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PubMed1976

The Canadian Home Fitness Test as a predictor for aerobic capacity.

The purpose of this study was to determine if maximum oxygen consumption (Vo(2) max) could be predicted from independent variables measured during the administration of the Canadian Home Fitness Test. Fifty-nine subjects between the ages of 15 and 74 years underwent the fitness test and a progressive exercise treadmill test for the direct determination of volitional Vo(2) max. The results indicated that Vo(2) max could be adequately predicted by the following regression equation: Vo(2) max (ml/kg.min) = 42.5 + 16.6(Vo(2)) - 0.12(W) - 0.12(H) - 0.24(A), where Vo(2) is the average oxygen cost of the last completed exercise stage (in l/min), W is the body weight (in kg), H is the postexercise heart rate (in beats/min) and A is the age (in years).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of point-of-care testing in home health care.

There have been many strategic changes made in health care to address decreasing revenue. One successful strategy is the reduction of the patient's length of hospital stay. An outcome of early release from a hospital for some patients is that they still require medical assistance. Because of this requirement and the increasing aging population, the home health-care industry has been growing. In the past 20 years, the home health-care market has seen many changes. The latest has been a prospective payment system. This article will describe the past and present home health-care markets and future demands. New technologies in home health care, such as vital sign technology (telemedicine) and increased numbers of waived point-of-care tests, should decrease costs because of fewer visits to the home. A pilot study conducted at a home health-care agency in New York revealed that 7.3% of home visits offered laboratory testing. The study also revealed a 10% return visit to the home to recollect another sample because of specimen problems. Costs associated with these return visits are high for home health-care agencies, but can be altered via telemedicine technology. Telemedicine technology affords the homebound patient to send point-of-care testing results to any laboratory for review and storage, allowing the laboratory to take control of such testing.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

PAR-Q, Canadian Home Fitness Test and exercise screening alternatives.

Procedures for the preliminary screening of asymptomatic adults who wish to exercise are reviewed with particular reference to experience gained through the mass use of the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q) and the Canadian Home Fitness Test (CHFT). It is argued that both a brief submaximal exercise test and a subsequent moderate increase of habitual activity are extremely safe tactics to recommend to a symptom-free adult. There are some useful minor modifications which could be made to the PAR-Q instrument, but its sensitivity and specificity relative to such criteria as medical examination, hypertension, CHFT completion and exercise-induced ECG abnormalities compare favourably with alternative self-administered procedures. The basic difficulty of screening an asymptomatic population (highlighted by Bayes theorem) is the high percentage of false positive and false negative test results. One remedy would be to stratify the population in terms of known cardiac risk factors and to restrict detailed pre-exercise screening to the high risk segment of the population.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Home and laboratory pregnancy-testing kits.

Home pregnancy test kits are more sensitive than many pregnancy kits used in laboratories or health centres. Nurses should know the sensitivity of the kit used in their centre or laboratory. A positive home pregnancy test should always be treated as the correct result until sufficient tests have been carried out to prove otherwise.

Female↗
PubMed1992

A model of the precaution adoption process: evidence from home radon testing.

We present the precaution adoption process model--a stage theory consisting of seven distinct states between ignorance and completed preventive action. The stages are "unaware of the issue," "aware of the issue but not personally engaged," "engaged and deciding what to do," "planning to act but not yet having acted," "having decided not to act," "acting," and "maintenance." The theory asserts that these stages represent qualitatively different patterns of behavior, beliefs, and experience and that the factors that produce transitions between stages vary depending on the specific transition being considered. Data from seven studies of home radon testing are examined to test some of the claims made by this model. Stage theories of protective behavior are contrasted with theories that see precaution adoption in terms of movement along a single continuum of action likelihood.

Air↗
PubMed1995

The feasibility and reliability of using a home screening test to detect gingival inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of using a home screening occult blood test to detect the presence of gingival inflammation. Fifty (50) healthy male and female subjects participated in this study. Pre- and post-stimulation saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood. Subjects brushed for one minute to stimulate gingival bleeding associated with inflammation. Saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood using a commercial screening kit. Following the screening test, a bleeding index (BOP) was determined and used as an indicator of gingival inflammation. Those with a BOP > 50% were assigned to the high group. Those with a BOP of 31 to 50% were assigned to the middle group, and those with a BOP of < or = 30% were assigned to the low group. Twelve subjects in the high group, 10 subjects in the mid group, and 2 subjects in the low group tested positive for occult blood following stimulation. A chi-square analysis showed an association between the screening test for occult blood and the groups (P = 0.0001). The test sensitivity was 75.9% and the specificity was 90.5%.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Depression among nursing home elders: testing an intervention strategy.

