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Fatal pepper aspiration.

Eight patients (five previously undescribed) died due to aspiration of pepper. Seven deaths involved homicides, and one death was accidental in a child with documented pica. The pepper was administered by the mothers in three children and by a foster mother, the mother's boyfriend, an adult male friend, and the child's godfather in one case each. Homicidal pepper aspiration shares many of the features of more conventional child abuse: in each instance, the child was being punished, four of the seven assailants initially gave incorrect histories, and four children were chronically abused. The facts that each death occurred in a different state and that five of the seven homicides occurred within the two years preceding the preparation of this report suggest that this form of child abuse is not confined to any single part of the country and may be increasing in infrequency.

Asphyxia↗

The influence of radapertization upon some sensory properties of black pepper.

Radapertization may be used as an effective method for sterilization of spices. A possible influence of irradiation upon the sensoric qualities should be considered in this context. Therefore the objectives of the work were: --to determine the influence of the irradiation of pepper upon its sensoric quality --to determine the qualitative changes of volatile chemical substances under the influence of the irradiation of pepper --to determine correlation between changes resulting from irradiation and the sensoric quality of pepper. The spice was irradiated with doses of 10, 20, 40 and 60 kGy. Thresholds of recognition and difference were determined. It was established that the quantity of the dose is related to the values of thresholds mentioned above. The larger the dose was the less intensive the flavour became and the higher the thresholds. These interdependences were written in a form of mathematical formulas. A significant influence of irradiation upon the decrease of the quantity of essential oils and carbohydrates was noticed. These relations were also presented in a form of mathematical formulas. The work provides evidence for the fact that there is a relation between the results of sensoric assessments and the chemical characteristics (the content of volatile carbonyl, sulphuric and nitrogenic substances). Correlation between these factors was determined on the basic statistical analysis of the results obtained during our investigations.

Chemical Phenomena↗

Association of chili pepper consumption, low socioeconomic status and longstanding gallstones with gallbladder cancer in a Chilean population.

We explored the risk factors for gallbladder cancer and explanations for its sharp and constant incidence increase in Chile since the 1970s. We compared 114 consecutive patients with verified gallbladder cancer, diagnosed 1992-1995, to 114 matched hospital patients with gallstones, using conditional logistic regression analysis. Low education showed a nonsignificant positive relationship with gallbladder cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-6.2], and low socioeconomic level showed a significant relationship (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 1.5-17.3). A very long history of gallstone disease was significantly more prevalent among cases (OR = 11.0, 95% CI 1.4-85.2). Significant red chili pepper consumption was observed in gallbladder cancer patients (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-5.2). Low intake of both fresh fruit and sugar as soft drinks was associated with gallbladder cancer, with ORs of 6.4 (95% CI 1.4-30.3) and 3.6 (95% CI 1.3-10.1), respectively. Multivariate analysis kept only a very low socioeconomic status and red chili pepper consumption as significant independent risk factors for gallbladder cancer, ORs of 6.3 (95% CI 1.7-23.0) and 3.2 (95% CI 1.7-5.9). Longstanding gallstone cases were removed from the multivariate model because all were in the low and very low socioeconomic groups, reinforcing the association. Patients with gallbladder cancer differed from matched controls by exhibiting lower socioeconomic levels, having a much longer history of gallstone disease and presenting a dietary pattern characterized by high red chili pepper consumption and low fresh fruit intake.

Adult↗

Screening of bacterial antagonists for biological control of Phytophthora blight of pepper.

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of bacterial antagonists to control Phytophthora blight of pepper caused by P. capsici using different screening methods. Among a collection of fluorescent pseudomonas isolated from the rhizosphere of pepper, twelve isolates were initially selected based on dual culture assay on potato dextrose agar and corn meal agar. Further, these twelve isolates were screened for the reduction of disease severity caused by P. capsici using detached leaves and seedling assay. Most of the antagonists showed varying levels of antagonism against P. capsici in both detached leaves and seedlings assay. In addition, few isolates increased shoot and root length of pepper in seedling assays. Among them, isolate PS119 showing highest ability to reduce the disease severity in the in vitro seedling assay was found to be the most efficient antagonists against P. capsici in the in vivo biological control tests. These results indicate that the in vitro seedling assay can be used as a rapid and more accurate technique for the selection of promising biocontrol agents against P. capsici.

Antibiosis↗

Benzoylphenylurea residues in peppers and zucchinis grown in greenhouses: determination of decline times and pre-harvest intervals by modelling.

