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Results for “DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS”

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At least 1,801 records · Page 100Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Anxiety and panic in recreational scuba divers.

Scuba diving is a high-risk sport; it is estimated that 3 to 9 deaths per 100,000 divers occur annually in the US alone, in addition to increasing numbers of cases of decompression illness each year. However, there has been a tendency within the diving community to de-emphasise the risks associated with scuba diving. While there are numerous factors responsible for the injuries and fatalities occurring in this sport, there is general consensus that many of these cases are caused by panic. There is also evidence that individuals who are characterised by elevated levels of trait anxiety are more likely to have greater state anxiety responses when exposed to a stressor, and hence, this sub-group of the diving population is at an increased level of risk. Efforts to demonstrate that selected interventions such as hypnosis, imagery, mediation and relaxation can reduce stress responses in anxious divers has not yielded consistent findings, and there is a need for systematic research dealing with the efficacy of selected intervention strategies.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

Does dysbaric osteonecrosis progress in the absence of further hyperbaric exposure? A 10-year radiologic follow-up of 15 patients.

Progression of dysbaric osteonecrosis of the femoral and humeral heads was evaluated in 15 caisson workers. All patients had dysbaric osteonecrosis but had had no further exposure to hyperbaric pressures for a minimum of 10 years. The original and follow-up radiographs were compared in each case. Of 24 normal articular heads (nine humeral and 15 femoral), one (4%) humeral head developed new subcortical sclerosis. Of the 36 juxta-articular lesions, seven (four humeral and three femoral) showed major changes in the 10-year interval. Of these seven, two (one humeral and one femoral) had new articular fractures and three (two humeral and one femoral) with articular fractures showed progressive osteoarthritis. We conclude that caisson workers can develop lesions in previously normal areas and experience worsening of previously known lesions in the absence of further exposure to hyperbaric pressures.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

Ultrasound protocols used to detect vascular gas emboli in divers: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Venous gas emboli (VGE) detected via ultrasound can be used as a surrogate marker for decompression stress. While Doppler ultrasound is the historical gold standard, two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography offers advantages for on-site monitoring, including a wider field of view and reduced dependence on noise-free environments. This systematic review evaluates 2D ultrasonography protocols used in decompression research since the 2015 International Meeting on Ultrasound for Diving Research, identifying methodological similarities, differences, and adherence to consensus recommendations. METHODS: A search of PubMed and Scopus identified studies using 2D ultrasound to detect VGE in divers. Inclusion criteria were: (1) use of 2D ultrasound, (2) detection of VGE or monitoring of decompression stress, (3) inclusion of a diver cohort, and (4) publication after 2015. Data extraction focused on VGE scoring systems, ultrasound hardware, measurement protocols, and operator experience. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I-V2, and compliance with the 2015 consensus recommendations was evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty studies were included. The Eftedal-Brubakk scale was most commonly used (n = 15), with cardiac ultrasound as the primary imaging modality; one study assessed a peripheral vessel. Common shortcomings included post-dive measurements lasting less than two hours, underreporting of operator experience and hardware specifications, limited individual-level data, and inappropriate use of parametric statistics for ordinal bubble grade data. No study fully complied with all consensus recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: This review demonstrates that, although two-dimensional ultrasound is widely used for post-dive VGE assessment, methodological heterogeneity with multiple shortcomings remain. Furthermore, nearly all studies restricted imaging to the heart, thus leaving peripheral vessel assessment largely unexplored.

Embolism, Air↗
PubMed1996

The hazards of reproduction in space.

NASA Medical Standards for space flight (JSC 11570) specifically disqualify any flight crew member who is pregnant. A variety of factors led to this recommendation including the effects of radiation exposure on fetal development. Additionally, other concerns such as toxic chemical exposure, microgravity, pregnancy accidents, plus alterations in breathing gas mixtures and decompression preclude pregnant flight crew members from missions in the foreseeable future. The future of space travel will require reproduction beyond the confines of earth's environment. This makes it all the more necessary to identify the potential hazards associated with reproduction in space.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Semicircular canal fractures in squirrel monkeys resulting from rapid decompression. Interpretation and significance.

A recent histological study of monkeys rapidly decompressed from deep dives has revealed that, in some cases, there are fractures of the bone surrounding the semicircular canals. In some monkeys sacrificed within a few days of their dives, there are full thickness breaks across the bony canal walls. In others, sacrificed several months after a dive, these fractures have become infiltrated by the ectopic growth of new bone which also invades the otic fluid spaces. It now appears that the new bone growth is caused not only by a ripping or irritation of the endosteum, which lines the inside of the bony canals, but also, at least in some cases, by a rupturing of the very hard petrous bone itself. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that, somehow, large forces are developed within the inner ear or within the petrous bone during decompression.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Use of the nine-step inflation/deflation test as a predictor of middle ear barotrauma in sports scuba divers.

Middle ear (ME) barotrauma, the most common disorder encountered in diving, results from inadequate pressure equilibration between the ME and the ambient environment. Eustachian tube function plays a key role in the pathogenesis of barotrauma. This study was designed to investigate the predictive value and efficiency of tympanometric tests of Eustachian tube function (Valsalva test, Toynbee test and nine-step inflation/deflation test) in predicting ME barotrauma in 44 ears of 22 sports scuba divers who had normal audiometry, tympanometry and otorhinolaryngological examination without previous history of ear disease. The divers were counselled to refer to the investigators if any symptoms occurred during and/or after diving. All symptomatic ears were examined within 24 hours of diving by one investigator who was unaware of the pre-symptomatic test results. Decision matrix analysis was applied to the results of Eustachian tube function tests for predicting ears with barotrauma. Values were also evaluated for a battery of tests by 'Lax' (positive on A, B or C) and 'Strict' (positive on A, B and C) criteria. The nine-step test was found to be the most efficient (93%) test with highest predictive values (PPV 83%; NPV 95%), whereas the Valsalva and Toynbee tests were unreliable in predicting barotrauma, whereas the Valsalva and Toynbee tests were unreliable in predicting barotrauma (PPV of the Valsalva and Toynbee tests were 0% and 25% respectively). Combining the nine-step and Toynbee tests into a two-test battery in a strict approach increased the PPV (100%). It appears that the nine-step inflation/deflation test is a reliable method of predicting ME barotrauma sufferers, especially when applied with the Toynbee test. The nine-step test may have value in the evaluation of Eustachian tube function of sports scuba diving candidates after routine otorhinolaryngological, audiological and tympanometric evaluation.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1987

Dysbaric osteonecrosis (caisson disease of bone): are active oxygen species and the endocrine system responsible, and can control of the production of free radicals and their reaction products confer protection?

The development of osteonecrosis after exposure to altered air pressures is consistent with cellular injury brought about by active oxygen species. The syndrome is considered to arise as a result of an unusual combination of circumstances in which hyperoxia itself, together with the additive responses of the endocrine system to hyperoxia, hypothermia and exertion, each appear to play a part; the net result is thought to increase the mitochondrial generation of superoxide. It is suggested that effective prophylaxis may be possible primarily by establishing a nutritional status that is adequate to ensure that the functional activities of radical-scavenging systems are not hampered by deficiencies either of essential trace elements or of vitamin E. Pharmacological pretreatments designed both to decrease excessive levels of superoxide through increased catalysis of anionic dismutation and to attenuate enzyme-dependent peroxidation may provide an additional line of defence.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Scuba diving: What you and your patients need to know.

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving continues to gain popularity. General practitioners need to know the health requirements and contraindications so they can counsel patients appropriately. SCUBA diving injuries may not be apparent immediately and require knowledge and understanding for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Barotrauma↗

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