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Results for “Behavioral problems”

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PubMed1993

Prediction of behavior-management problems in 3-year-old children.

The aim was to determine power of nondental background factors to predict behavior-management problems at the first dental visits of 3-yr-old children. A total of 273 children from three kinds of residential area--city, town, and rural area--in Sweden took part. The parents were interviewed before the child's dental visit. The behavior of the child was rated by registering the degree of acceptance according to the method of HOLST & CROSSNER. The following steps were rated: entering the dental treatment room, mirror in mouth, probe on fingernail and tooth, air-blower on hand and in mouth, sitting in the dental chair, and examination. The behavior was then analyzed in relation to the answers of the interviews, and a logistic regression model was used to calculate the power of the variables, separately or combined, to predict behavior-management problems. Seventy-six percent of the children cooperated well at the dental examination; 13% reacted reluctantly, and 11% reacted negatively. Two interview variables had statistically significant predictive power: the parent's expectation of a negative reaction from the child in the dental situation and the child's anxiety when meeting unfamiliar people. Sixty-nine percent of child patients accepted the examination while sitting alone in the chair. Sitting alone used as a predictor for cooperation showed sensitivity 0.80, specificity 0.71, predictive value for positive test 0.44, and predictive value for negative test 0.94.

Child Behavior↗

PubMed1992

Psychosocial adjustment in juvenile arthritis.

Psychosocial adjustment in 102 children with arthritis, ages 4-16, and their families was assessed by parents, who completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Profile of Mood States (POMS). On average, parental distress (POMS) was lower than reference norms. POMS distress was correlated with children's behavioral problems (r = .41) but not with children's social competence (r = .15). General linear models explained 25% of the variance in CBCL behavioral problem scores. Older age was associated with more behavior problems in males, but not females. Disease severity and disease activity were also associated with behavioral problems. Although 27% of the variance in CBCL social competence could be explained, no single predictor variable was especially strong. Poorer social competence was associated with older age and shorter disease duration. Teenagers, especially those with recent onset and those with mild disease activity, may be at increased risk for psychosocial maladjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

The effect of reinforcer preference on functional analysis outcomes.

We combined functional analyses and concurrent-schedule assessments to identify reinforcer preference during situations in which problem behavior may have been multiply controlled. Participants were 3 children with developmental delays who engaged in problem behavior during toy play with another child and one adult present, suggesting that problem behavior may have been maintained by adult attention or access to tangible reinforcement. Thus, conditions were designed to test attention and access-to-toys hypotheses. Initial functional analyses suggested multiple control. Subsequent concurrent-schedule assessments identified preference between the reinforcers, and treatments were based on these findings. Findings are discussed regarding the assessment of potentially multiply controlled problem behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Electrocardiographic assessment of antianxiety medication in dogs and correlation with serum drug concentration.

OBJECTIVES: To determine effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) on the ECG of dogs treated for behavioral conditions and to examine correlations between ECG findings and serum concentrations of these medications. DESIGN: Repeated-measures study. ANIMALS: 39 client-owned dogs with behavioral problems. PROCEDURE: Two groups of dogs with behavioral problems were evaluated. In group 1 (n = 20), ECG tracings were recorded before starting treatment with TCA and again after treatment for > or = 1 month. Dogs in group 2 were already on long-term maintenance amounts of antianxiety medication when ECG tracings were recorded and serum concentrations of medications were obtained. RESULTS: Significant differences were not detected for dogs in group 1 between ECG values measured before and after TCA administration. The ECG values for dogs in group 2 did not differ significantly from the mean of group-1 dogs before receiving medication or from the reference range used at our facility. Duration of the P wave had a significant positive correlation with serum concentrations of clomipramine but significant negative correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline. The QT interval corrected for heart rate had a significant negative correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Amitriptyline and clomipramine administered at standard dosages apparently do not cause ECG abnormalities in healthy dogs with behavioral problems. These medications should be used cautiously in dogs with conduction abnormalities, and clinicians should periodically monitor ECG and use good clinical judgment to weigh risks and benefits of medications for the safety of each dog.