This study focused on the assessment of depression among nursing home elders, and on determining the efficacy of an intervention strategy for depression using a geropsychiatric nurse in conjunction with trained older adult volunteers in the role of mental health paraprofessionals. Nursing home residents (n = 139) were assessed for depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS); 94 (68%) were found to have depressive symptomatology. Among those receiving the intervention, depressive symptomatology was significantly reduced, but no significant decline was evident in the control group. The ability of the minimum data set (MDS) to detect depression as compared to the GDS was evaluated. Relationships between depression and health status, life satisfaction, and social support were also examined.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Pad testing in incontinent women: a review.

This article reviews the literature on pad-weighing tests used for objectifying and quantifying incontinence in urinary incontinent women. The patients wear pads weighed before and after the test period. A weight gain is taken as a measure of the amount of urine loss. The tests are in principle of two different types: short-term office tests and long-term home tests, and measure different aspects of urinary control and dysfunction. Both have an inherent large intra- and interindividual variability. Pad weight gains obtained from patients referred for incontinence and those from self-reported continent controls overlap to a certain degree, and it is not possible to identify distinct numerical cut-off values separating continence from incontinence. This suggests that incontinence is a complex condition in which the amount of leakage, other sources of weight gain, and differences in the individual patients' personal characteristics influence the identification and quantification of the problem. In spite of the shortcomings the pad tests remain a valuable tool for both the clinician and the researcher. The home pad tests are superior to the office tests in terms of authenticity, and should be performed with a concomitant systematic registration of the participant's voidings, fluid intake and episodes of incontinence.

Bias↗
PubMed1995

Screening for celiac disease in first-degree relatives of patients with celiac disease by lactulose/mannitol test.

OBJECTIVES: In first-degree relatives of celiac patients, the risk of oligosymptomatic celiac disease is elevated. These individuals therefore also have a higher potential for malignancy or nutritional deficiencies. Lactulose/mannitol permeability is increased in untreated celiac patients and has been recommended to screen for celiac disease. We investigated the usefulness of a lactulose/mannitol home test kit for screening first-degree relatives home test kit for screening first-degree relatives of celiac patients. METHODS: The lactulose/mannitol test was performed at home by 111 first-degree relatives. These subjects received the test kit from celiac index patients, were instructed by an information sheet how to carry out the test, and were asked about their symptoms by questionnaire. When lactulose/mannitol permeability was abnormal, endomysial antibodies were tested by immunofluorescence. Any relatives with positive endomysial antibodies were then biopsied. To investigate the specificity of the lactulose/mannitol test for celiac disease, 40 patients with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms were tested. RESULTS: Lactulose/mannitol permeability was elevated in 34 (31%) relatives, but only nine (8%) of those relatives showed positive endomysial antibodies. Flat mucosa was found in all nine relatives after biopsy. The prevalence of celiac disease was much higher (42%) among 12 relatives who contacted the outpatient clinic themselves because of symptoms. Seventy-one percent of the remaining 21 relatives with elevated permeability demonstrated normal intestinal permeability at a control test within 1 yr. CONCLUSION: By combining the lactulose/mannitol test with endomysial antibody testing, we have developed a good strategy for use in screening for celiac disease among first-degree relatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Pad tests in children with incontinence.

Different pad tests were compared in 50 incontinent children. In a 2-hour ward test with standardized activities and fluid provocation 70% were positive. In a simple 12-hour home test with 30 children 68% were positive; when a fluid provocation period was included in the home test with 20 children the frequency increased to 80%. Pad tests are easy to perform with children in the home and are valuable as screening instruments. Further, the simultaneous registration of events gives a more complete picture of the incontinence pattern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Home pregnancy testing kits: prevalence of use, false-negative rates, and compliance with instructions.

This study investigated the prevalence of home pregnancy kit use, incidence of false-negative results, and compliance with testing procedures. Among 144 pregnant women, identified through three health care settings, prevalence of test-kit use was 28.5 per cent. The false-negative rate was 24.3 per cent. Total compliance with instructions was reported by only 32 per cent of users. Women testing less than nine days after menstrual period was due had false-negative rates of 33 per cent contrasted with 21 per cent for those testing after the nine days.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Testing nursing home iatrogenesis.