Residue levels and degradation rates of five benzoylphenylurea insecticides were studied in zucchinis and peppers grown in experimental greenhouses in Almería (Spain). Benzoylphenylurea residues were analyzed by HPLC using on-line post-elution photoirradiation with fluorescence detection. Mathematically defined decline curves were established by determining optimal relationships between benzoylphenylurea residues and time, using different models. The models that best fitted the experimental data were those of first-order for diflubenzuron, triflumuron, hexaflumuron and flufenoxuron in zucchini and RF first-order models for the five insecticides in peppers and for lufenuron in zucchini. Half-life times for the residues on the two vegetables were estimated from the optimal models. In order to guarantee safe consumption of the two vegetables, we have estimated suitable pre-harvest intervals complying with the maximum residue levels established by the Spanish Government. In all cases, such pre-harvest intervals were shorter than those specified by the manufacturers of commercial formulates. Experimental data for the five insecticides in peppers and for lufenuron in zucchini were also fitted to a first-order model. Even though this function was legitimized statistically, estimations of decline times (T/2) and pre-harvest intervals were quite different from those provided by the optimal model.

Benzamides↗

Histological investigations on the effects of feeding a diet containing red hot pepper on the reproductive organs of the chicken.

In the present study the growth and reproductive organ differences in chickens fed a diet containing 1% red hot pepper (10 g/kg diet) from the first day of age were investigated. In birds fed with the experimental diet it was observed that the abdominal fat content decreased. During the experiment the increase in weight gain in the treated group in the first 4 months was reversed in favour of the control group in month 5. Follicular development in the treated group was faster and laying started 11 days before the control group, and the epithelial and muscular development of the oviduct was always greater than that of the control group. The results indicated that red hot pepper consumed in lower concentrations during the development period in the chickens caused faster development of the reproductive system organs. Laying started 11 days earlier in chicks fed with the red hot pepper added diet, an important economic aspect for egg producers, but which may have implications for other animals. A decrease in abdominal fat content and disorders of lipid metabolism are still under investigation.

Adipose Tissue↗

Resistance in tomato to Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria is determined by alleles of the pepper-specific avirulence gene avrBs3.

Bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria is prevented by resistance genes in the plant that match genes for avirulence in the bacterium. Based on DNA homology to the avirulence gene avrBs3, which induces the resistance response on pepper, we have isolated another avirulence gene from X. c. vesicatoria, designated avrBs3-2. This gene differs in specificity from avrBs3 in inducing the hypersensitive response on tomato but not on pepper. Sequence analysis of the avrBs3-2 gene revealed a high degree of conservation: the 3480 bp open reading frame contains an internal region of 17.5 nearly identical 102 bp repeat units that differ in their order from those present in the avrBs3 gene. The coding region is 97% identical to avrBs3 and expresses constitutively a 122 kDa protein, thus representing a natural allele of this gene. The previously isolated 1.7 kb avrBsP gene from X. c. vesicatoria is 100% identical to the corresponding avrBs3-2 sequence, indicating that these genes might be identical. Interestingly, derivatives of avrBs3-2 lacking the C-terminal region and part of the repetitive region are still able to confer incompatibility in tomato. The avrBs3-2 gene is compared with the sequence of avrBs3 derivatives generated by deletion of repeat units that also have avirulence activity on tomato. Both genes, avrBs3 and avrBs3-2, are flanked by a 62 bp long inverted repeat, which prompts speculations about the origin of the members of the avrBs3 gene family.

Alleles↗

Recessive resistance genes against potyviruses are localized in colinear genomic regions of the tomato ( Lycopersicon spp.) and pepper ( Capsicum spp.) genomes.

Resistance against both Potato virus Y (PVY) and Tobacco etch virus (TEV) was identified in the wild tomato relative Lycopersicon hirsutum PI247087. Analysis of the segregation ratio in F(2)/F(3) and BC(1) interspecific progenies indicated that a single recessive gene, or two very tightly linked recessive loci, are involved in resistance to both potyviruses. This locus was named pot-1. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers and a set of L. hirsutum introgression lines, pot-1 was mapped to the short arm of tomato chromosome 3, in the vicinity of the recessive py-1 locus for resistance to corky root rot. Because of the occurrence of phenotypically similar genes in pepper ( Capsicum spp.), the comparative genetics of resistance to potyviruses between tomato and pepper was investigated. Unlike most of the comparative genetic studies on resistance genes, pot-1 was tightly flanked by the same restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers than the pvr2/pvr5 locus for resistance to PVY and TEV from pepper. These results may indicate that recessive resistance genes against potyviruses evolve less rapidly than the majority of the dominant genes cloned so far, and consequently may belong to a different family of resistance genes.

