PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Axis, Cervical Vertebra”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Spinal ataxia caused by an occipito-atlanto-axial malformation in a lamb].

A three month old lamb suffering from locomotory disturbances was submitted to the clinic. It had a tilted head to the left and an atactic gait especially in the hind limbs. When it was forced to stop or to change direction it fell down. General condition and sensorium were apart from a reduced bathyaesthesia normal. By clinical and laboratory examination some possible causes of locomotion disturbances in lambs like copper deficiency, nutritive muscle dystrophy and meningitis could be ruled out. By X-ray examination an asymmetry of the os occipitale and atlas was diagnosed. They were not well distinguishable from each other. The second vertebra showed a rotation with angulation of its longitudinal axis to the left and a dorso-lateral subluxation. By myelography a narrowing of the vertebral canal between first and second vertebra could be shown. Because of the poor prognosis the animal was euthanised. The pathological examination confirmed and completed the X-ray findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Morphology and embryological interpretation of a congenital occipito-atlanto-axial malformation in a dog.

A clinical, radiological, and morphological study of a congenital occipito-atlanto-axial malformation in a 13-week-old male Saint Bernard dog that became suddenly tetraplegic at 8 weeks is described. The dog was recumbent, had generalized muscle atrophy, but was alert and responsive. Pain was elicited when the head-neck junction and the cervical vertebrae were palpated, and a bony abnormality was palpated at the occiput and atlas. Clinical signs of upper motor neuron and general proprioceptive deficits in all four limbs were compatible with a focal lesion in the cervical spinal cord. Plain radiographs of the head and neck revealed malformation of the occipital bones, atlas, and axis, unilateral atlanto-occipital fusion, and atlanto-axial subluxation. At necropsy the right half of the atlantal neural arch was fused to the right exoccipital bone. On the axis, the dens was small, malformed, and deviated to the left; the transverse processes were enlarged; and the spinous process was small with a cleft caudally. The spinal cord was severely compressed at the level of the atlanto-axial articulation, and histological examination revealed extensive loss of neuronal cell bodies, axons, myelin, and the central canal. Reactive astrogliosis was also extensive. After a discussion of normal and abnormal development of the vertebral column and its joints, it was concluded that a failure of normal joint development at about 30 days of gestation in the dog could lead to congenital occipito-atlanto-axial malformation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

CT of dens axis fractures.

The distinction between the different types of dens axis fracture is important. Fractures at the base of dens (Type II) may be overlooked if reformated images are not made. If the fracture extends downward into the body of the vertebra (Type III), the body fragment may rotate into the spinal canal. The rotation is difficult to see on plain films, but is easily seen at axial CT.

Axis, Cervical Vertebra↗
PubMed2001

Acute respiratory compromise associated with flexed cervical traction after C2 fractures.

STUDY DESIGN: Acute respiratory compromise is occasionally observed in a subgroup of patients with upper spinal injuries involving the C2 vertebrae. A retrospective review was performed to identify fracture types and risk factors for early respiratory deterioration following injury to the upper cervical spine. OBJECTIVES: To examine the frequency of respiratory complications encountered following traction manipulation of specific upper cervical spinal injuries involving the C2 vertebrae. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Major complications related to cervical skeletal traction are uncommon. Respiratory compromise with occasional mortality has been observed. Risk factors for acute respiratory failure are unknown. METHODS: The medical records of 166 consecutive patients with fractures of the C2 vertebrae admitted between January 1994 and July 1998 to a regional spinal cord injury center were examined. Demographic data, injury subtype, fracture displacement, respiratory status, treatment method, and outcome at discharge were examined. Patients with comorbidities compromising respiratory function were excluded. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-five patients met the inclusion criteria of this study. Sixty-one patients had Type II odontoid fractures of which 53 were displaced (32 posteriorly and 21 anteriorly). In addition, there were 21 patients with Type III odontoid fractures, 33 with axis C2 body fractures, 32 with Hangman's fractures, and eight patients with an os odontoideum. Thirteen of 32 patients with posteriorly displaced odontoid fractures experienced acute respiratory compromise following reduction with cervical skeletal traction and immobilization, while only three of the remaining 123 patients had respiratory difficulties. Respiratory distress as a consequence of cervical spine fractures resulted in three deaths. Two of these patients had posteriorly displaced Type II odontoid fractures whose airway could not be emergently intubated. CONCLUSION: Frequent respiratory deterioration (40% of patients) during acute management of posteriorly displaced Type II odontoid fractures after reduction was observed. Physicians must be aware that cervical flexion in the treatment of posteriorly displaced odontoid fractures may significantly increase the risk of airway obstruction due to the presence of acute retropharyngeal swelling. This may be avoided with elective nasotracheal intubation in this upper cervical spine fracture subtype.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Morphological and functional studies on the lateral joints of the first and second cervical vertebrae in man.

