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PubMed2006

The relationship between work permits, injury, and safety training among working teenagers.

BACKGROUND: No information exists on the differences between teenagers with work permits and teenagers without work permits in regards to workplace injury, near-miss incidents, and safety training. METHODS: In May 2003, an anonymous questionnaire was administered to 7,506 teens attending high school throughout the five public health regions of Wisconsin. All students in the participating school districts were invited to respond. The questionnaire included questions about employment, injury, safety and health training, and school performance. RESULTS: Overall, 6,382 teens participated in the survey and 49% reported working during the school year. Seventy percent of all working teens reported having a permit. Females were more likely to have work permits compared with males (71% vs. 68%, P = 0.018). The percentages of teens with permits varied by job and ranged from 55% for teens working in tree-trimming/cutting to 85% for teens working in restaurants or fast food establishments. Teens with work permits were no less likely to be injured than those without permits (AOR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.85-1.33) and no less likely to have a near-miss incident (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.99-1.63). However, teens with permits were significantly more likely to be given safety training than teens without permits (AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 2.21-3.10). CONCLUSIONS: Although teens with work permits were more likely to report receiving safety training than teens without permits, the occurrence of injury was no different among the groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Long hours of work in the U.S.: associations with demographic and organizational characteristics, psychosocial working conditions, and health.

BACKGROUND: There are relatively few studies of large national databases that contain information on working hours and health. The current study involved an analysis of data from a quality of work life (QWL) module developed for the 2002 General Social Survey. This module collected work and health data from a representative sample of the U.S. population (N=1,744). METHODS: Descriptive analyses were conducted for five groups based on total hours worked per week: part-time (1-34 hr/week), full-time (35-40 hr/week), lower overtime (41-48 hr/week), medium overtime (49-69 hr/week), and higher overtime (70+ hr/week). Multiple logistic regression examined the association between these five categories and several measures of health and well-being. RESULTS: Compared to full-time workers, the three groups of overtime workers were more likely to be male, white, and middle-aged, with higher levels of education and income. They were also more likely to be self-employed, salaried, work as independent contractors, have more than one job, and work split/irregular/on-call shifts. Although overtime work was characterized by higher levels of job stress and perceptions of overwork, it was also associated with increased levels of participation in decision making and opportunities to develop special abilities. Several significant associations emerged between hours of work and measures of health and well-being, particularly for respondents in the higher overtime group (70+ hr/week). CONCLUSION: Overtime workers differ from their part-time and full-time counterparts in several important areas. Some of these differences tended to increase with the number of overtime hours worked, suggesting a linear relationship. However, caution is warranted before generalizing the results of this study to specific occupations or workplaces.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Identification of modifiable work-related factors that influence the risk of work disability in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To define work-related factors associated with increased risk of work disability (WD) in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to all RA patients who used a province-wide arthritis treatment program between 1991 and 1998 (n = 1,824). The association between risk factors and WD (defined as no paid work due to RA for at least 6 months) was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for significant sociodemographic and disease-related variables. RESULTS: Of the original 1,824 patients, 581 were eligible and responded to the questionnaire. Work survival analysis revealed a steady rate of WD starting early, with 7.5%, 18%, and 27% work disabled at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Significant determinants in multiple logistic regression were physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire), pain (visual analog scale), and 6 work-related factors: self employment, workstation modification, work importance, family support toward employment, commuting difficulty, and comfort telling coworkers about RA. CONCLUSION: Work disability occurs early in RA. Novel work-related factors were identified, which are potentially modifiable, to help RA patients stay employed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1980

[Humanizing the work place - concepts of work psychology].

Recent research on central life interests shows that the position of work within the hierarchy of values is actually changing. One of the reasons is the increasing gap between school and vocational education on one hand and the level of qualification of many work activities on the other hand. Work psychology concepts of humanization of work intend to overcome this gap by different forms of autonomy oriented work organization. Therefore it is necessary to add to the traditional criteria of evaluation and measures of work organization the criteria of personality development. This implicates on one side the deduction of the author's principles of differential and dynamic work organization from this criteria, on the other side it requests the distinction between corrective, preventive and prospective strategies of work organization. In addition, trends of autonomy oriented work organization are thought to consider also the options of decentralization and delegation of decision which have been made possible by recent developments in technology, at the same time as they can include stress-reducing and personality developing elements.

Environment Design↗
PubMed2002

Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the multivariate relationship between disturbed sleep and different work-related and background/life style factors. METHODS: 5720 healthy employed men and women living in the greater Stockholm area participated. A factor analysis of eight items provided one main factor: "disturbed sleep." The data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression analysis against the index disturbed sleep as well as the separate items "not well rested" and "difficulties awakening." RESULTS: The results showed that high work demands [odds ratio (OR) = 2.15] and physical effort at work (OR = 1.94) are risk indicators for disturbed sleep, while high social support is associated with reduced risk (OR = 0.44). In addition, higher age (45+), female gender, a high body mass index (BMI) and lack of exercise are background/life style risk indicators. Introducing into the model an item representing inability to stop thinking about work during free time yielded the highest OR (3.20) and forced work demands out of the regression. With regard to not feeling well rested, the same significant predictors, except physical effort, were obtained, as well as for having night work and being married. In addition, the age effect was reversed--high age predicted reduced risk of not feeling well rested. Difficulties awakening was predicted by high work demands, low social support, being male, low age and smoking. It is notable that, whereas subjective sleep quality decreased with age, the difficulties awakening and feelings of not being well rested after sleep increased with age. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that stress and the social situation at work are strongly linked to disturbed sleep and impaired awakening, that gender and, even more so, age may modify this and that the inability to stop worrying about work during free time may be an important link in the relation between stress and sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Organization of working memory within the human prefrontal cortex: a PET study of self-ordered object working memory.

The prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in working memory, the active maintenance of information for brief periods of time for guiding future motor and cognitive processes. Two competing models have emerged to account for the growing human and non-human primate literature examining the functional neuroanatomy of working memory. One theory holds that the lateral frontal cortex plays a domain-specific role in working memory with the dorsolateral and ventrolateral cortical regions supporting working memory for spatial and non-spatial material, respectively. Alternatively, the lateral frontal cortex may play a process-specific role with the more dorsal regions becoming recruited whenever active manipulation or monitoring of information in working memory becomes necessary. Many working memory tasks do not allow for direct tests of these competing models. The present study used a novel self-ordered working memory task and positron emission tomography to identify whether dorsal or ventral lateral cortical areas are recruited during a working memory task that required extensive monitoring of non-spatial information held within working memory. We observed increased blood flow in the right dorsolateral, but not ventrolateral, prefrontal cortex. Increases in blood flow in the dorsolateral region correlated strongly with task performance. Thus, the results support the process-specific hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of myocardial oxygen consumption using 11C acetate positron emission tomography scanning in a working and non-working heart transplant model.

OBJECTIVE: In acute cardiac rejection, changes in myocardial oxygen consumption occur; non-invasive detection of these metabolic changes would have obvious clinical utility. In the classic cervical, heterotopic, canine, transplant model, the heart is non-working. It has a low myocardial oxygen consumption. Creation of a working model with normal myocardial oxygen consumption would enhance validity of non-human studies. METHODS: Clearance of 11C acetate was determined by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and compared with myocardial oxygen consumption in normal and transplanted canine hearts. Donor hearts from mongrel dogs (2.5-3 kg; n=4) were transplanted into the neck of adult beagles (12-15 kg; n=4), no immunosuppression was given. Two non-working hearts were modified to eject only coronary flow via the right ventricle. In two hearts, a novel working model was created with aortic regurgitation to load the left ventricle. Working and non-working hearts underwent PET scanning on post-operative days 2 and 4. Normal dog hearts (n=2) and native hearts of transplanted dogs (n=3) were used to validate the scanning technique. Coronary sinus and aortic oxygen saturation data along with myocardial blood flow (radiolabeled microspheres) confirmed that clearance of 11C acetate in normal and transplanted hearts followed a bi-exponential model. RESULTS: Myocardial oxygen consumption was correlated with the rate constant of 11C acetate rapid phase clearance (r=0.91) in normal and transplanted hearts. The working hearts had increased myocardial oxygen consumption compared to non-working hearts. CONCLUSIONS: This study (1) introduces a model of a working heterotopic cardiac transplantation with near-normal oxygen consumption; and (2) demonstrates that regional myocardial oxygen consumption in transplanted hearts can be detected by 11C acetate PET.

Acetates↗
PubMed2004

Implications of work and community demands and resources for work-to-family conflict and facilitation.

Based on a differential salience approach, this article examines the combined effects of work and community demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. The study uses information from 2,507 employed respondents from the 1995 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. The findings indicate that work demands are relatively strongly related to work-to-family conflict, whereas work resources are relatively more important in relation to work-to-family facilitation. Social incoherence and friend demands are positively related to work-to-family conflict, whereas sense of community and support from friends have positive effects on facilitation. Community resources also show weak amplifying effects on some of the positive relationships between work resources and work-to-family facilitation. The findings provide modest support for the hypotheses.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Musculoskeletal outcomes in multiple body regions and work effects among nurses: the effects of stressful and stimulating working conditions.

This study investigated the various stressors encountered by the nursing profession. In particular, the following hypotheses were tested: (1) working conditions of nurses significantly affect perceived risk of injury and illness, work dissatisfaction, work satisfaction, energy state at the end of workday, the effort exerted by the registered nurse (RN), psychosomatic outcomes, and musculoskeletal symptoms (in multiple body regions); (2) both intermediate work effects (i.e., effort, perceived risk of injury/illness, work satisfaction/dissatisfaction, energy state at end of workday) and psychosomatic outcomes significantly affect musculoskeletal outcomes (in multiple body regions); (3) both working conditions and effects significantly affect musculoskeletal outcomes. In a preliminary study conducted on 34 registered nurses, results show that: (1) stressful working conditions affect musculoskeletal outcomes in multiple body regions, and (2) physical maladies such as lower back problems are not only associated with physical factors but also with a complex interaction of working conditions. Further research is warranted to obtain a better understanding of the complex interaction and the synergistic effects of the various nursing working conditions.

Female↗