PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “neural development”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

BCS1L is expressed in critical regions for neural development during ontogenesis in mice.

BCS1L is a chaperone necessary for the incorporation of Rieske FeS and Qcr10p into complex III (CIII) of the respiratory chain. Mutations in the BCS1L gene cause early fetal growth restriction and a lethal neonatal disease in humans, however, the pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we analysed the expression of BCS1L during mouse embryonic development and compared its expression with that of the mitochondrial markers Porin, GRIM19, Core I, and Rieske FeS. BCS1L was strongly expressed in embryonic tissues already at embryonic days 7 (E7) and 9 whereas the expression of Porin and Rieske FeS was not as evident at this time point. At E11, BCS1L, Porin, and Rieske FeS had overlapping expression patterns in organs known to contain high numbers of mitochondria such as heart, liver and somites. In contrast, BCS1L was differently distributed compared to the mitochondrial proteins Porin, Rieske FeS, Core I and Grim 19 in the floor plate of the E11, E12 and E13 neural tube. These results show that the expression pattern of BCS1L only partially overlaps with the expression of Porin and Rieske FeS. Thus, BCS1L alone or in cooperation with Rieske FES may during development have previously unknown functions beside its role in assembly of complex III. The floor plate of the neural tube is essential for dorsal ventral patterning and the guidance of the developing neurons to their targets. The predominant expression of BCS1L in this region, together with its presence in peripheral ganglia from E13 onwards, indicates a role for BCS1L in the development of neural structures.

ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activitie↗
PubMed1991

Expression and function of the Drosophila gene runt in early stages of neural development.

The Drosophila gene runt was initially identified on the basis of its role during segmentation. Recent molecular and genetic studies have demonstrated that the runt gene encodes a novel nuclear protein whose developmental importance is not exclusive to segmentation. This report addresses the functional relevance of runt expression in the developmental pathway of neurogenesis. Antibodies against the runt protein reveal that it is expressed in a subset of neuroblasts, ganglion-mother cells and neurons. A subset of these neurons also co-express the segmentation gene even-skipped (eve). Using eve as a marker, we show that runt is required for the normal development of these neurons. A runt P-transposon that lacks neural cis-regulatory elements is used to show that these neurons require runt activity independent of its activity during segmentation. These results are confirmed using a temperature-sensitive runt allele. Further temperature-shift experiments indicate that the requirement for runt is during an early stage of neurogenesis. Based on its pattern of expression and its temporal requirements, runt is distinguished as one of the earliest acting genes involved in the generation of diverse cell fates in the developing Drosophila nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Neural development is regulated by classical neurotransmitters: dopamine D2 receptor stimulation enhances neurite outgrowth.

The classical neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine are thought to be involved in the etiology or treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders. Recent studies suggest that these neurotransmitters may also have roles as neural morphogens during brain development. Previously, we have demonstrated that stimulation of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors selectively inhibited neurite branching in an in vitro system (Sikich et al 1990). In the present study, the developmental role of dopamine D2 receptors in the control of neurite outgrowth has been investigated by quantitating the morphological response of cortical neurons to agonist stimulation in vitro. Cultures of fetal rat frontal, cortical neurons were shown to express both alternatively spliced forms of D2 receptor messenger RNA (mRNA). The larger mRNA form predominated (D2A444:D2A415 ratio of about 6:1). In a small but significant percentage of these neurons, culture in the presence of the D2 receptor selective agonist, quinpirole, resulted in a three-to ten-fold increase in the length of neurites and in the number of branch points per neurite. These effects were blocked by the D2 receptor antagonists eticlopride and spiperone. Early abnormalities in the stimulation of dopamine or serotonin receptor subtypes could lead to the types of neuroanatomical changes observed in studies of schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, and autism. These morphogenic effects of classical transmitters could unite neurodevelopmental and neurotransmitter theories of the etiology of severe psychiatric disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Variations on the Notch pathway in neural development.