Journal Article↗

Development of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the Pvr4 locus for resistance to PVY in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.).

Potato Virus Y (PVY) is the only potyvirus infecting pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) in Europe. Currently, the development of pepper varieties resistant to PVY seems to be the most-efficient method to control PVY damage. Among the sources of resistance, a monogenic dominant gene Pvr4 confers resistance against all known PVY pathotypes. In this work, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used to search for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the Pvr4 gene, using segregating progenies obtained by crossing a homozygous resistant ('Serrano Criollo de Morelos-334') with a homozygous susceptible ('Yolo Wonder') cultivar. Eight hundred decamer primers were screened to identify one RAPD marker (UBC19(1432)) linked in repulsion phase to Pvr4. This marker was converted into a dominant sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) marker (SCUBC19(1423)). This marker was mapped into a dense Capsicum genetic map in a region where several genes for resistance to different diseases are located. This marker can be useful to identify PVY-resistant genotypes in segregating progenies of pepper in marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs.

Journal Article↗

Comparative mapping of Phytophthora resistance loci in pepper germplasm: evidence for conserved resistance loci across Solanaceae and for a large genetic diversity.

Phytophthora capsici Leonian, known as the causal agent of the stem, collar and root rot, is one of the most serious problems limiting the pepper crop in many areas in the world. Genetic resistance to the parasite displays complex inheritance. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed in three intraspecific pepper populations, each involving an unrelated resistant accession. Resistance was evaluated by artificial inoculations of roots and stems, allowing the measurement of four components involved in different steps of the plant-pathogen interaction. The three genetic maps were aligned using common markers, which enabled the detection of QTLs involved in each resistance component and the comparison of resistance factors existing among the three resistant accessions. The major resistance factor was found to be common to the three populations. Another resistance factor was found conserved between two populations, the others being specific to a single cross. This comparison across intraspecific germplasm revealed a large variability for quantitative resistance loci to P. capsici. It also provided insights both into the allelic relationships between QTLs across pepper germplasm and for the comparative mapping of resistance factors across the Solanaceae.

Capsicum↗

The A locus that controls anthocyanin accumulation in pepper encodes a MYB transcription factor homologous to Anthocyanin2 of Petunia.

Pepper plants containing the dominant A gene accumulate anthocyanin pigments in the foliage, flower and immature fruit. We previously mapped A to pepper chromosome 10 in the F(2) progeny of a cross between 5226 (purple-fruited) and PI 159234 (green-fruited) to a region that corresponds, in tomato, to the location of Petunia anthocyanin 2 ( An2), a regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This suggested that A encodes a homologue of Petunia An2. Using the sequences of An2 and a corresponding tomato expressed sequence tag, we isolated a pepper cDNA orthologous to An2 that cosegregated with A. We subsequently determined the expression of A by Northern analysis, using RNA extracted from fruits, flowers and leaves of 5226 and PI 159234. In 5226, expression was detected in all stages of fruit development and in both flower and leaf. In contrast, A was not expressed in the sampled tissues in PI 159234. Genomic sequence comparison of A between green- and purple-fruited genotypes revealed no differences in the coding region, indicating that the lack of expression of A in the green genotypes can be attributed to variation in the promoter region. By analyzing the expression of the structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in 5226 and PI 159234, it was determined that, similar to Petunia, the early genes in the pathway are regulated independently of A, while expression of the late genes is A-dependent.

Anthocyanins↗

Exploitation of pepper EST-SSRs and an SSR-based linkage map.