The articular surfaces of the lateral atlanto-axial joints in man were analyzed with respect to their biomechanical aspects. The joint surfaces were investigated macroscopically, and the texture of the tangential fiber layer of the articular cartilage was studied with the aid of the split-line method. Furthermore, the thickness of cartilage was measured. From the results obtained the authors draw the conclusion that especially the mode of rotational movement between C1 and C2 changes within a life time. As a consequence, the distribution of stress in the lateral atlanto-axial joint is modified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Management strategies for tumors of the axis vertebra.

Primary and metastatic tumors of the axis vertebra pose difficult surgical problems. The authors report 14 cases of patients with axis tumors who underwent surgery between 1970 and 1993. The eight male and six female patients ranged in age from 9 to 70 years (mean 46 years). Presenting symptoms and signs included pain in 12, myelopathy in nine, radiculopathy in four, and cranial nerve deficits in two patients. Preoperative instability of the cervical spine was present in eight patients. The goal of surgery was to achieve diagnosis, decompression, and stabilization; the choice of operative intervention was based on tumor location and patient prognosis. Six transoral-transpalatal resections, two lateral extrapharyngeal approaches, four posterolateral decompressions, and 11 dorsal decompressions were performed. Eleven fusion procedures were required to achieve spinal stability. Patients with aggressive tumors requiring concomitant radiotherapy underwent fusion using contoured loop instrumentation or methyl methacrylate, whereas those with benign lesions underwent fusion using traditional techniques. With maximum medical and surgical intervention, 10 patients are alive and their tumors are in remission. In eight of these 10 patients, gross-total resection was achieved. Four patients died from tumor progression, and in three of these cases gross-total resection was not possible. There were no operative deaths and morbidity was minimal. Development of new surgical approaches to the axis has allowed resection of previously inoperable tumors. The extent of resection correlated with the duration of survival. A classification system for axis tumors is proposed to facilitate selection of appropriate surgical approaches that will maximize the extent of resection while achieving or maintaining spinal stability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Maxillo-nasal dysplasia (Binder syndrome) and associated malformations of the cervical spine.

Forty-three patients with maxillo-nasal dysplasia have been subjected to a radiographic examination of the cervical spine. In 44.2 per cent malformations of the cervical vertebrae of a minor or major type were revealed. Dysplasia of the vertebral bodies related to persistence of the chorda dorsalis, a very rare malformation, was found in six cases. No correlation between the incidence or severity of the malformations and the degree of malocclusion of the jaws and facial deformity, characteristic of Binder syndrome, were noted. The maxillo-nasal dysplasia and the spinal malformations probably have a common cause during the embryologic stage.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1992

[A case of heterotopic ossification in the parapharyngeal region connected with the C2 vertebra in a 9-year-old girl].

A rare case of extraskeletal ossification in the parapharyngeal region related to C2 cervical vertebra was observed in a child, without any history of trauma, inflammation or endocrinological disease. One-step surgical intervention was carried out from the side of the neck and pharynx making possible complete removal of the lesion. The girl was admitted to the hospital with dysphagia and breathing difficulties increasing in the last 6 months. During that time the child was observed in laryngological hospital departments. After the operation Horner syndrome and hypoglossal paresis developed, but presently the child is without symptoms.

Axis, Cervical Vertebra↗
PubMed1986

A rare anomaly of the axis: report of a case with shaded three-dimensional computed tomographic display.