Notch signaling allows cells in contact to adopt different fates. Regulation of the Notch pathway allows for the same signaling mechanism to be used in a wide variety of contexts during development. Intracellular activities of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Sel-10 and Neuralized involve proteasome-dependent degradation in the regulation of Notch pathway activity. Extracellular manipulations of Notch by Fringe and Scabrous regulate the pathway by changing Notch interactions outside the cell. These regulatory mechanisms, along with many others, affect how Notch signaling activity influences cell fate determination.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Neurotransmitter regulation of neural development: acetylcholine and nicotinic receptors.

Several neurotransmitter systems have been related to developmental processes during the past decade. In this review, we discuss the evidence that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors could have an additional function during development that may be unrelated to their role in cholinergic neurotransmission in the vertebrate brain. Both temporal expression data and in vitro and in vivo studies with nicotinic agonists and antagonists have provided direct support for a role of nicotinic receptors in neural developmental processes such as neurite outgrowth and differentiation. A similar picture has emerged for other neurotransmitter and receptor systems as well, which generates a new view of neural processes during both development and mature life.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Monoclonal antibodies against larval nervous system of Xenopus laevis: their specificities and application to analysis of neural development.

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against larval tissues from Xenopus laevis. Two of them which bound to neural tissue were examined for their cytological specificities by indirect immunofluorescence on larval frozen sections. One of the monoclonal antibodies (NM1) had affinity for both neural and muscular tissues, while the other (N1) bound exclusively to neural tissue. NM1 was shown in the neural tissue to possess a high affinity for the axons from a large population of neurons and possibly the radial fibers from ependymal cells as well. On the other hand, N1 showed a high specificity for some cellular elements other than axons in the white matter, most likely dendrites. For both antibodies, binding to cell bodies could not be detected. The spatial and temporal distribution of the NM1 and N1 antigens was investigated. In the mid-trunk region the NM1 antigen in axons was first detected at stage 29/30, nearly 10 h earlier than the N1 antigen (stage 33/34). In a larva at stage 37/38, the axonal NM1 antigen was distributed throughout the nervous system, whereas the distribution of N1 antigen was restricted to the brainstem and the trunk spinal cord. The N1 antigen-positive area continued expanding rostrocaudally with increasing developmental age. The distribution of NM1 and N1 antigens, thus, follows patterns which are consistent with the previously shown general patterns of neuronal process development; the earlier outgrowth of axons than dendrites, and the rostrocaudal gradient in process development. We also examined the two monoclonal antibodies in a cell culture system derived from hatching larvae and found that cytological specificity was substantially conserved; NM1 possessed affinity for both neuronal and muscular cells and N1 bound exclusively to neuronal cells, though N1 bound to cell bodies as well as processes in culture.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The RNA-binding protein Musashi-1 regulates neural development through the translational repression of p21WAF-1.

RNA-binding proteins regulate cell fate decisions during nervous system development. The Msi family of RNA-binding proteins is expressed in multipotential neural progenitors, and is required for maintaining cells in a proliferative state. We demonstrate that Msi-1's ability to regulate progenitor maintenance is through the translational inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF-1. Msi-1 ectopic expression increases the proliferation rate and the capacity to regulate p21WAF-1 protein expression, independent of p53. The 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the native p21(WAF-1) mRNA contains a Msi-1 consensus-binding site that permits Msi-1 to directly repress the translation of p21WAF-1 protein. Reduction of Msi-1 through antisense leads to aberrant p21WAF-1 expression, which significantly impairs neural differentiation. A double knockdown for p21WAF-1 and Msi-1 rescues the production of mature MAP+ neurons. Our results further elucidate the symbiotic relationship between cell cycle withdrawal and the onset of differentiation in the developing nervous system, as well as increasing the understanding of the influence that RNA-binding proteins serve in regulating these processes.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1994

Neural development. Fate diverted.

Signals that alter cell fate are probably crucial in metazoan development. Glial growth factor may play such a role in the mammalian neural crest, by regulating the generation of neurons and Schwann cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Expression patterns of plexins and neuropilins are consistent with cooperative and separate functions during neural development.