As genome and cDNA sequencing projects progress, a tremendous amount of sequence information is becoming publicly available. These sequence resources can be exploited for gene discovery and marker development. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are among the most useful because of their great variability, abundance, and ease of analysis. By in silico analysis of 10,232 non-redundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in pepper as a source of SSR markers, 1,201 SSRs were found, corresponding to one SSR in every 3.8 kb of the ESTs. Eighteen percent of the SSR-ESTs were dinucleotide repeats, 66.0% were trinucleotide, 7.7% tetranucleotide, and 8.2% pentanucleotide; AAG (14%) and AG (12.4%) motifs were the most abundant repeat types. Based on the flanking sequences of these 1,201 SSRs, 812 primer pairs that satisfied melting temperature conditions and PCR product sizes were designed. 513 SSRs (63.1%) were successfully amplified and 150 of them (29.2%) showed polymorphism between Capsicum annuum 'TF68' and C. chinense 'Habanero'. Dinucleotide SSRs and EST-SSR markers containing AC-motifs were the most polymorphic. Polymorphism increased with repeat length and repeat number. The polymorphic EST-SSRs were mapped onto the previously generated pepper linkage map, using 107 F(2) individuals from an interspecific cross of TF68 x Habanero. One-hundred and thirtynine EST-SSRs were located on the linkage map in addition to 41 previous SSRs and 63 RFLP markers, forming 14 linkage groups (LGs) and spanning 2,201.5 cM. The EST-SSR markers were distributed over all the LGs. This SSR-based map will be useful as a reference map in Capsicum and should facilitate the use of molecular markers in pepper breeding.

Capsicum↗

Molecular characterization of pepper germin-like protein as the novel PR-16 family of pathogenesis-related proteins isolated during the resistance response to viral and bacterial infection.

To understand the molecular defense mechanism controlling the hypersensitive response (HR) better, we examined the hot pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bugang), which exhibits an HR in response to infection by Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV-P0). A full-length cDNA clone was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library that was constructed with mRNA extracted from hot pepper leaves during the resistance response to TMV-P0. The predicted amino acid sequence of the cDNA clone exhibited a high sequence similarity to germin-like protein (GLP). The CaGLP1 (Capsicum annuum GLP1) cDNA contains a single open reading frame of 660 bp encoding 220 amino acid residues. Upon inoculation with TMV or Xanthomonas, CaGLP1 transcripts were specifically accumulated in the incompatible interaction but not in the compatible interaction. In plants treated with salicylic acid (SA) or ethephon, which are signal molecules in the defense-related signal transduction pathway, CaGLP1 transcripts were accumulated rapidly. As far as we know, this is the first report that plant GLPs can be specifically induced during a defense response against viral infection. These data suggest that in the hot pepper plant CaGLP1 may be involved in the defense response to viral pathogens, and thus be classified as a new family of PR proteins, 'PR-16'.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Identification and deletion analysis of the promoter of the pepper SAR8.2 gene activated by bacterial infection and abiotic stresses.

The pepper SAR8.2 gene, CASAR82A, was locally and systemically induced in pepper plants which had been infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria or by Pseudomonas fluorescens. The DNA 1,283 bp sequence upstream of the CASAR82A gene was assessed with regard to the activity of the CASAR82A promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, via an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay. In tobacco leaves which transiently expressed the -831 bp CASAR82A promoter, GUS activity was locally and systemically induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. GUS activity, which was driven by the -831 promoter, was also differentially activated in the leaves as the result of treatment with salicylic acid, ethylene, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, NaCl, and low temperatures. The -831 bp sequence upstream of the CASAR82A gene elicited full promoter activity in response to pathogen infection, abiotic elicitors, and environmental stresses. The expression of the pepper transcription factor, CARAV1, was shown to activate the CASAR82A promoter. Analyses of a series of 5'-deletions of the CASAR82A promoter revealed that novel cis-acting elements necessary for the induction of gene expression as the result of exposure to pathogen and abiotic elicitors appear to be localized in the promoter region between -831 and -759 bp.

Abscisic Acid↗

The recessive potyvirus resistance gene pot-1 is the tomato orthologue of the pepper pvr2-eIF4E gene.

The translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) has been implicated in naturally occurring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY) determined by the pvr2 locus in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Here, the molecular basis of the recessive resistance to PVY and Tobacco etch virus (TEV) controlled by the pot-1 locus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum; now Solanum lycopersicum) was investigated. On the basis of genetic mapping data that indicated that pot-1 and pvr2 are located in syntenic regions of the tomato and pepper genomes, the possible involvement of eIF4E in pot-1-mediated resistance was assessed. Genetic mapping of members of the eIF4E multigenic family in tomato introgression lines revealed that an eIF4E locus indeed maps in the same genomic region as pot-1. By comparing eIF4E coding sequences between resistant and susceptible Lycopersicon genotypes, a small number of polymorphisms that co-segregate with the pot-1 locus were identified, suggesting that this gene could be involved in resistance to potyviruses. Functional complementation experiments using Potato virus X-mediated transient expression of eIF4E from a susceptible genotype in a resistant pepper genotype confirmed that a small number of amino acid substitutions in the eIF4E protein indeed account for resistance/susceptibility to both the PVY and TEV, and consequently that pot-1 and pvr2 are orthologues. Taken together, these results support the role of this eIF4E gene as a key component of recessive resistance to potyviruses, and validate the comparative genomic approach for the molecular characterization of recessive resistance genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Strains of Peru tomato virus infecting cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum), tomato and pepper in Peru with reference to genome evolution in genus Potyvirus.

