in acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases, ionized calcium, total calcium, inorganic phosphate or pH in saliva for 1-135 min after brushing the teeth with the anticalculus toothpaste. Data obtained by brushing with the toothpaste three times daily for two weeks also confirmed these results. Our findings clearly indicate that pyrophosphate-stabilizing agents in the anticalculus toothpaste are not fully effective in the oral cavity. In addition, the pyrophosphate-containing toothpaste has no influence on the state of calcium and phosphate in saliva.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Alkali-soluble fluoride deposition on human enamel exposed to monofluorophosphate-containing toothpastes in vitro.

Enamel specimens from unerupted third molars were treated with the supernatant of monofluorophosphate (MFP)-containing toothpaste slurries in water. Calcium fluoride-like particles were formed on the enamel surface during a 24-h exposure. The globules were soluble in alkali. More particles were seen on enamel treated with a toothpaste containing both MFP and NaF. The experiments showed that the calcium fluoride-like material formed on enamel after treatment with MFP-containing toothpaste probably originates from the free fluoride present in the pastes. The relatively moderate deposition of fluoride may be of clinical significance because the teeth are so frequently exposed to toothpaste. No firmly bound fluoride was found on treatment of enamel with MFP-containing toothpaste.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1998

Clinical efficacy of an herbal toothpaste.

The purpose of this three-month, double-blind, parallel-design clinical study was to compare the efficacy of two commercially available dentifrices, Herbal Toothpaste and Gum Therapy and Colgate Total, in controlling gingivitis, gingival bleeding, plaque and stain. Forty healthy adult volunteers from the Junior Comprehensive Care Clinics at New York University College of Dentistry were accepted as subjects for this clinical trial. To be eligible for a baseline clinical examination, subjects had to first indicate that during the previous six months they habitually brushed their teeth two or more times per day, and had noticed "bleeding gums" or "blood in the toothpaste" after brushing or flossing their teeth. At the baseline examination, subjects were enrolled in the study if they had at least five Löe-Silness gingival bleeding sites and 20 natural teeth, including all anterior teeth and four molars. An independent t-test before treatment indicated that there were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. A one-way Analysis of Variance indicated that both dentifrices had a significant effect on gingivitis, gingival bleeding, plaque, and dental stain (p < 0.05). No significant statistical differences were observed between Herbal Toothpaste and Gum Therapy and Colgate Total for gingivitis or gingival bleeding. Herbal Toothpaste and Gum Therapy produced statistically significant differences in reducing plaque and stain relative to Colgate Total (p < 0.05). The results obtained in this study support the clinical efficacy of both products in reducing gingivitis and plaque, and demonstrate the efficacy of Herbal Toothpaste and Gum Therapy in maintaining reductions of plaque and stain.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Caries inhibition in rats by a remineralizing toothpaste.

We tested the anti-caries properties of a prototype remineralizing toothpaste containing sodium fluoride, soluble phosphate and soluble calcium, similar but not identical to Enamelon Toothpaste in specific pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel rats. A fluoride-free placebo and sodium fluoride-containing Crest Regular were used as negative and positive control toothpastes, respectively. Sixty weanling rats were randomly distributed into groups of 20, all were inoculated with S. mutans 10449S, ate diet 2000, and drank demineralized water. Each toothpaste, contained in coded tubes, was applied to the rats' teeth, once for one minute/day, five days/week. There was no difference in bacterial recoveries from tooth swabs among the groups at either the 22- or 37-day post-inoculation recovery date. After rat sacrifice and defleshing, heads were randomly coded and scored blindly for carious lesions according to Keyes/Larson methods. Only after scoring was completed were the random codes broken and the treatment groups identified. Both the Enamelon-like product and Crest Regular treatments resulted in lower total enamel caries scores than the placebo (p < 0.001). The sum of smooth surface scores was also lower for the fluoride-containing toothpastes than for the placebo (p < 0.001). However, the Enamelon-like product had greater caries inhibitory properties than Crest Regular on sulcal and approximal tooth surface categories (p = 0.004 and p = 0.045, respectively). Therefore, the Enamelon-like product had superior caries inhibiting properties compared to Crest Regular at these tooth areas.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1999

Effect of amine fluoride-stannous fluoride containing toothpaste (Meridol) on plaque and gingivitis in adults: a six-month clinical study.