BACKGROUND: Plexins are a family of transmembrane proteins that were shown to act as receptors for Semaphorins either alone or in a complex together with Neuropilins. Based on structural criteria Plexins were subdivided into 4 classes, A through D. PlexinAs are mainly thought to act as mediators of repulsive signals in cell migration and axon guidance. Their functional role in vertebrates has been studied almost exclusively in the context of Semaphorin signaling, i.e. as co-receptors for class 3 Semaphorins. Much less is known about Plexins of the other three classes. Despite the fact that Plexins are involved in the formation of neuronal circuits, the temporal changes of their expression patterns during development of the nervous system have not been analyzed in detail. RESULTS: Only seven plexins are found in the chicken genome in contrast to mammals, where nine plexins have been identified. Here, we describe the dynamic expression patterns of all known plexin family members in comparison to the neuropilins in the developing chicken spinal cord. CONCLUSION: Our in situ hybridization study revealed that the expression patterns of plexins and neuropilins are only partially overlapping, especially during early and intermediate stages of spinal cord development, supporting both cooperative and separate functions of plexins and neuropilins in neural circuit formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Neural development in the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae.

The expression pattern of the tyrosine kinase gene Pag in whole-mount preparations of Gastrotheca riobambae embryos and the immunostaining of embryos against the proteins vimentin, NCAM, Pax-2, Hoxd9, and antigen 2G9 allowed detection of migrating streams of cranial neural crest (NC) cells, the isthmus, the hindbrain boundaries, rhombomeres, cranial nerves, and the developing spinal cord. Expression patterns of these genes and the basic neural morphology of Gastrotheca have been conserved in comparison with other vertebrates. However, as in Xenopus, a prominent stream of migrating cranial NC cells from rhombomere 5 was found in Gastrotheca embryos. By contrast, in chick embryos, premigratory NC cells from rhombomeres 3 and 5 undergo extensive apoptosis, which suggests that in anurans, apoptosis of the cranial NC may deviate from the chick pattern. The branchial-anterior and branchial-posterior masses of cranial NC cells, that populate the gill arches, are very large in G. riobambae. We cannot distinguish whether this feature corresponds to an anuran trait related to development of the tadpole pharyngeal skeleton, or is related to development of the peculiar external bell gills of this frog. This work provides the descriptive groundwork for lineage studies of the NC in G. riobambae embryos. Gastrotheca embryos are large and flat, have prominent streams of cranial NC cells, and develop very large external bell gills. These unique characteristics may facilitate future comparative analysis of the role of apoptosis in patterning the amphibian NC cell streams, and the contribution of the NC to development of the gills.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

XSIP1, a Xenopus zinc finger/homeodomain encoding gene highly expressed during early neural development.

We have isolated a Xenopus homologue of the zinc finger/homeodomain-containing transcriptional repressor Smad-interacting protein-1 (SIP1) from mouse. XSIP1 is activated at the early gastrula stage and transcription occurs throughout embryogenesis. At the beginning of gastrulation, XSIP1 is strongly expressed in prospective neurectoderm. At the neurula stage, XSIP1 is highly expressed within the neural plate but weakly in the dorsal midline. At later stages of development transcripts are detected primarily within the neural tube and neural crest. In the adult, XSIP1 expression is detected at variable levels in several organs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Divergent patterns of neural development in larval echinoids and asteroids.

