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PubMed2001

A pattern grouping algorithm for analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in neuronal spike trains. 2. Application to simultaneous single unit recordings.

This study demonstrates the practical application of the pattern grouping algorithm (PGA), presented in the companion paper (Tetko IV, Villa AEP. A pattern grouping algorithm for analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in neuronal spike trains. 1. Detection of repeated patterns. J. Neurosci. Methods 2000; accompanying article), to data sets including up to 30 simultaneously recorded spike trains. The analysis of a large network of simulated neurons shows that the incidence of patterns cannot be simply related to an increase in firing rates obtained after Hebbian learning. Patterns that disappeared and reappeared in the thalamus of anesthetized rats when the cerebral cortex was reversibly inactivated suggest that widespread cell assemblies contribute to the generation and propagation of precisely timed activity. In an another experiment multiple spike trains were recorded from the temporal cortex of freely moving rats performing a complex two-choice discrimination task. The presence or absence of particular patterns in the period preceding the cue was associated with changes in reaction time. In conclusion, neuronal network interactions may generate spatiotemporal firing patterns detectable by PGA. We provide evidence of such patterned activity associated with specific animal's behavior, thus suggesting the existence of complex temporal coding schemes in the higher nervous centers of the brain.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Training of ambulatory individuals with cerebral palsy.

The effect of training on the physical work capacity (PWC) and the physiological response to simulated tasks of seven ambulatory individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) were studied. Energy demand for each work task was determined by percentage of PWC (%PWC). Results indicate that an eight week training program increased the PWC as evaluated by an exercise test on the Schwinn Air-Dyne Ergometer. The performance of the individuals for the simulated tasks measured in %PWC increased significantly, suggesting that individuals with CP could benefit from a training program and would be able to work eight hours before experiencing fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of altitude on second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: ON- and OFF-model scores derived from blood parameters sensitive to erythropoiesis have been shown to be a useful tool to identify athletes who are currently injecting erythropoietin to enhance performance or those who have recently stopped doing so. We investigated changes in blood parameters and model scores during and after exposure to terrestrial and simulated altitudes. DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated changes in hematologic data collected from 19 elite cyclists who lived and trained 2690 m above sea level for 26-31 days, from six elite Kenyan runners who lived 2100 m above sea level but descended to compete at sea level competitions, and from 39 well-trained subjects who resided at sea level but slept at a simulated altitude of 2650-3000 m for 20-23 days of either consecutive or intermittent nightly exposure. RESULTS: Upon ascent to a terrestrial altitude, ON- and OFF-model scores increased immediately, mainly because of an increase in hemoglobin concentration. Scores had not returned fully to baseline three weeks after return to sea level, because of the persistence of the raised hemoglobin concentration for the ON and OFF scores and a fall in reticulocyte percentage for OFF scores. Effects were smaller or negligible for simulated altitude. For Kenyan runners, ON- and OFF-model scores decreased within seven days of descent to sea level. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results reinforce the notion that caution should be exercised when interpreting blood results from athletes who have recently been exposed to either terrestrial or simulated altitude, and appropriate allowance should be made for the effect of altitude on blood model scores.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1990

[Medical application of computers in obstetrics and gynecology education].

Its related the development of two application in Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) in Medical Education with an Apple IIc and 128 K. The first using the PILOT for student; and the second a program of "Simulation of Labor Troubles" for interns and specialty training developed in BASIC. Am special point is the lower time training for the teacher with the PILOT. Its demonstrate the improvement through the qualification in relation to other evaluation in the same year and the relations with other questions during the same test.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

Training and assessing complex decision-making in a virtual environment.

The current report describes a procedure for training and assessing complex decision-making in a virtual environment. Focusing on small unit leaders, 7 experienced and 7 inexperienced Army platoon leaders performed missions in a combat simulator, where they were required to direct the activities of 3 subordinate leaders and computer-generated forces in 4 different operations in a virtual urban setting. Objective and subjective assessments of the training value of the simulations showed that both experienced an inexperienced platoon leaders improved their decision-making across the four missions, and both groups rated this "virtual environment" training procedure as useful and positive. Lessons learned and implications for designing similar training protocols for other domains are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Heart rate and workload variations in actual and simulated flight.