Two isolates (SL1 and SL6) of Peru tomato virus (PTV, genus Potyvirus) were obtained from cocona plants (Solanum sessiliflorum) growing in Tingo María, the jungle of the Amazon basin in Peru. One PTV isolate (TM) was isolated from a tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum) growing in Huaral at the Peruvian coast. The three PTV isolates were readily transmissible by Myzus persicae. Isolate SL1, but not SL6, caused chlorotic lesions in inoculated leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Isolate TM differed from SL1 and SL6 in causing more severe mosaic symptoms in tomato, and vein necrosis in the leaves of cocona. Pepper cv. Avelar (Capsicum annuum) showed resistance to the PTV isolates SL1 and SL6 but not TM. The 5'- and 3'-proximal sequences of the three PTV isolates were cloned, sequenced and compared to the corresponding sequences of four PTV isolates from pepper, the only host from which PTV isolates have been previously characterised at the molecular level. Phylogenetic analyses on the P1 protein and coat protein amino acid sequences indicated, in accordance with the phenotypic data from indicator hosts, that the PTV isolates from cocona represented a distinguishable strain. In contrast, the PTV isolates from tomato and pepper were not grouped according to the host. Inclusion of the sequence data from the three PTV isolates of this study in a phylogenetic analysis with other PTV isolates and other potyviruses strengthen the membership of PTV in the so-called "PVY subgroup" of Potyvirus. This subgroup of closely related potyvirus species was also distinguishable from other potyviruses by their more uniform sizes of the protein-encoding regions within the polyprotein.

Animals↗

Determination of 3'-terminal nucleotide sequence of pepper vein banding virus RNA and expression of its coat protein in Escherichia coli.

Pepper vein banding virus (PVBV) is an important virus infecting chilli pepper in south India. Earlier reports suggested it to be a distinct potyvirus. The nucleotide sequence of PVBV RNA from the 3'-end (3862 nt) was determined. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence revealed that it encompasses a partial open reading frame encoding the partial sequence of VPg, NIa-protease, NIb, coat protein (CP) and 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Comparison of the amino acid sequence of CP and the nucleotide sequence of 3'-UTR with those of other potyviruses confirmed an earlier observation that PVBV is a distinct member of the Potyvirus sub-group and it had significant similarity to a recently characterized virus infecting chilli pepper, chilli vein-banding mottle virus (CVbMV), from Thailand. The analysis showed that both PVBV and CVbMV might represent strains of the same virus. Further, the PVBV CP gene was overexpressed in E. coli, which assembled into potyvirus-like particles (PVLPs). The assembled particles were shown to encapsidate the CP mRNA.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

Red hot chili pepper and hemorrhoids: the explosion of a myth: results of a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

PURPOSE: Spicy foods are appreciated by a large part of the world population but have been blamed for causing hemorrhoids or exacerbating their symptoms, although no epidemiologic studies have been performed supporting this hypothesis. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, we have studied the effects of a single dose of red hot chili pepper on the hemorrhoidal symptoms. METHODS: Fifty patients with second-degree and third-degree symptomatic hemorrhoids were randomly assigned to take a capsule containing red hot chili powder or placebo during lunch, scoring five hemorrhoidal symptoms (bleeding, swelling, pain, itching, and burning) on a visual analog scale. After one week, crossover treatment was administered according to the same methodology. Other treatments and foods potentially related with anorectal symptoms were discontinued during the study periods. RESULTS: Patients assigned low scores to their hemorrhoidal symptoms before the study and the scores remained unchanged during the 48 hours after both placebo and chili pepper treatment, the latter showing no statistically significant effects. CONCLUSIONS: There is no scientific evidence that a spicy meal based on red hot chili pepper may worsen hemorrhoidal symptoms and, therefore, there is no reason to prevent these patients from occasionally enjoying a spicy dish if they so wish.

Adult↗