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PubMed2004

Detection of micrometastasis of gastric carcinoma in peripheral blood circulation.

AIM: To detect the micrometastasis of gastric carcinoma in peripheral blood circulation using immunomagnetic beads sorting technique and RT-PCR technique, and to discuss its significance and the difference between the two methods. METHODS: Density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, immunomagnetic beads sorting technique and RT-PCR technique were used to detect the disseminated carcinoma cells. HE, immunocytochemical and immunofluorescence staining were also used to identify the characteristics of the cells separated with immunomagnetic beads sorting technique. RESULTS: Cells expressing cytokeratin were separated and enriched from the peripheral blood specimens of patients suffering from gastric carcinoma or chronic gastritis. After HE staining, two kinds of cells with little cytoplasm were found. Majority of these cells had small and round nuclei, even chromatins and the thickness of nuclear membrane was normal. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that there were CD34 and CD45 expression on the cell membrane of this kind of cells and these cells also showed expressed human telomerase reverse transcriptase by immunofluorescence staining, but the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen was absent. So, these cells might hematopoiesis precursors. Another kind of cells had larger and abnormal nuclei with thicker nuclear membranes. Massed chromatins and poly-nucleoli were found in the nuclei. These cells expressed human telomerase reverse transcriptase and carcinoembryonic antigen, but CD34 and CD45 were not found on the cell membrane. So, these cells were considered as gastric carcinoma cells escaping from the original focuses and existing in the peripheral blood circulation. Carcinoma cells were found in 25 of 60(41.7%) specimens of peripheral blood from patients with gastric carcinoma, while there were no such cells separated from the blood specimens of chronic gastritis patients. The difference of positive rates of disseminated carcinoma cells between two groups was markedly significant (P<0.005). The expressions of CK20 mRNA in peripheral blood specimens were examinated with RT-PCR. CK20 mRNA was detected from 32 of 60(53.3%) peripheral blood specimens in the group of gastric carcinoma patients, while none of the specimens from patients suffering from chronic gastritis had CK20 mRNA. Significant difference was also found between two groups (P<0.005). Statistic analyses also showed that there was a significant difference between the positive rates of two methods in detecting the disseminated carcinoma cells from the peripheral blood circulation of gastric carcinoma patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that there were disseminated carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood circulation of some patients with gastric carcinoma. Disseminated carcinoma cells can be detected from the peripheral blood samples with immunomagnetic beads sorting technique and RT-PCR technique. The positive rate of RT-PCR technique is higher than that of immunomagnetic beads sorting technique in detecting micrometastasis.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Alterations in electrolyte and trace-element concentrations during simulated extracorporeal blood circulation.

In our studies with simulated extracorporeal blood circulation we observed damaging effects on blood cells, especially under oxygenating conditions. In order to characterize these effects we also analysed electrolyte and trace-element concentrations in plasma during and after simulated extracorporeal blood circulation. Highest resorption effects for magnesium and highest desorption effects for calcium, copper and iron are found with oxygen gas flow in the system. Membrane permeability for electrolytes seems to be induced as well. Cellular damage due only to mechanical stress within the perfusion system can be neglected.

Calcium↗
PubMed1991

Effect of cell-bound proteins on the in vivo survival of circulating blood cells.

Normal circulating red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets have been shown to have small amounts of IgG on their membranes. The cell-bound IgG may be cytophilic (IgG nonspecifically adsorbed from the plasma) and/or IgG autoantibody. It has been suggested that most of the RBC-bound IgG is on older RBCs and is an autoantibody directed against senescent cell antigen (SCA). The accumulation of this RBC-bound IgG leads to Fc-dependent removal of senescent RBCs by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system. RBCs also have complement components on their membrane; it is not clear how this accumulates on RBCs and whether it has a physiologic function. This small amount of nonpathogenic RBC-bound IgG is not detected by the antiglobulin test. It is still unclear whether the major difference between pathogenic and nonpathogenic IgG autoantibodies is qualitative, quantitative, or both. Seemingly healthy blood donors (1 in 1,000 donors) and patients without hemolytic anemia (up to 8% of patients) have increased amounts (greater than 200 molecules/RBC) of RBC-bound IgG and complement that is detected by the antiglobulin test. This RBC-bound IgG has been shown to be an IgG autoantibody directed against blood group antigens, and/or IgG anti-idiotype, and/or IgG nonspecifically adsorbed onto the RBC membrane when plasma IgG levels are high. Most patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) have RBC-bound IgG and/or complement detectable by the antiglobulin test. Most of the RBC-bound IgG is of the IgG1 subclass, whether one examines the RBCs of healthy blood donors or hospitalized patients with and without AIHA. Although the quantity of RBC-bound IgG is generally higher in patients with AIHA, there is no clear correlation with the quantity of RBC-bound IgG and the rate of in vivo RBC destruction. There is some recent evidence that the SCA autoantibody may at times be pathogenic and cause autoimmune disease.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1998

Dose-dependent effect of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin on regional blood circulation of severely hemorrhaged rats.

Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), a hemoglobin-based blood substitute, has been found to improve systemic hemodynamics, cutaneous oxygen tension, and normalization of blood lactate levels and acid-base equilibrium after hemorrhage in animals. The present study was conducted to determine the dose-dependent effect of a 10% solution of DCLHb (20, 50, and 100% of shed blood volume; SBV) on regional blood circulation in hemorrhaged rats. Hemorrhage was induced in urethane-anesthetized rats by bleeding them at a rate of approximately .5 to 1 mL/min until a mean arterial pressure of 35-40 mmHg was achieved. This was maintained for up to 90 min to reach a base deficit of more than -12 mmol/L. Hemorrhage significantly decreased oxygen consumption, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, and regional blood circulation, but increased total peripheral resistance. The vehicle Ringer's lactate (RL at 20% of SBV, intravenously) did not produce any improvements in oxygen consumption, base deficit, systemic hemodynamics, and regional blood circulation. DCLHb increased oxygen consumption, decreased base deficit, and produced significant improvements in systemic hemodynamics and regional blood flow in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in blood flow was highly significant until 60 min, but was less marked at 120 min, after resuscitation with DCLHb. Resuscitation with RL (300% of SBV) significantly improved systemic and regional blood circulation. However, the improvement was greater after resuscitation with DCLHb (50 or 100% of SBV) as compared with RL at 300% SBV. DCLHb in the dose of 50% of SBV produced maximal resuscitative effects, which were comparable to a DCLHb dose of 100% of SBV. The effect of DCLHb at 50% of SBV on renal cortical blood perfusion, concentration of moving red blood cells (CMBC), and blood velocity was also studied using laser Doppler flowmetry. Hemorrhage produced a decrease in renal cortical blood perfusion (85.3%), which was due to a decrease in the CMBC (61.0%) and their velocity (64.2%). Resuscitation with the RL did not produce any improvement in renal cortical perfusion. However, resuscitation with DCLHb significantly increased renal cortical perfusion (364.7%) due to an increase in both CMBC (123.4%) and their velocity (109.9%). It is concluded that DCLHb in a dose of 50% of SBV produces maximal improvement in regional blood circulation of hemorrhaged rats.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1992

[Reinforcing qi and promoting blood circulation to prevent hepatic fibrosis due to bovine serum albumin immunologic injury].

44 Wistar female rats were divided randomly into 4 groups--normal control(I), case control (II), reinforcing Qi and promoting blood circulation(III) and nourishing Yin and promoting blood circulation(IV). After 4 times of bovine serum albumin (BSA) shock injection, the group III and the group IV were medicated through gastric intubation for 40 days respectively with 300% mixture of reinforcing Qi and promoting blood circulation and 300% mixture of nourishing Yin and promoting blood circulation. The results suggest the mixture of reinforcing Qi and promoting blood circulation has the function of alleviating pathological changes of liver, reducing the content of liver collagen, improving erythrocytic function of clearing away immune complexes and regulating humoral immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Surgical trauma evokes a rise in the frequency of hematopoietic progenitor cells and cytokine levels in blood circulation.

Alterations in the mononuclear cell populations in the blood circulation are among the most characteristic changes after surgical trauma. They reflect changes in the hematopoietic compartment which develop following surgery. The process of mobilization and differentiation of the hematopoietic population is regulated by cytokines known as growth factors for stem and progenitor cells (SCF, IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, IL-1L, TNF, CSFs). Our question was whether operative trauma resulted in the release of the hematopoietic progenitor cells to the blood circulation and an increase in the blood level of cytokines participating in hematopoiesis. The studies were carried out in patients with chronic cholelithiasis, undergoing elective open cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. An increase in the frequency of circulating CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells was seen between days 3 and 7 after surgery. Moreover, a significant increase in the percentage of immature cells of myeloid lineage (CD13+, CD14+, CD33+) was seen on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days. This could be the result of an expansion of the total bone marrow cell number after surgery and a subsequent release of these cells into the blood circulation. The changes in blood cell populations were accompanied by an increase in IL-6 on days 1, 3, and 7 following surgery, in IL-6sR on days 10 and 14 and in IL-8 on days 1 and 3. No significant changes in IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-3 and IL-11 were noted. A small rise in GM-CSF was noted in few patients on the 3rd and 7th postoperative days. It is known that IL6 is involved in hematopoiesis, that the IL6-IL-6sR complex may induce both proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and that IL8 possesses progenitor cell mobilization properties. The appearance of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the blood following surgery may represent a process for the expansion of the immune cell pool after trauma and maintaining of the reserves at a certain level.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Gingival tissue blood circulation in health and parodontal diseases as assessed by ultrasonic Dopplerography].

