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PubMed2003

Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 1999.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents statistics from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age, classified by sex, age, race/ethnicity, family structure, parent's education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, place of residence, region, and current health status. The topics covered are asthma, allergies, learning disability, attention deficit disorder, use of medication, respondent-assessed health status, school-loss days, usual place of medical care, time since last contact with a health care professional, selected health care risk factors, and time since last dental contact. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Basic information is collected during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview. Information about children is collected about one randomly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child's health. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: In 1999 most U.S. children under 18 years of age enjoyed excellent or very good health (83%). However, 12% of children had no health insurance coverage, and 6% of children had no usual place of medical care. Eleven percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma. An estimated 7% of children 3-17 years of age had a learning disability, and an estimated 6% of children had Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Lastly, 9% of children in single mother families had two or more visits to an emergency room in the past year, compared with 4% of children in two parent families.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2002

Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 1998.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents health statistics from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey for the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population, classified by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, poverty status, and region of residence for chronic condition prevalence, health status and limitations in activity, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, and attitudes toward acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Health statistics by education, income, health insurance coverage, marital status, and place of residence are also presented for health status and limitations in activity, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, and knowledge and attitudes toward AIDS. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Data are collected during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of the interview. Also, the self-reported health information for adults in this report was obtained from one randomly selected adult per family. HIGHLIGHTS: In 1998, 65% of adults 18 years of age and over reported excellent or very good health. However, 17% of adults less than 65 years of age had no health insurance coverage, and 14% of adults did not have a usual place of medical care. Twelve percent of adults had ever been told by a doctor or health professional that they had heart disease and 19% had been told on two or more visits that they had hypertension. Nearly a quarter of adults were current smokers, and 23% were former smokers. Sixty percent did not engage in any leisure-time vigorous physical activity, and based on estimates of body mass index, 35% were overweight and 20% were obese.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2004

Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2001.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents health statistics from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey for the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population classified by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, poverty status, and region of residence for chronic condition prevalence, health status and functional limitations, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. Also, health statistics by education, income, health insurance coverage, marital status, and place of residence are presented for health status and limitations in activity, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, and knowledge and attitudes toward HIV. SOURCE OF DATA: The National Health Interview Survey is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Sociodemographic data are collected for everyone in the family during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of the interview. The health information for adults in this report was obtained from one randomly selected adult per family. HIGHLIGHTS: In 2001, 64% of adults 18 years of age and over reported excellent or very good health. Fifty-eight percent of adults never participated in any type of vigorous leisure-time physical activity, and 13% of adults did not have a usual place of health care. Twelve percent of adults had been told by a doctor or health professional that they had heart disease, and 21% had been told on two or more visits that they had hypertension. Nearly a quarter of all adults were current smokers, and 22% were former smokers. Based on estimates of body mass index, 36% of adults were overweight and 23% were obese.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2001.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents statistics from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, family structure, parent's education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, residence, region, and health status. The topics covered are asthma, allergies, learning disability, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), prescription medication, respondent-assessed health status, school-loss days, usual place of health care, time since last contact with a health care professional, unmet dental need, time since last dental contact, and selected measures of health care access. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Data are collected during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the interview. Information about children is collected for one randomly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child's health. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: In 2001, most U.S. children under 18 years of age enjoyed excellent or very good health (84%). However, 10% had no health insurance coverage, and 5% had no usual place of health care. Thirteen percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma. Eight percent of children 3-17 years of age had a learning disability, and 6% of children had ADHD. Lastly, 11% of children in single-mother families had two or more visits to an emergency room in the past year compared with 6% of children in two-parent families.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2002.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents health statistics from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population, classified by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, education, income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, marital status, place of residence, and region of residence for chronic condition prevalence, health status, functional limitations, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, and human immunodeficiency virus testing. The presentation of percentages and percent distributions in both age-adjusted and unadjusted versions is new this year. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a household, multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. In 2002, data were collected for 31,044 adults for the Sample Adult questionnaire. The conditional response rate was 84.4%, and the final response rate was 74.4%. The health information for adults in this report was obtained from one randomly selected adult per family. HIGHLIGHTS: In 2002, 62% of adults 18 years of age or over reported excellent or very good health. Fifty-nine percent of adults never participated in any type of vigorous leisure-time physical activity, and 14% of adults did not have a usual place of health care. Eleven percent of adults had been told by a doctor or health professional that they had heart disease, and 21% had been told on two or more visits that they had hypertension. Twenty-two percent of all adults were current smokers, and 23% were former smokers. Based on their body mass index, 35% of adults were overweight, and 23% were obese.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 2002.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted health statistics from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States, classified by age, sex, race and Hispanic or Latino origin, family income, poverty status, education, place of residence, region of residence, and, where appropriate, health insurance coverage. The topics covered are health status and limitations in activities, special education or early intervention services, injuries and poisonings, health care access and utilization, and health insurance coverage. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a household, multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. In 2002, household interviews were completed for 93,386 persons living in 36,161 households, reflecting a household response rate of 89.6%. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: Nearly 7 in 10 persons were in excellent or very good health in 2002. About 34 million persons (12%) were limited in their usual activities due to one or more chronic health conditions, and about 4 million persons (2%) required the help of another person with activities of daily living. About 6% of children received special education or early intervention services. Among persons under age 65 years, about 40 million (17%) did not have any health insurance coverage. The most common reason for lacking health insurance was cost, followed by a change in employment.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2003

Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 2001.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents health statistics from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey for the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States, classified by age, sex, race and Hispanic or Latino origin, family income, poverty status, education, place of residence, region of residence, and, where appropriate, health insurance coverage. The topics covered are health status and limitations in activities, special education or early intervention services, injuries and poisonings, health care access and utilization, and health insurance coverage. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a household, multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control's National Center for Health Statistics. Household interviews were completed for 100,760 persons living in 38,932 households, reflecting a household response rate of 89%. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: Nearly 7 in 10 persons were in excellent or very good health in 2001. About 33 million persons (12%) were limited in their usual activities due to one or more chronic health conditions, and about 4 million persons (2%) required the help of another person with activities of daily living. Persons with the least education and the lowest incomes were the most likely to be limited in their ability to work. About 6% of children received special education or early intervention services. The three leading causes of medically attended injury and poisoning episodes were falls, transportation, and overexertion. Among persons under age 65 years, about 39 million (16%) did not have any health insurance coverage. The most common reason for lacking health insurance was cost, followed by a change in employment.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2002.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, family structure, parent's education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, place of residence, region, and current health status. The topics covered are asthma, allergies, learning disability, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), use of prescription medication, respondent-assessed health status, school-loss days, usual place of health care, time since last contact with a health care professional, unmet dental needs, time since last dental contact, and selected measures of health care access. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Data are collected during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview. Information about children is collected for one randomly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child's health. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: In 2002, most U.S. children under 18 years of age had excellent or very good health (84%). However, 10% of children had no health insurance coverage, and 5% of children had no usual place of health care. Twelve percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma. An estimated 8% of children 3-17 years of age had a learning disability, and an estimated 7% of children had ADHD.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2003

Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2000.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents health statistics from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey for the civilian noninstitutionalized adult population, classified by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, poverty status, and region of residence for chronic condition prevalence, health status and limitations in activity, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. Also, health statistics by education, income, health insurance coverage, marital status, and place of residence are presented for health status and limitations in activity, health care access and utilization, health behaviors, and knowledge and attitudes toward HIV. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Sociodemographic data are collected for everyone in the family during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of the interview. The health information for adults in this report was obtained from one randomly selected adult per family. HIGHLIGHTS: In 2000, 64% of adults 18 years of age and over reported excellent or very good health. Eighteen percent of adults under 65 years of age had no health insurance coverage, and 14% of adults did not have a usual place of health care. Eleven percent of adults had ever been told by a doctor or health professional that they had heart disease, and 20% had been told on two or more visits that they had hypertension. Nearly a quarter of adults were current smokers, and 22% were former smokers. Sixty percent did not engage in any leisure-time vigorous physical activity, and, based on estimates of body mass index, 35% were overweight and 21% were obese.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, family structure, parent's education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, place of residence, region, and current health status. The topics covered are asthma, allergies, learning disability, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), use of prescription medication, respondent-assessed health status, school-loss days, usual place of health care, time since last contact with a health care professional, unmet dental needs, time since last dental contact, and selected measures of health care access. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Data are collected for all family members during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview. Additional information about children is collected for one randomly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child's health. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: In 2003, most U.S. children under 18 years of age had excellent or very good health (83%). However, 10% of children had no health insurance coverage, and 5% of children had no usual place of health care. Thirteen percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma. An estimated 8% of children 3-17 years of age had a learning disability, and an estimated 6% of children had ADHD.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2005

Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 2003.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted health statistics from the 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States, classified by age, sex, race and Hispanic or Latino origin, family income, poverty status, education, place of residence, region of residence, and where appropriate, health insurance coverage. The topics covered are health status and limitations in activities, special education or early intervention services, injuries and poisonings, health care access and utilization, and health insurance coverage. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a household, multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. In 2003, household interviews were completed for 92,148 persons living in 35,921 households, reflecting a household response rate of 89.2%. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: Nearly 7 in 10 persons were in excellent or very good health in 2003. About 34 million persons (12%) were limited in their usual activities due to one or more chronic health conditions, and about 4 million persons (2%) required the help of another person with activities of daily living. About 6% of children received special education or early intervention services. Among persons under age 65 years, about 41 million (17%) did not have any health insurance coverage. The most common reason for lacking health insurance was cost, followed by a change in employment.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2004.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, family structure, parent's education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, place of residence, region, and current health status. The topics covered are asthma, allergies, learning disability and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), prescription medication use, respondent-assessed health status, school-loss days, usual place of health care, time since last contact with a health care professional, selected measures of health care access and utilization, and dental care. SOURCE OF DATA: The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U. S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Data are collected for all family members during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview. Additional information about children is collected for one randomly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child's health. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: In 2004, most U.S. children under 18 years of age had excellent or very good health (82%). However, 9% of children had no health insurance coverage, and 5% of children had no usual place of health care. Twelve percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma. An estimated 8% of children 3-17 years of age had a learning disability, and an estimated 7% of children had ADHD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 2004.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted health statistics from the 2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin and race, education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage (where appropriate), place of residence, and region of residence. The topics covered are respondent-assessed health status, limitations in activities, special education or early intervention services, injuries and poisonings, health care access and utilization, and health insurance coverage. SOURCE OF DATA: NHIS is a household, multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. In 2004, household interviews were completed for 94,460 persons living in 36,579 households, reflecting a household response rate of 86.9%. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: Nearly 7 in 10 persons were in excellent or very good health in 2004. About 34 million persons (12%) were limited in their usual activities due to one or more chronic health conditions, and about 4 million persons (2%) required the help of another person with activities of daily living. About 6% of children received special education or early intervention services. Among persons under age 65 years, about 41 million (17%) did not have any health insurance coverage. The most common reason for lacking health insurance was cost, followed by a change in employment.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2006

Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2005.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) on selected health measures for children under 18 years of age, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, family structure, parent education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage, place of residence, region, and current health status. The topics covered are asthma, allergies, learning disability, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), prescription medication use, respondent-assessed health status, school-loss days, usual place of health care, time since last contact with a health care professional, selected measures of health care access and utilization, and dental care. SOURCE OF DATA: NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Data are collected for all family members during face-to-face interviews with adults present at the time of interview. Additional information about children is collected for one randomly selected child per family in face-to-face interviews with an adult proxy respondent familiar with the child's health. SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: In 2005, most U.S. children under 18 years of age had excellent or very good health (82%). However, 9% of children had no health insurance coverage, and 5% of children had no usual place of health care. Thirteen percent of children had ever been diagnosed with asthma. An estimated 7% of children 3-17 years of age had a diagnosed learning disability, and an estimated 7% of children had ADHD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Prevalence of depression in multiple sclerosis: a review and meta-analysis].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper was to review and summarize the data about the frequency of depression during multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a metaanalysis to combine the results of the studies which compared the frequency of depression in MS patients with the prevalence in patients with other chronic diseases. Eight controlled studies were identified via manual and computerized search of the Medline and PsychInfo databases. Given the various ways these studies reported their results, we used statistical procedures based on the combination of significance levels (the method of adding Zs and the method of adding ts). An additional statistical procedure, Cohen's d, was performed to estimate the effect of size. RESULTS: The two statistical methods yielded highly significant summary statistics: z=4.15 and z=3.98, respectively (p<0.0001). The effect of size (Cohen's d), which ranged from 0.02 to 0.70 with an average of 0.29 (95 percent confidence interval: 0.09-0.49), can be considered as medium and hence clinically meaningful. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the association between MS and depression is specific, that is not just casual nor due to the nonspecific factors inherent in every chronic disease.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2004

Serial SimCoal: a population genetics model for data from multiple populations and points in time.

UNLABELLED: We present Serial SimCoal, a program that models population genetic data from multiple time points, as with ancient DNA data. An extension of SIMCOAL, it also allows simultaneous modeling of complex demographic histories, and migration between multiple populations. Further, we incorporate a statistical package to calculate relevant summary statistics, which, for the first time allows users to investigate the statistical power provided by, conduct hypothesis-testing with, and explore sample size limitations of ancient DNA data. AVAILABILITY: Source code and Windows/Mac executables at http://www.stanford.edu/group/hadlylab/ssc.html CONTACT: senka@stanford.edu.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed2001

Unequal cluster sizes for trials in English and Welsh general practice: implications for sample size calculations.

Cluster randomized trials are often used in primary care settings. In the U.K., general practices are usually the unit of allocation. The effect of variability in practice list size on sample size calculations is demonstrated using the General Medical Services Statistics for England and Wales, 1997. Summary statistics and tables are given to help design such trials assuming that a fixed proportion of patients are to be recruited from each cluster. Three different weightings of the cluster means are compared: uniform, cluster size and minimum variance weights. Minimum variance weights are shown to be superior to uniform, particularly when clusters are small, and to cluster size weights, particularly when clusters are large. Where there are large numbers of participants per cluster and cluster size weights are used, the power actually falls as more patients are recruited to large clusters. When minimum variance weights are used the increase in the design effect due to variation in list size is small, regardless of the size of intracluster correlation coefficient or the number of participants per cluster, provided there is no loss of randomized units. When the expected number of participants per practice is low a greater loss in power comes from practices which fail to recruit patients. A method to estimate the likely effect and allow for it is presented.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed2004

A benchmark for Affymetrix GeneChip expression measures.

MOTIVATION: The defining feature of oligonucleotide expression arrays is the use of several probes to assay each targeted transcript. This is a bonanza for the statistical geneticist, who can create probeset summaries with specific characteristics. There are now several methods available for summarizing probe level data from the popular Affymetrix GeneChips, but it is difficult to identify the best method for a given inquiry. RESULTS: We have developed a graphical tool to evaluate summaries of Affymetrix probe level data. Plots and summary statistics offer a picture of how an expression measure performs in several important areas. This picture facilitates the comparison of competing expression measures and the selection of methods suitable for a specific investigation. The key is a benchmark data set consisting of a dilution study and a spike-in study. Because the truth is known for these data, we can identify statistical features of the data for which the expected outcome is known in advance. Those features highlighted in our suite of graphs are justified by questions of biological interest and motivated by the presence of appropriate data.

Algorithms↗