The monitoring of heart rate in aviation research provides a global index of pilot workload. Heart rate variability is a promising measure but more complex to assess and therefore less often used, especially in dynamic task environments. The application of spectral analysis techniques of heart rate for workload assessment in aviation is illustrated and discussed. Ideally, workload assessment includes real-time or continuous measures to reveal variations in workload as pilots accomplish their tasks. Four studies are discussed that used heart rate measures for the assessment of: (1) training effectiveness; (2) stress of flight instruction; (3) simulator realism; and (4) flight task difficulty. Results indicate that cardiovascular measures are well suited to index different mental states of pilots as well as their dynamic responses to variations in workload.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Incus and stapes footplate simulator.

Prosthesis placement in stapes surgery is difficult to master. Although temporal bone dissection is an important adjunct to operative experience and anatomic knowledge when training residents to perform this procedure, the high cost and scarcity of temporal bones available for teaching purposes limit their convenience as teaching tools. Therefore, to augment training of residents, the authors developed an inexpensive, easily constructed middle ear simulator made from a disposable drinking cup, toothpicks, and a tongue depressor. The device is used with a microscope and ear instruments to manipulate, place, and crimp stapes prostheses. Improved surgical skills can lead to better surgical results, and this middle ear simulator can help to improve otologic surgical skills by giving residents the opportunity to practice techniques necessary to master stapes surgery.

Ear Ossicles↗
PubMed1996

Modeling the attenuation and failure of action potentials in the dendrites of hippocampal neurons.

We modeled two different mechanisms, a shunting conductance and a slow sodium inactivation, to test whether they could modulate the active propagation of a train of action potentials in a dendritic tree. Computer simulations, using a compartmental model of a pyramidal neuron, suggest that each of these two mechanisms could account for the activity-dependent attenuation and failure of the action potentials in the dendrites during the train. Each mechanism is shown to be in good qualitative agreement with experimental findings on somatic or dendritic stimulation and on the effects of hyperpolarization. The conditions under which branch point failures can be observed, and a few experimentally testable predictions, are presented and discussed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Validation of virtual reality simulators: Key to the successful integration of a novel teaching technology into minimal access surgery.

Minimal access surgery (MAS) requires additional training in the surgical curriculum, as skills needed to perform MAS are quite different from those used in open surgery. Moreover, residents do not seem to experience ample opportunity to gain such skills in the current surgical curriculum. Virtual reality (VR) simulation offers an interesting opportunity to train such skills in a safe, supporting environment. As with any new development, one should be careful about integrating costly technology into practice before it has been properly validated.This article outlines the requirements for a valid and integrated approach towards the integration of novel VR simulation systems in minimal access surgery.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Mask-on hypoxia training for tactical jet aviators: evaluation of an alternate instructional paradigm.

INTRODUCTION: Hypoxia familiarization instruction has been an integral part of military aviation training for more than 60 yr. Traditionally, aircrew learn hypoxia recognition while being exposed to hypobaric conditions in a low-pressure chamber (LPC). A training device has been developed that induces hypoxia using mixed gas delivered through an aviator's oxygen mask. The reduced oxygen breathing device (ROBD) simulates the diminished oxygen present at altitude by mixing breathing air and nitrogen under normobaric conditions. The purpose of this paper is to describe an alternate hypoxia training paradigm that combines the ROBD with tactical flight simulators and to present results from student surveys. METHODS: Dynamic hypoxia instruction was provided inside F/A-18 tactical flight simulators using a second generation ROBD (ROBD-2). There were 121 naval aviators who were individually exposed to a simulated altitude of 7620 m (25,000 ft) while performing complex flight duties. Subsequent to ROBD training, all students completed a 19-question, anonymous survey that asked them to rate the quality of the instruction. RESULTS: Of the 121 students trained with the ROBD-2 in combination with a flight simulator, 114 (94.2%) were able to recognize their hypoxia symptoms and recover the aircraft, 117 (96.7%) rated ROBD training as more realistic, and 110 (90.9%) as more effective than traditional LPC training. DISCUSSION: Student feedback from this instructional evaluation indicates that using an ROBD in combination with actual flight duties is a safe, effective, and preferred means of training experienced tactical jet aviators to recognize and recover from hypoxia.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Analysis and simulation of gain control and precision in crayfish visual interneurons.