Amitriptyline↗

PubMed2000

Treatment of maladaptive behavior in acquired brain injury: remedial approaches in postacute settings.

This article describes remedial behavior therapy approaches for the treatment of maladaptive behavioral sequelae to an acquired brain injury (ABI). Remedial approaches are sophisticated and nonintrusive treatment strategies that involve teaching the individual skills or capacities to manage difficult life circumstances. Functional equivalence is one major category of remedial intervention and involves the determination of the behavioral function of the problem behavior and the teaching of an adaptive alternative response or skill cluster that provides the individual with efficient access to that function. Errorless remediation is a second category and entails teaching the individual to tolerate situations associated with problem behavior through hierarchical exposure to increasingly difficult conditions and reinforcement for successful management of those conditions.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2001

Untangling the impact of sexual abuse on HIV risk behaviors among youths in foster care.

This study investigates the interrelationships among childhood sexual abuse, other types of child maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems, and HIV risk behaviors in a sample of 167 adolescents, aged 15-19, participating in an independent living preparation program in one midwestern county. Thirty-three percent of the youths identified as white and 67% as youths of color. The sample was almost evenly split by gender (51% male and 49% female). Thirty-five percent of the youths (n = 59) reported some form of sexual abuse; 21 reported unwanted touching, with no unwanted intercourse, and 38 reported unwanted intercourse. Multivariate analyses demonstrated a significant relationship between the severity of sexual abuse and youths' recent HIV risk behaviors, after accounting for the contribution of other childhood trauma and emotional and behavioral problems. The findings support the need for HIV prevention programs targeting sexually abused youths.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The fears, phobias and anxieties of children with autism spectrum disorders and Down syndrome: comparisons with developmentally and chronologically age matched children.

This study compared the fears and behavior problems of 25 children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 43 children with Down syndrome (DS), 45 mental age (MA) matched children, and 37 chronologically age (CA) matched children. Children's fears, phobias, anxieties and behavioral problems were assessed using parent reports. Significant differences emerged across the diagnostic groups on a variety of fears. Children with ASD were reported to have more situation phobias and medical fears, but fewer fears of harm/injury compared to all other groups. The groups also differed in terms of the pattern of correlations between fears, phobias, anxieties and behavior problems. For children with ASD, fears, phobias and anxieties were closely related to problem behaviors, whereas fears, phobias, and anxieties were less related to behavioral symptoms for the other groups of subjects. Such findings suggest that children with ASD exhibit a distinct profile of fear and anxiety compared to other mental age and chronologically age-matched children, and these fears are related to the symptoms associated with ASD.

Anxiety Disorders↗

PubMed2005

Adolescent predictors of traffic crash patterns from licensure into early young adulthood.

This paper examines differences in the adolescent psychosocial and problem behavior characteristics of individuals who have stable-low, increasing, stable-high and decreasing frequencies of motor vehicle crashes from licensure into early young adulthood. Problem Behavior Theory was used as the guiding theoretical framework. Study data were collected when the participants were in 10th and 12th grades, and during a young adulthood follow-up telephone survey conducted five to six years later (n = 1,936). For men, stable high crash rates were associated with less parental monitoring and more substance use, and a stable low crash rates were associated with better marks in school. For women, stable high crash rates were associated with poorer marks in school and more substance use, and patterns of both decreasing and stable high crash rates were associated with less parental monitoring and less parental orientation. It is concluded that patterns of motor vehicle crashes are associated with adolescent psychosocial and problem behavior characteristics. Interventions targeting these factors may have broad positive effects on problem behaviors, including problem driving and motor vehicle crashes. In addition, the results of this study may be useful in designing traffic safety policies that target individuals whose psychosocial characteristics indicate that they are at high risk of being involved in a crash.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1983

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in identical twins.

The problem we studied relates to the inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. The method was the investigation, including blood studies, of a pair of twins who both were affected with the syndrome. It was concluded that the twins were identical and this added to the evidence of the heritability of the disorder. The twins were affected with other but related problems of behavior; considerable similarities were found in their behavior and behavioral problems. No family history of this or tic-like disorders could be obtained. Reduction of tics occurred when haloperidol treatment began.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Sexual abuse: somatic and emotional reactions.