Treatments that aim to reduce the accumulation of bacteria on dental surfaces are considered today as the most efficient way of treating gingivitis and the resultant destruction of periodontal tissues. Mechanical plaque removal was found to be very effective in the control of gingival inflammation for most patients, but the supplement of toothpastes and mouthwashes with anti-plaque properties may benefit individuals with unperfected plaque control. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) toothpaste on plaque levels and gingivitis in adults, as an additional measure to standard oral hygiene. One hundred and three adult subjects with gingivitis were divided into two randomised groups. One group used NaF toothpaste (control) and the second group AmF/SnF2 (Meridol) toothpaste. The subjects were examined every two months under double-blind conditions. The recorded parameters were plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing. The differences in PlI between baseline and the end of the study were statistically significant for both treatments, and no significant differences were found between the two treatment groups. There was a significant drop in GI between baseline and the concluding examination only for the AmF/SnF2 group, but the differences between the two treatment groups were not significant. A significant reduction in the percentage of bleeding sites during the six-month study period was found in the AmF/SnF2 group, but not in the control group. The results of the present study suggest that the long-term use of AmF/SnF2 toothpaste in adults may be of benefit to gingival health.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Clinical trial of a low-fluoride toothpaste for young children.

In this double-blind trial, the anticaries effectiveness of a test toothpaste formulated for young children with 550 ppm F was compared with that of a positive control toothpaste containing 1055 ppm fluoride. More than 3000 2-year-old children were enrolled in the study and after 3 years of toothpaste use, 2177 (72 per cent) were examined. From a clinical and radiographic assessment, more than half the children were found to be caries free and only 32 (1.5 per cent) had evidence of rampant caries. There appeared to be little or no difference between children who had used test or control pastes, either in caries or in plaque levels. On the basis of this clinical trial the experimental toothpaste with 550 ppm fluoride would appear to have a similar anticaries efficacy to that of the control toothpaste. Differences were seen in relation to sex of the child and to social class. Girls had lower levels of plaque than boys but more carious teeth. Children from families in higher social classes had fewer carious teeth and lower levels of plaque.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1988

The effect of fluoride containing toothpastes on sound human enamel in vivo during 3 weeks.

The F- uptake in vivo in sound human enamel from fluoridated toothpastes is described. Ten participants brushed for about 1 min twice a day, four enamel specimens in a dental appliance over three week periods. The enamel specimens were prepared so that only the right hand side of the enamel was positioned in the appliance; the left hand side being used as a control. The toothpastes all used hydrate silica as the abrasive and contained either 0.1 ppm F- as nicomethanolhydrofluoride, 1100 ppm F- as NaF or 1350 ppm F- as NaF/MFP. After three weeks brushing with the pastes in vivo the F- contents of three thin layers of enamel were determined in all specimens by means of acid etching. The results showed that 1) there were no statistically significant differences between the mean F- contents of the enamel (p less than 0.05), which were comparable, before and after three weeks brushing in vivo. This observation was independent of the toothpaste employed, 2) in the outer approximately 1.5 micron layer of human enamel there was an equilibrium F- level of about 1200 ppm. The microhardness data on polished enamel specimens showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean indentation lengths produced in control specimens and these made in specimens after the use of a placebo toothpaste (0.1 ppm F-) in vivo indentation lengths of all specimens brushed with any of the fluoridated toothpastes for three weeks showed, however, a statistically significant decrease of indentation length and thus an increased hardness.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1995

