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PubMed1982

A comparative study on the specificity of Androctonus australis (Saharan scorpion) and Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) agglutinins.

The specificities of Limulus polyphemus and Androctonus australis sera were compared by agglutination and agglutination-inhibition micromethods with human untreated and enzyme-treated peripheral blood cells (erythrocytes, normal lymphocytes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes). Androctonus sera give higher titers than Limulus sera with erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Both sera show more avidity for leukemic than for normal lymphocytes. Limulus sera fail to agglutinate neuraminidase-treated cells but Androctonus sera react with untreated and neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes at the same degree. Sialyl-lactose is the best inhibitor for Androctonus sera, followed by N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic acids, glucuronic and galacturonic acids, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. The amounts of inhibitor required depend upon the particular cell and enzyme treatment: agglutination of neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes by Androctonus is inhibited by lower concentrations of the same compounds that inhibit untreated erythrocytes agglutination. Results suggest that although Limulus and Androctonus have specificity for sialic acid containing compounds, on the cell surface, the Limulus receptors might be different from Androctonus receptors.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1967

Chronic hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinins: the mechanism of resistance of red cells to C' hemolysis by cold agglutinins.

The red cells of patients with chronic hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinins are agglutinated by antiglobulin serum in a nongamma reaction due to the coating of beta-globulins, C'4 and C'3. The red cells of such patients are abnormally resistant to C' hemolysis by cold agglutinin. Normal red cells can be made equally resistant to C' hemolysis by incubation with cold agglutinin and normal serum at temperatures which allow transient reactions between the red cells and cold agglutinins. The development of resistance to C' hemolysis was related to increasing susceptibility to agglutination in anti-beta(1c)- and anti-beta(1e)-sera and by increasing uptake of (131)I activity from labeled anti-beta-globulin serum containing antibodies for both globulins. There was decrease in the adsorption of (131)I-labeled cold agglutinin during the development of resistance to C' hemolysis and reduced susceptibility to agglutination by cold agglutinins. Since cold agglutinins have been demonstrated to dissociate from the red cell, leaving fractions of C' globulin attached, it is postulated that repeated transient reactions produce the accumulation of incomplete C' complexes. Steric hindrance by the adsorbed C' complexes is probably responsible for the inhibition of the reaction with cold agglutinin. There is evidence that the adsorbed C' complexes also interfere with the hemolytic action of C' even when cold agglutinin has become reattached to the red cells. The accumulation of C' complexes by cold agglutinins appears to be the most important factor in the abnormal resistance to C' hemolysis exhibited by the patient's red cells. Other factors, such as the heterogeneity within a population of normal cells, appear to be of minor significance.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1976

Examination of the envelope antigen K1 in Yersinia enterocolitica which was identified as fimbriae.

The envelope antigen K1 found in the majority of Yersinia enterocolica (Y. ent.) strains belonging to the O group 10 as described by WAUTERS, was re-examined under the electron microscope, and identified as being fimbriae. These fimbriae envelop the bacterial cell with a dense fringe. Single filaments show a width of 2.5 to 1.7 nm whilst their length is variable, often many times the size of the bacterial cell. Fimbriated Y. ent. cultures do not form pellicle, and the haemagglutination test is negative. They are O and fimbriae agglutinable. Test results for the acknowledged 3 antigenic differences, i.e. agglutinability, agglutinin-binding capacity and agglutinogenic capacity showed that: 1. there is a certain thermo-lability as to the agglutinability. For its total suppression, half-an-hour's boiling at 120 degrees C of the culture fim+ is necessary. Chemical treatment of such a culture hardly impairs the agglutinability of fimbriae. 2. the agglutinin-binding (= absorbing) capacity of the fimbrial antigen is little affected by continuous heating, even up to 3 hrs. However, at least half-an-hour's boiling at 120 degrees C or alternatively chemical treatment with 50% alcohol or nHC1 practically destroys this ability. 3. The heating process has a significant and progressive effect on the agglutinogenic capacity of the Y. ent. fimbriae which is destroyed irrevocably after 30 mins. boiling at 120 degrees C. Chemical treatment hardly affects this character. It is recommended to use a formalised culture Y. ent. fim+ for the preparation of a specific Y. ent. fimbrial serum. For the elimination of O antibodies, this antiserum should be absorbed with a strain fim- of the same O group. Provided the strain was incubated at 37 degrees C, no H absorption is required, because Y. ent. strains do not form flagella at that incubation temperature.

Agglutination Tests↗