A chart review and telephone interview of 72 sexual abuse victims was conducted to determine if children and adolescents who are victims of sexual abuse suffer from symptoms similar to the "rape trauma syndrome," which has been reported in adults. Symptoms similar to the rape trauma syndrome were found in 48 of the 72 abused children and only 26 of the matched control group, p less than .01. Common somatic complaints in the sexual abuse patients included dysuria, vaginal discharge and chronic abdominal pain. Some of the emotional and behavioral problems noted during the follow-up period among the sexual abuse patients included sleep problems, runaway behavior, and suicide attempts. The duration of abuse and age of the victim at the time of abuse significantly affected the frequency of reported somatic symptoms, but the type of abuse and type of assailant did not significantly affect the frequency of reported somatic and emotional reactions. There was no difference in the occurrence of school problems and early pregnancy between sexually abused patients and controls. Since 67% of all sexually abused patients suffered from emotional and somatic reactions, close follow-up of these patients is indicated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1980

Tourette's syndrome: an expanded view.

Tourette's syndrome is a disorder of central nervous system functioning in which the most easily recognized symptoms of involuntary movements and vocalizations have been found to be responsive, in many cases, to pharmacotherapy with haloperidol. We have recently evaluated five patients with Tourette's syndrome and have been impressed with the learning difficulties, speech and language problems, and behavioral problems which accompanied the involuntary neuromotor manifestations. These lesser known manifestations were not improved with haloperidol, and in fact, the sleepiness associated with the use of haloperidol was thought to adversely affect school performance in two of our patients. Thus, a holistic approach to the evaluation and treatment of children with Tourette's syndrome is recommended. Early attention to possible speech and language difficulties, appropriate academic help, and counseling regarding behavior management are seen as management issues at least as important as medication management.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Reinforcement schedule thinning following treatment with functional communication training.

We evaluated four methods for increasing the practicality of functional communication training (FCT) by decreasing the frequency of reinforcement for alternative behavior. Three participants whose problem behaviors were maintained by positive reinforcement were treated successfully with FCT in which reinforcement for alternative behavior was initially delivered on fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedules. One participant was then exposed to increasing delays to reinforcement under FR 1, a graduated fixed-interval (FI) schedule, and a graduated multiple-schedule arrangement in which signaled periods of reinforcement and extinction were alternated. Results showed that (a) increasing delays resulted in extinction of the alternative behavior, (b) the FI schedule produced undesirably high rates of the alternative behavior, and (c) the multiple schedule resulted in moderate and stable levels of the alternative behavior as the duration of the extinction component was increased. The other 2 participants were exposed to graduated mixed-schedule (unsignaled alternation between reinforcement and extinction components) and multiple-schedule (signaled alternation between reinforcement and extinction components) arrangements in which the durations of the reinforcement and extinction components were modified. Results obtained for these 2 participants indicated that the use of discriminative stimuli in the multiple schedule facilitated reinforcement schedule thinning. Upon completion of treatment, problem behavior remained low (or at zero), whereas alternative behavior was maintained as well as differentiated during a multiple-schedule arrangement consisting of a 4-min extinction period followed by a 1-min reinforcement period.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Residential father family type and child well-being: investment versus selection.

This research links residence with biological and nonbiological married and unmarried parents to the cognitive achievement and behavioral problems of children aged 3-12, controlling for factors that make such families different. The data were drawn from the 1997 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Achievement differences were not associated with father family structure per se, but with demographic and economic factors that differ across families. In contrast, behavioral problems were linked to family structure even after controls for measured and unmeasuredfactors were included. Children in all family types except the married-biological-parent family showed higher levels of behavioral problems. Paternal and maternal engagement time explained some of the differences in behavioral problems across families. Although children in blended families tended to achieve at lower levels than those not in blendedfamilies, stepchildren in blended families achieved at levels comparable to those of half-siblings. Finally, children in blended families tended to havefewer behavioral problems than those not in blended families.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Effects of family interaction on the child's behavior in single-parent or reconstructed families.