Many nursing home residents, admitted for "temporary" stays, are expected to return to the community. To test the notion of iatrogenesis, this research examined the discharge status of "temporary" residents discharged from a proprietary nursing home during the first six years of its operation. The research noted 1) the extent to which those residents did not return home and 2) reasons for their derailment. The results of the research did not support the notion of iatrogenesis. Of 419 residents, seventy-nine were expected to return to the community. Only 16 percent of those seventy-nine did not. Content analysis of histories, moreover, showed that two chose to remain, four had families who declined to fill caregiver roles, and two quickly deteriorated. Even the histories of the five who generally lost the ability to function independently did not suggest institutional life was to blame.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of alternative HIV counseling and testing methods to increase knowledge of HIV status.

BACKGROUND: Alternatives to conventional HIV counseling and testing (HIV-CT) have been used to improve receipt of HIV test results. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of alternative HIV-CT methods on the receipt of HIV test results. METHODS: Studies were identified by a systematic search of the literature using English-language databases from 1990 to 2005. Studies were included if they used an alternative method for HIV-CT, reported the receipt of HIV test results and had a comparison group. Pooled effect sizes [risk ratios (RR)] were calculated using a random effects model. RESULTS: Seventeen effect sizes (k) were included n = 21 096). Alternative HIV-CT methods included rapid testing (k = 12), oral fluid testing (k = 2), home testing (k = 1), and telephone post-test counseling (k = 2). All alternatives except for oral fluid testing significantly increased receipt of results compared with conventional testing. In stratified analysis, rapid testing was most effective [RR, 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.46-2.22] followed by telephone post-test counseling (RR, 1.38. 95% CI, 1.24-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: There is strong evidence that clients are substantially more likely to receive their HIV test results with rapid testing than with conventional tests or other alternatives. Therefore, to increase knowledge of HIV status, rapid testing is preferable in settings with low rates of return for test results.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2002

Anxiogenic and depressive-like effects, but no cognitive deficits, after repeated moderate tryptophan depletion in the rat.

The tryptophan (TRP) depletion method has been used as a tool to investigate the effects of acute lowered serotonin levels in the brain. In the present study, the effects of this treatment were investigated in rat models of anxiety (open field test, home cage emergence test), depression (forced swimming test, sucrose preference test) and cognition (spatial discrimination learning, sustained attention). It was found that the repeated TRP depletion increased anxiety-related behaviour in the open field test and increased immobility in the forced swimming test. The other behavioural tests did not reveal effects of treatment. TRP levels were decreased in plasma (34%) and hippocampus (33%) but not in the cortex. Stress-induced corticosterone levels were not affected after TRP depletion. The present findings indicate that repeated moderate TRP depletion leads to anxiogenic and depressive-like behaviour in the rat and corroborates the notion of the involvement of serotonin in these behaviours.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Predictors of failure to return for HIV test result and counseling by test site type.

The objective of this study was to determine the primary predictors of failure to return (FTR) for HIV test results and counseling by test site type from among those variables collected during the pretest, risk assessment session. The study sample consisted of 366,280 clients tested for HIV antibodies over an 18-month period at publicly funded testing sites throughout California. The FTR rate for the entire sample was 16.4%. The most significant predictor of FTR was the site type at which resting took place, with those testing at sexually transmitted disease clinics four times, and mobile testing clients over three times, more likely to fail to return than alternative test site clients. Independent predictors of FTR differed dramatically across the types of testing sites examined. Implications of these results for devising site-specific counseling strategies to reduce FTR are examined and possible effects on FTR of more rapid testing procedures and home testing are considered. Suggestions for future research are outlined.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Who plans to be tested for HIV or would get tested if no one could find out the results?

We analyzed the characteristics of individuals at risk for HIV who have not been tested but who (1) planned to be tested, or (2) would get tested "if no one other than you (the respondent) could find out your results." Data were from the 1991 National AIDS Behavioral Surveys, a probability sample of the U.S. population. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlates of testing behavior among the 41% of individuals in high-prevalence cities who had HIV risk factors (n = 3,175). Of this group, 7% planned to be tested and 30% would get tested "if no one other than you could find out the results." Minorities and individuals with less education and without insurance were more likely to plan to be tested (versus previously tested), and individuals with less education and lower incomes were more likely to be willing to be tested "if no one other than you could find out the results" (versus previously tested). We conclude that a variety of options to increase testing rates should be explored, including accessible testing services, policies and procedures to increase perceptions of testing privacy, and home testing.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