In vitro construction of poliovirus defective interfering particles.
To construct poliovirus defective interfering (DI) particles in vitro, we synthesized an RNA from a cloned poliovirus cDNA, pSM1(T7)1, which carried a deletion in the genome region corresponding to nucleotide positions 1663 to 2478 encoding viral capsid proteins, by using bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. The RNA was designed to retain the correct reading frame in nucleotide sequence downstream of the deletion. HeLa S3 monolayer cells were transfected with the deletion RNA and then superinfected with standard virus as a helper. The DI RNA was observed in the infected cells after three passages at high multiplicity of infection. The sequence analysis of RNA extracted from the purified DI particle clearly showed that this DI RNA had the same deletion in size and location as that in the RNA used for the transfection. Thus, we succeeded in construction of a poliovirus DI particle in vitro. To gain insight into the mechanism for DI generation, we constructed poliovirus cDNAs pSM1(T7)1a and pSM1(T7)1b that, in addition to the same deletion as that in pSM1(T7)1, had insertion sequences of 4 bases and 12 bases, respectively, at the corresponding nucleotide position, 2978. The RNA transcribed from pSM1(T7)1a was not a template for synthesis of poliovirus nonstructural proteins and therefore was inactive as an RNA replicon. On the other hand, the RNA from pSM1(T7)1b replicated properly in the transfected cells. Superinfection of the transfected cells with standard virus resulted in production of DI particles derived from pSM1(T7)1b and not from pSM1(T7)1a. These observations indicate that deletion RNAs that are inactive replicons have little or no possibility of being genomes of DI particles suggesting the existence of a nonstructural protein(s) that has an inclination to function as a cis-acting protein(s). The method described here will provide a useful technique to investigate genetic information essential for poliovirus replication.