The effects of the family interaction on children's behavior were studied in single-parent or reconstructed families (N = 63) in a white population in Finland. The focus was on the spousal and the parent-child interaction. Teachers assessed children's behavior and parents were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed qualitatively using the grounded-theory method. The boundary ambiguity theory developed by Pauline Boss was used to examine the interaction in the families. About two fifths of the parents reported that their spousal interaction was good, family boundaries were clear, and the children were taken care of together. Another two fifths interacted only because of the child and family boundaries were ambiguous. In 14 families the involvement of the noncustodial parent was both physically and psychologically low. The physically close but psychologically distant parent-child interaction seemed to affect the child's behavior detrimentally, whereas children with physically and psychologically close interaction with their parents showed less behavioral problems. The children with behavioral problems were more likely to have problems with both parents. They were also more likely to have a stepparent with whom they had conflicts. In conclusion, a good interaction between the parents and clarified family boundaries protect children's mental health after their parents' divorce or separation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment.

Unsupervised peer contact in the after-school hours was examined as a risk factor in the development of externalizing problems in a longitudinal sample of early adolescents. Parental monitoring, neighborhood safety, and adolescents' preexisting behavioral problems were considered as possible moderators of the risk relation. Interviews with mothers provided information on monitoring, neighborhood safety, and demographics. Early adolescent (ages 12-13 years) after-school time use was assessed via a telephone interview in grade 6 (N = 438); amount of time spent with peers when no adult was present was tabulated. Teacher ratings of externalizing behavior problems were collected in grades 6 and 7. Unsupervised peer contact, lack of neighborhood safety, and low monitoring incrementally predicted grade 7 externalizing problems, after controlling for family background factors and grade 6 problems. The greatest risk was for those unsupervised adolescents living in low-monitoring homes and comparatively unsafe neighborhoods. The significant relation between unsupervised peer contact and problem behavior in grade 7 held only for those adolescents who already were high in problem behavior in grade 6. These findings point to the need to consider individual, family, and neighborhood factors in evaluating risks associated with young adolescents' after-school care experiences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Response perseveration and delayed responding in childhood behavior disorders.

Students (N = 814) in grades 3 through 6 at a public school were screened for behavior problems using the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Fifty-three selected students, representing Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Conduct Disorder plus Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Anxiety-Withdrawal Disorder, and normal controls were administered a response perseveration task and delayed responding task (DRL). It was predicted that performance on the two tasks would vary as a function of group membership. While DRL performance did not vary between groups, findings on the response perseveration task provided support for the hypothesis of the perseverative responding for reward in Conduct Disorder.

Achievement↗

PubMed1993

Response perseveration, inhibitory control, and central dopaminergic activity in childhood behavior disorders.

We screened students (N = 710) in grades four through six at two public elementary schools for behavior problems, using the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Five groups of children were identified: conduct disorder (n = 8), attention deficit disorder (n = 9), conduct disorder plus attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (n = 11), anxiety-withdrawal (n = 12), and normal control (n = 15). A response perseveration task, inhibitory control task, and a noninvasive measure of dopaminergic activity were administered to selected students, and group differences were predicted based on Quay's hypotheses as derived from Gray's theory of brain function. Hypothesized group differences were not found, although analyses revealed dimensional relationships that were consistent with the hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of Quay's hypotheses and potential modifications to tasks for future research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of dental anxiety and behavior management problems among six to eight years old Danish children.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dental anxiety among 6 to 8-year-old Danish children using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and behavior management problems. The study was designed as a population-based cross-sectional survey of children attending the municipal dental service in four municipalities in the county of North Jutland, Denmark. In 2001, the CFSS-DS questionnaire was mailed to the parents of all children born in 1993, 1994, and 1995 (parents of 1666 children) in 4 municipalities. Data on behavior management problems were collected from the children's dental records held by the municipal dental service. Questionnaires were returned from 1281 (76.9%) parents. The prevalence of dental anxiety (i.e. CFSS-DS > or = 38) was 5.7% (95% CI: 4.6% 7.1%), and the median CFSS-DS score was 22 (1st quartile 19; 3rd quartile 27). A history of behavior management problems was observed in 37.2% (95% CI: 33.3%-41.1%) of all children who had had dental treatment, but more often in children with dental anxiety.

Child↗

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