The development and organization of the nervous systems of echinoderm larvae are incompletely described. We describe the development and organization of the larval nervous systems of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Asterina pectinifera using a novel antibody, 1E11, that appears to be neuron specific. In the early pluteus, the antibody reveals all known neural structures: apical ganglion, oral ganglia, lateral ganglia, and an array of neurons and neurites in the ciliary band, the esophagus, and the intestine. The antibody also reveals several novel features, such as neurites that extend to the posterior end of the larva and additional neurons in the apical ganglion. Similarly, in asteroid larvae the antibody binds to all known neural structures and identifies novel features, including large numbers of neurons in the ciliary bands, a network of neurites under the oral epidermis, cell bodies in the esophagus, and a network of neurites in the intestine. The 1E11 antigen is expressed during gastrulation and can be used to trace the ontogenies of the nervous systems. In S. purpuratus, a small number of neuroblasts arise in the oral ectoderm in late gastrulae. The cells are adjacent to the presumptive ciliary bands, where they project neurites with growth cone-like endings that interconnect the neurons. In A. pectinifera, a large number of neuroblasts appear scattered throughout the ectoderm of gastrulae. The cells aggregate in the developing ciliary bands and then project neurites under the oral epidermis. Although there are several shared features of the larval nervous systems of echinoids and asteroids, the patterns of development reveal fundamental differences in neural ontogeny.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Roles of Wnt proteins in neural development and maintenance.

Many constituents of Wnt signaling pathways are expressed in the developing and mature nervous systems. Recent work has shown that Wnt signaling controls initial formation of the neural plate and many subsequent patterning decisions in the embryonic nervous system, including formation of the neural crest. Wnt signaling continues to be important at later stages of development. Wnts have been shown to regulate the anatomy of the neuronal cytoskeleton and the differentiation of synapses in the cerebellum. Wnt signaling has been demonstrated to regulate apoptosis and may participate in degenerative processes leading to cell death in the aging brain.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Restriction of BMP4 activity domains in the developing neural tube of the mouse embryo.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals pattern the dorsal neural tube, defining distinct neuronal progenitor cell domains along the dorsoventral axis of the developing spinal cord. These dorsally expressed BMPs appear to have a limited range of action. The mechanisms that regulate this range of action are unclear. We created a GAL4/UAS bigenic mouse system to overexpress BMP4 or a mutant form of BMP4 (mutBMP4), which lacks a subset of amino-terminal basic amino acids that limits its range of action, in the dorsal neural tube. UAS-Bmp4 and UAS-mutBmp4 responder genes were activated in the dorsal neural tube by a Wnt1-GAL4 transgene. Analysis of the spinal cords of bigenic embryos that expressed comparable levels of transgenic transcripts revealed that mutBMP4 acted more ventrally in the neural tube than BMP4. This suggests that the amino-terminal basic amino-acid motif of mature BMP4 controls long-range activity for dorsoventral patterning of the vertebrate neural tube.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2004

Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases regulate neural development and axon guidance.

The regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation is recognized as an important developmental mechanism. Both addition and removal of phosphate moieties on tyrosine residues are tightly regulated during development. Originally, most attention focused on the role of tyrosine kinases during development, but more recently, the developmental importance of tyrosine phosphatases has been gaining interest. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are of particular interest to developmental biologists because the extracellular domains of RPTPs are similar to those of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). This suggests that RPTPs may have functions in development similar to CAMs. This review focuses on the role of RPTPs in development of the nervous system in processes such as axon guidance, synapse formation, and neural tissue morphogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A topographical method for the development of neural networks for artificial brain evolution.

Developmental neural networks, which are constructed according to developmental rules (i.e., genes), have the potential to be differentiated into heteromorphic neural structures capable of performing various kinds of activities. The fact that the biological neural architectures are found to be highly repetitive, layered, and topographically organized has important consequences for neural development methods. The purpose of this article is to propose a neural development method that can construct topographical neural connections, that is, a topographical development method, to facilitate fast and efficient development. This is achieved by arborizing neural connections on a developmental tree that rarely produces dead connections. Modular gene expression and corresponding modular networks have an important role in a gradual evolutionary process. Gene expression for modular networks is also proposed here as a way to reduce the probability of fatal mutants created through gene alteration. The corresponding evolutionary experiment shows that various neural structures--layered, repetitive, modular, and complex ones like those in the biological brain--can be constructed and easily observed. It also demonstrates that due to the efficiency of the proposed method, large neural networks can be easily managed, thereby making it suitable for long duration evolutionary experiments.

Animals↗