Impulse trains in sustaining and dimming fibers of crayfish optic lobe (in situ) were elicited with sinusoidal extrinsic current and sine-wave illumination. Extrinsic currents and currents derived from postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) were used to compute the time course of the spike train with an adaptive integrate-and-fire model. The neurons exhibit variations in gain and spike timing precision related to the frequency of stimulation. These phenomena are influenced by spike-frequency adaptation and nonlinearities in the PSP. Dimming fibers exhibit relatively strong spike-frequency adaptation and an associated increase in gain with the frequency of sinusoidal extrinsic current and sine-wave illumination. The dimming fiber IPSP promotes spike train rectification, and rectification contributes to spike timing precision. Sustaining fibers exhibit weaker spike-frequency adaptation and the gain of the current-elicited response is less sensitive to stimulus frequency. The sustaining fiber excitatory PSP, however, exhibits a strong frequency-dependent nonlinearity that influences the frequency response. Spike timing precision is a function of stimulus frequency in all cells and it is enhanced by rectification of the discharge and/or resonance. In rectified responses the jitter in spike times is closely related to the variance in the times the membrane potential reaches spike threshold. These gain and spike timing results are well approximated by the simulated responses. Because the nonlinearity of the sustaining fiber PSP entails a high rate of depolarization, the PSP can increase the precision of spike timing by 10- to 100-fold compared with the response to pure sine-wave stimuli. This enhanced precision has implications for crayfish oculomotor reflexes that are driven by sustaining fibers and highly sensitive to impulse timing during transient excitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Computer simulation of field distribution and excitation of denervated muscle fibers caused by surface electrodes.

In the course of this study, 2 submodels have been developed and combined, the 2-D finite element modeling of the electrical potential distribution in the human thigh and a Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) type model to calculate fiber excitation and action potential propagation. To determine the excitation of the target muscle fiber with the help of the activating function, the fiber's orientation within the muscle has to be known. The electric field along the fiber has to be calculated as a function of the applied electric current and the potential at the electrodes, respectively. The excitement of the muscle fibers varies across a wide range depending on the active and passive membrane parameters and the intracellular and extracellular mediums. Persisting denervation leads to a decay of muscle cells, and a partial substitution by fibroblasts occurs. The electrical activation of these tissues is more difficult, and biphasic stimulation pulses up to 200 ms in duration and 60-100 V in amplitude are needed to cause a contraction of the denervated muscle. An example shows the field distribution and the simulated activity in one representative muscle fiber of a well trained m. rectus femoris.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1978

Computer simulated discharges of thalamic ventrobasal neurones during sleep and wakefulness.

A theoretical model is described which in response to combinations of poissonian pulse trains with different mean frequencies on three independent incoming lines, generated output signals simulating spontaneous discharges of thalamic ventrobasal (VB) neurones during sleep and wakefulness. Some dynamic neuronal properties as refractoriness, facilitation, short term memory were simulated and characteristics of response to single pulses on different lines properly selected to reproduce those exhibited by VB neurones upon artificial stimulation of thalamic afferent systems. The data obtained from the model are briefly discussed in relation to possible contributions of specific and nonspecific afferent systems in producing spontaneous VB discharges characteristic of different levels of vigilance.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Real-time haptic interface for VR colonoscopy simulation.

Colonoscopy is an endoscopic medical procedure where the colon of the patient is examined. This minimally invasive technique is performed with a colonoscope, a long tube with an integrated imaging device at its tip. The doctors performing these procedures require high skills in multiple domains such as hand-eye coordination, visualization, safety and ease at guiding flexible endoscopes. The importance of training colonoscopy procedures rises with the growth of variety of colon diseases. In order to safely train surgeons to these procedures, a computer-assisted haptic simulator is proposed. This paper describes both the haptic hardware interface and virtual reality software that compose the training system. A high friction belt is used to render the required forces and to insure the absence of slippage. A differential drive actuated with two DC motors enables to set the system into translation and rotation. A virtual reality environment has been developed to provide real-time visualisation and force feedback.

Colonoscopy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The value of acute care simulation.

Simulation of crises has long been a component of training in the aviation and nuclear industries. This technology has been successfully transferred and adapted to acute care medicine and allied health care. In this article, we describe the capabilities and uses of human acute care simulation at West Virginia University Hospital.

Anesthesiology↗

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