The effect of a low fluoride containing toothpaste on the development of dental caries and microbial composition using a caries generating model device in vivo.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of daily use of a low fluoride containing toothpaste (250 ppm F) on the uptake of fluoride and development of enamel lesions as well as the prevalence of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci in dental plaque compared to the use of placebo toothpaste. 16 children were selected with homologous premolar teeth. The teeth were cemented with orthodontic bands ad modum Ogaard for plaque accumulation and enamel lesion development. The plaque accumulated during 4 weeks was collected and analysed for lactobacilli and mutans streptococci. The teeth were further analysed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), determining the concentration profiles of fluoride and other elements in the outermost enamel and in the lesion. The results show that although significant amounts of fluoride were taken up in the surface enamel from the fluoride toothpaste, the extent of the lesions was not influenced compared to teeth brushed with a non F-toothpaste. Neither were microbiological differences in the dental plaque found between the groups. An interesting observation was that early demineralization of enamel took place without detectable levels of mutans streptococci in the overlaying dental plaque. The conclusion is that fluoride taken up in enamel from F-toothpaste has no significant influence on enamel lesion development if a cariogenic dental plaque with high levels of acid producing microorganisms is continuously attached to the enamel surface.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The influence of silicone oil in toothpastes on abrasion in vitro.

The influence of addition of silicone oil to toothpastes was investigated in vitro using a laser reflexion technique and a profilometer. Acrylic plates were subjected to brushing in a brushing machine containing a toothpaste-water slurry. Four different toothpastes were used with and without the addition of 10% silicone oil. The results showed that the addition of silicone oil to a toothpaste decreased the abrasion rate and made the surface of the treated material smoother than after brushing with the original toothpaste.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1998

The new toothpastes.

Fluoride toothpastes that fight cavities have become common. The current competition among products is for the additional benefits they can offer--with antitartar and whitening leading the way. Toothpastes serving special populations have been increasing and now include desensitizing dentifrices, natural toothpastes, smokers toothpastes, and one designed for people with xerostomia. The newest toothpastes are multibenefit products that include among their properties a clinically demonstrated anti-gingivitis effect--such as Crest Gum Care and Colgate Total, which was recently cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for antiplaque/antigingivitis as well as anticaries effects.

Dental Calculus↗

PubMed2003

Formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm following toothbrushing with regular and whitening toothpastes.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of toothbrushing with different brands of regular (Meridol, Colgate) and whitening toothpaste (Pearl Weiss, Rembrant, Email Diamant) on bacterial adhesion onto enamel surfaces in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracted intact human teeth were brushed twice a day, for 3 minutes with the tested toothpaste for a period of 7 days. Sucrose dependent adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the tested teeth was measured using pre-radioactive labeled bacteria. RESULTS: S. mutans adhered more to enamel surfaces, pre-brushed with the tested toothpastes, than to teeth which were not brushed. Different profiles of bacterial adhesion were recorded. Both Diamant and Rembrant toothpastes increased bacterial affinity toward the enamel surface as compared to the other toothpastes. Meridol and Pearl Weiss demonstrated a similar adhesion effect as the etching control while brushing with Colgate demonstrated the least bacterial adhesion.

Amines↗

PubMed1984

Simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in toothpastes by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A stability-indicating analytical method is described for the simultaneous determination of nitrate, and if present, its reductive degradation product, nitrite, in toothpastes. Nitrate and nitrite were extracted from the toothpaste using distilled water and separated from other water-soluble excipients by two RP-8 columns (250 mm X 4 mm i.d.) using a mobile phase containing 0.2% (w/v) sodium acetate and 2.5% (v/v) glacial acetic acid in distilled water. A UV detector set at 313 nm was used for quantitation. The method was applied to commercial toothpastes containing 5% potassium nitrate and yielded an average recovery of 100.1% with a relative standard deviation of 1.43%. Average recovery of nitrate and nitrite from spiked samples were 100.6% and 96.4%, respectively. The minimum detectable concentration for nitrite was 50 micrograms/g of toothpaste.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2006

Surface texture and composition of titanium brushed with toothpaste slurries of different pHs.

OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study characterized the surface texture and composition of titanium brushed with toothpaste slurries of different pHs, and thereby elucidated mechanochemical interactions between the metal and abrasive material in dentifrice. METHODS: Two fluoride-free toothpastes, which contained crystalline CaHPO(4).2H(2)O and amorphous SiO(2) particles as abrasive, were mixed with acidic buffers to provide slurries of pH 6.8 and 4.8. Specimens were cast from CP Ti, mirror-polished, and then toothbrushed at 120strokes/min for 350,400 strokes under a load of 2.45N. Specimen surfaces were characterized by means of SPM and EPMA. The obtained data were compared with the already reported results of water-diluted alkaline slurries. SPM data of each paste were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: Irrespective of toothpaste, neutral slurries, as with alkaline slurries, yielded a chemically altered surface with rough texture, whereas acidic slurries formed a chemically clean surface with relatively smooth texture. Mechanochemical polishing effect might be mainly responsible for the cleanness and smoothness. SIGNIFICANCE: Acidic slurry-induced smooth surface may minimize plaque formation. However, the augmentation of released titanium ions may be adverse to the human body. For evaluation of toothpaste abrasion effects on titanium, paste slurry pH should be taken into account.

Acids↗

PubMed1990

Sensitivity reaction to the cinnamonaldehyde component of toothpaste.

Sixteen patients developed a variety of oral lesions following a change in the toothpaste they used. Mucosal biopsy demonstrated features consistent with application of a topical medicament and patch testing, towards the constituents of the toothpastes, indicated the flavouring agent cinnamonaldehyde as being the likely responsible agent. Avoidance of the implicated toothpastes resulted in a considerable improvement in clinical signs and symptoms, whereas rechallenge in ten patients resulted in recurrence of symptoms in eight patients. It is concluded that sensitivity to the cinnamonaldehyde constituent of certain toothpastes, although uncommon, should be considered as a possible aetiological factor in patients presenting with non-specific oral changes.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum↗

PubMed1994

Comparison of the effect of fluoride and non-fluoride toothpaste on tooth wear in vitro and the influence of enamel fluoride concentration and hardness of enamel.

The effect of the presence of fluoride in toothpaste on tooth wear was investigated in extracted human premolar teeth collected from two geographic areas with different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply. Nine teeth from each area were divided bucco-lingually into matched pairs and subjected to a wear regime in vitro. The regime consisted of 5 minutes immersion in 6% citric acid buffered at pH 3.5, followed by 200 cycles of linear tooth-brushing in a slurry of either a fluoride or a non-fluoride toothpaste, the whole process repeated 720 times. Teeth collected from subjects in Birmingham (public water supply fluoridated at 1 ppm) had a higher fluoride concentration in the surface enamel (P < 0.01) and greater hardness (P < 0.001) than teeth collected from subjects in London (non-fluoridated water supply). The results showed that less wear was produced in the presence of the fluoride toothpaste than in the presence of the non-fluoride toothpaste with an otherwise identical formulation (P < 0.001), and that the amount of tooth wear in vitro was not significantly affected by differences in fluoride concentration and hardness of enamel.

Dental Enamel↗

PubMed1995

Dentine hypersensitivity: uptake of toothpastes onto dentine and effects of brushing, washing and dietary acid--SEM in vitro study.

Toothpastes are commonly used in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. One mode of action could be to block patent dentinal tubules with toothpaste ingredients or by abrasion to form a smear layer. Studies in vitro have shown that toothpaste abrasives have variable affinity for the dentine surface but retention may be limited. This SEM study extended previous work and determined the uptake in vitro of toothpaste ingredients onto the dentine surface and their retention when challenged by washing with water or orange juice. All products were seen to leave variable residues on the surface of etched or unetched dentine specimens, furthermore brush application produced some smearing with closure of previously open tubules. Washing with water and more particularly orange juice removed most residues and orange juice etched the dentine to open previously closed tubules. One product with an artificial silica abrasive was relatively resistant to both water and orange juice washings and in a pilot experiment showed some penetration into tubules not seen with another desensitizing product. These findings suggest that some abrasives may be usefully employed in desensitizing products, but without consideration of erosive factors in the aetiology of dentine hypersensitivity recurrences of the condition will be common.

Acid Etching, Dental↗