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PubMed1950

[Basal metabolism].

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Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1978

The preferential role of triiodothyronine in the regulation of basal metabolic rate in hyper- and hypothyroidism.

The free triiodothyronine index (FT3I) was significantly correlated to basal metabolic rate (BMR) in hyperthyroid (r=+0.63, p less than 0.01) and hypothyroid patients (r=+0.61, p less than 0.05). Elimination of the effect of the free thyroxine index (FT4I) on the total correlation between BMR and FT3I by partial correlation analysis gave partial r=+0.60, p less than 0.01 in hyperthyroid patients and partial r=+0.43, p less than 0.1 in hypothyroid patients. The FT4I did not correlate to BMR in either hyper- or hypothyroid patients. These results point to triiodothyronine as the major regulator of BMR in hyper- and hypothyroidism.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Basal metabolism and postprandial thermogenesis in anorexia nervosa and constitutional leanness].

Body composition and energy expenditure (basal metabolic rate--BMR--and postprandial thermogenesis--PPT) were evaluated in 11 anorectic patients, 16 very lean young women and 26 control female subjects. BMR in absolute terms was severely depressed in the anorectics when compared to the other two groups (p less than 0.01). After adjustment for fat free mass BMR was significantly higher in the lean subjects than the controls (p less than 0.05). PTT was studied for 240 minutes after the ingestion of a 3.56 MJ mixed meal (16% Prot, 50% CHO and 34% Fat) in 7 anorectics, 7 lean and 8 control women. PPT was similar in the anorectics and in the controls, but lower in the lean subjects (p less than 0.05) than in the other two groups. This study shows that a sharp decline in BMR occurs in severely undernourished anorectic patients who, however, have a normal PPT. On the other hand, very lean healthy women tend to have higher BMR but a decreased thermic response to a mixed test meal.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Validation of prediction equations for basal metabolic rate in chinese subjects.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the validity of existing prediction equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) and two generated regression equations in healthy Chinese subjects and patients with chronic diseases. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and thirty-four healthy Chinese volunteers of aged 16-88 among staff working in Shatin Hospital and their relatives, and 30 elderly patients with heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) were recruited. INTERVENTIONS: Height, weight, biceps and triceps skinfold thickness, body fat percentage, and BMR were measured in the healthy subjects and patients. Two regression equations were derived from 70 healthy Chinese subjects. Three existing equations (WHO, Liu and Jia equations) and two derived equations were then cross-validated in 64 subjects and 30 patients. RESULTS: For the healthy Chinese subjects, as well as patients, the BMR calculated by Liu was the closest to the measured BMR among all the equations, although there was slight underestimation for patients. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that the Liu equation is the most appropriate for predicting BMR in healthy Chinese subjects, but it underestimates the BMR in those with chronic diseases. Fat-free mass is the best predictor of measured BMR. SPONSORSHIP: Unrestricted research grant in nutrition from the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Basal metabolism of weight-stable chronically undernourished men and women: lack of metabolic adaptation and ethnic differences.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether weight-stable chronically energy-deficient subjects exhibit evidence of metabolic adaptation and to establish whether international predictive equations overestimate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of tropical populations. BMR, body weight, height, and fat-free mass (FFM) by underwater weighing were measured in healthy, physically active urban dwellers of low socioeconomic status (178 men and women aged 22-38 y) in Bangalore, Southern India. Subjects were selected on the basis of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) and classified in three groups: severely undernourished (BMI < 17.0; n = 30 men, n = 25 women), marginally undernourished (BMI = 17.0-18.5; n = 31 men, n = 30 women), and well nourished (BMI > 18.5; n = 27 men, n = 35 women). The BMR of the well-nourished group, expressed in absolute terms (6.20 and 5.18 MJ/d for men and women, respectively), was significantly higher (P < 0.000) than that of the severely undernourished group (5.72 and 4.64 MJ/d for men and women, respectively). Normalizing BMR for either body weight or FFM by analysis of covariance abolished all differences. The mean BMR of the low-BMI study group was substantially higher (11-14%) than reported previously for undernourished Indian adults. The BMR of both men and women, regardless of their nutritional status, was accurately estimated by age- and sex-specific FAO/WHO/UNU equations. These findings suggest the absence of an enhanced metabolic response in weight-stable chronically undernourished adults. This is in contrast with earlier reports, and supports more recent views. The study also provides evidence of the absence of ethnic-specific energy turnover in Indians.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Nutrition, thyroid function and basal metabolism of the Evenki of central Siberia.