A rare anomaly of the C-2 vertebra (axis) was found in a 54-year-old man with myelopathy. In addition to spina bifida of C-2 and abnormal articulations between C-2 and C-3, the lamina of the axis was separated from the rest of the posterior arch on each side, and the free dysplastic laminae and spinous process invaginated deeply into the spinal canal. The condition differed from the infrequent but previously described cervical spondylolysis in that the pars interarticularis and the pedicle were not dehiscent. Shaded three-dimensional computed tomographic display proved most useful in demonstrating this complicated osseous anomaly.

Axis, Cervical Vertebra↗
PubMed2000

Validation and use of a finite element model of C-2 for determination of stress and fracture patterns of anterior odontoid loads.

OBJECT: The finite element (FE) method is a powerful tool for the analysis of stress patterns of anatomical structures. In this study a highly refined FE model of C-2 was created and validated. The model was then used to characterize stress patterns, predicted fracture patterns, and transitions between Type II and Type III odontoid fractures. METHODS: An anatomically accurate three-dimensional model of C-2 was created from computerized tomography data obtained from the Visible Human Project. The C-2 model was broken down into an FE mesh consisting of 32,815 elements and 40,969 nodes. For validation, the FE model was constrained and loaded to simulate that used in previous biomechanical studies. The validated model was then loaded in an iterative fashion, varying the orientation of the load within the validated range. A matrix of stress plots was created for comparative analysis. Results of the validation testing closely correlated with those obtained in previous biomechanical testing. Pure extension loading produced a Type III stress pattern with maximum stress of 134 MPa. Loading at 45 degrees produced a Type II stress distribution with a maximum stress of 123 MPa. These stresses are within 3% and 11%, respectively, of the reported yield stress of cortical bone (138 MPa). In the second portion of the study, systematic variation in the orientation of the load vector revealed that higher stresses were associated with increased lateral angulation and increasing upward inclination of the load vectors. A transition from a Type III to Type II pattern occurred with lateral orientations greater than 15 degrees and with compressive loads of 45 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The validated C-2 FE model described in this study both qualitatively and quantitatively was able to simulate the behavior of the C-2 vertebra in biomechanical testing. In this study the authors demonstrate the utility of the FE method when used in conjunction with traditional biomechanical testing.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

CT and MRI in hydatid disease of cervical vertebrae.

Hydatid disease (HD) of the cervical spine is rare. A case investigated by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented. While CT shows the bone lesion better, MRI is superior in demonstrating compression of neural structures. The complementary use of CT and MRI in such cases is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Fractures of the atlantoaxial complex in the elderly: assessment of radiological spectrum of fractures and factors influencing imaging diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of atlantoaxial fractures in a population of consecutive elderly patients, including assessment of type, distribution and associated clinical and radiological findings, and to analyze any influence of the causative trauma mechanism on the individual fracture pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The distribution and type of 123 atlantoaxial fractures in 95 subjects older than 65 years (range: 65 - 102; mean age: 79 years) were retrospectively assessed. For each subject, trauma mechanism and clinical and neurological status were recorded at admission. Initial imaging studies of the cervical spine were reviewed. Preexistent degenerative changes were assessed and the atlantoaxial fractures classified. Data were evaluated for the frequency of different types of fractures of C1 and C2 and for accompanying fractures of cervical vertebrae or the occipital condyles, respectively. RESULTS: The majority of patients with injuries of the atlantoaxial complex had fractures of C2 (90 of 95, 95 %). A large proportion of these patients (67 of 90, 74 %) had odontoid fractures. An isolated fracture of C1 was present in only 5 (5 %) patients. Associated fractures of the occipital condyles or other cervical vertebrae were rare (10 of 95, 11 %). The main trauma mechanism for atlantoaxial injuries was a fall (56 of 95, 59 %). Elderly patients injured in motor vehicle accidents were more likely to have isolated fractures of C2 and Type III fractures of the odontoid (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: In elderly patients, fractures of the atlantoaxial complex are mainly caused by falls and almost always involve C2. The trauma mechanism influences the fracture pattern.

Accidental Falls↗