Considerable research has shown that indigenous circumpolar populations have elevated basal metabolic rates (BMR). Such elevations are likely promoted by changes in thyroid hormone levels; however, to date, this link between thyroid function and variation in BMR has not been explicitly demonstrated in an indigenous northern group. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine 1) the influence of dietary and nutritional factors on variation in thyroid hormone levels, and 2) the influence of thyroid levels on BMR in a sample of indigenous Siberian herders (the Evenki). Measures of body size and composition, dietary intake, thyroid hormones (total and free T3 and T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and BMR were obtained for 60 adult subjects (19 males; 41 females) ranging in age from 18-56 years. Thyroid hormone levels in the Evenki were significantly correlated with measures of dietary intake and body composition. Among men, total T3 levels were positively correlated with body weight and fat-free mass (FFM), and negatively correlated with percent body fat; free T4 levels were positively correlated with dietary energy, protein and fat consumption. Among wo-men, there were no clear associations between body composition and thyroid levels; however, dietary energy and protein intakes were po-sitively correlated with total T4 and free T3 levels, respectively. Variation in thyroid hormone levels was associated with differences in BMR. In both sexes, deviations from predicted BMR were positively correlated with free T4 levels. These results demonstrate a link between thyroid hormones and elevated BMR in an indigenous circumpolar population. Further, they show the importance of dietary and nutritional factors for influencing thyroid function and, in turn, metabolic rates among such northern groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Basal metabolic rates of Turkish women during pregnancy.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the basal metabolic rates (BMRs) of pregnant Turkish women and to compare them with values from other countries. Twenty-four pregnant women (aged 24.8+/-5.7 years) were studied longitudinally from early pregnancy through to the end of pregnancy. BMR values were measured in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters by indirect calorimetry. While the measured BMR significantly increased (279+/-212 kcal/day between the 1st and 3rd trimesters), no change was found when BMR was expressed per unit of body weight. BMR in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters showed a significant correlation with body weight. The BMR increase in pregnant Turkish women was close to that reported in developed countries, and higher than that reported in developing countries. Knowing the metabolic changes of the pregnant women may contribute to dietary recommendations for them.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between diet quality and basal metabolic rate in endotherms: insights from intraspecific analysis.

In this article, we review intraspecific studies of basal metabolic rate (BMR) that address the correlation between diet quality and BMR. The "food-habit hypothesis" stands as one of the most striking and often-mentioned interspecific patterns to emerge from studies of endothermic energetics. Our main emphasis is the explicit empirical comparison of predictions derived from interspecific studies with data gathered from within-species studies in order to explore the mechanisms and functional significance of the putative adaptive responses encapsulated by the food-habit hypothesis. We suggest that, in addition to concentrating on the relationship among diet quality, internal morphology, and BMR, new studies should also attempt to unravel alternative mechanisms that shape the interaction between diet and BMR, such as enzymatic plasticity, and the use of energy-saving mechanisms, such as torpor. Another avenue for future study is the measurement of the effects of diet quality on other components of the energy budget, such as maximum thermogenic and sustainable metabolic rates. It is possible that the effects of diet quality operate on such components rather than directly on BMR, which might then push or pull along changes in these traits. Results from intraspecific studies suggest that the factors responsible for the association between diet and BMR at an ecological timescale might not be the same as those that promoted the evolution of this correlation. Further analyses should consider how much of a role the proximate and ultimate processes have played in the evolution of BMR.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Basal metabolic rate, body weight and diet in primates: an evaluation of the evidence.

The relationship between basal metabolic rate (BMR), body weight and diet is examined for primates. Contrary to the results reported in several recent works, there is no strong evidence that diet is directly linked to BMR, although a low BMR, relative to body weight, may be found in species with folivorous diets. There is some evidence that nocturnal haplorhine species have a relatively low BMR, but strepsirhines appear to have a uniformly low relative BMR regardless of their primary activity period. The evolution of BMR in primates is discussed in the light of these findings. Some predictions are made about the relative BMRs that should be found for other species whose BMR is, as yet, unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Basal metabolic rate of Colombian children 2-16 y of age: ethnicity and nutritional status.

Measurements of basal metabolic rate (BMR) were made in 528 children 2-16 y of age living in underprivileged areas of the city of Cali, Colombia (153 control and 186 undernourished boys, 93 control and 96 undernourished girls). The data are related to BMR calculated from the equations of Schofield and to estimates of the lean body mass (LBM). The ethnic composition of the subjects was 80% mestizo (mixed European and South Amerindian ancestry), 15% black, and 5% white. The data do not show any variations due to race in these subjects. The Schofield equations overestimate the BMR of boys by approximately 6% whereas the estimation of BMR in girls is not significantly different from measured values. More than 65% of the variation in BMR of both nutritionally normal and undernourished boys and girls is explained by variation in body size as estimated by the LBM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Anthropometric estimation of basal metabolic rate in Nigeria children and adolescents of Niger delta region of Nigeria.

Most data on basal metabolic rates (BMR) obtained are from developed countries of the world and a few from Asian countries. No literature is available on BMR in Nigerian children, hence this investigation was carried out in a total of 801 randomly sampled human subjects 606 of whom are children (ages 6 to 17 years) and 195 adolescents' (ages 14 to 19 years). Among the children, 264 were boys while 342 were girls. In adolescents, 119 were boys and 76 were girls. It was found that the BMR in Nigerian children ranged between 33.3 and 58.42 in males, 37.54 and 53.42 in females. The BMR's were higher at lower age groups than in the older children. The BMR's were higher than those of their counter part caucasian or Asian children. But the results were within the 15% deviation set as normal standards by Mayo foundation standard charts of BMR.

Adolescent↗