Hemodynamic indices of blood circulation in gingival tissues in health and parodontal diseases were determined basing on ultrasonic Dopplerography data on linear and volumetric blood circulation flow rate. It is shown that changes in hemodynamics of tissual blood flow in initial inflammatory diseases are moderate (linear and volumetric blood circulation flow rate came down by 22-40%). In more severe inflammation in the parodontium and in cases of parodontosis changes in hemodynamics of tissual blood flow were more pronounced (linear and volumetric blood circulation flow rate came down by 56-80%).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

PMEA polymer-coated PVC tubing maintains anti-thrombogenic properties during in vitro whole blood circulation.

Poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PMEA) is a new coating material that appears to reduce protein and platelet adsorption. However, the exact performance of PMEA coated circuit remains to be revealed in well-controlled experiments. Therefore, we compared its hemocompatibility with covalent-bound heparin-, and non-coated circuits during 6 hours of in vitro circulation, using donor blood from six volunteers. In our model, simple tubing circuits containing one-way ball valve were placed on the rotary table, which moved alternatively to generate pulsatile recirculation of heparinized human blood inside the tubing. Using this model, we expected fine assessment of the material surface, because we could reduce blood damage by avoiding air and a blood pump. Moreover, the small capacity of circuit allowed us to compare three kinds of circuits using a single unit of donor blood, eliminating effects by possible variations between blood donors. The anti-thrombin capacity of the PMEA-coated circuits was maintained even after six hours blood circulation, whereas surface thrombin generation increased markedly after use in non-coated circuits (P<0.05). Deposition of fibrin onto PMEA circuits was reduced more than 30% compared with heparin and non-coated circuits (P<0.05). However, the increase of plasma Factor XIIa was similar in all circuits. Increase of CD11b expression on circulating leukocytes and of plasma C3a was ameliorated in the heparin- and PMEA-coated circuits (P<0.05). PMEA-coated circuits appear to maintain their anti-thrombogenicity during use, otherwise PMEA-coated and heparin-coated circuits showed a similar character in hemocompatibility. This long-standing anti-thrombogenicity might be attributable to less adsorption of activated blood components onto the surface.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1983

[Gas exchange and blood circulation status in dogs following replacement of acute blood loss by perfluoro compound emulsions].

Blood circulation and gas exchange were examined after replacement of blood loss (50 ml/kg bw) in dogs by a preparation containing perfluorocompound (PFC) emulsion (20 v. %) and protein-salt solution (PSS) consisting of isotonic solution of electrolytes and donor's albumin, the final concentration of the latter in the preparation being equal to 5%. Animals with analogous blood loss replaced by PSS alone served as control. Infusion of the preparation under study led to a steady recovery of the main parameters of the hemodynamics disordered as a result of blood loss. Its infusion to experimental animals was followed by a noticeable increase in oxygen blood capacity, provoked a more considerable elevation of pO2 in arterial and venous blood as compared to control. Compensation with PFS emulsion for homeostatic changes that occurred in dogs after blood loss involved a more active oxygen utilization, whereas in controls, a more considerable increase of cardiac output. The study drug is offered as base for a blood substitute-oxygen carrier.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Pulse dye densitometry using indigo carmine is useful for cardiac output measurement, but not for circulating blood volume measurement.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the validity of a newly developed pulse dye densitometer for indigo carmine for measuring cardiac output and circulating blood volume. METHODS: Measurements of cardiac output and circulating blood volume were performed with the indigo carmine densitometer during normovolaemia, hypovolaemia and hypervolaemia in nine mongrel dogs under general anaesthesia. The validity was evaluated by comparison of the values of cardiac output and circulating blood volume obtained by the thermodilution technique and the 51Cr-labelled red blood cell method, respectively. We also examined indigo carmine removal by continuous veno-venous haemofiltration after indigo carmine injection. RESULTS: There was good agreement between dye densitometer- and thermodilution-derived cardiac output (r = 0.885, P < 0.001). The bias and limits of agreement of these values were 0.09 and+/-1.07 L min(-1) (2 SD, n 22), respectively. The dye-densitometer-derived circulating blood volume was greater than that of the 51Cr-labelled red blood cell method, and both values showed weak agreement (r = 0.587, P < 0.027). The sieving coefficient of indigo carmine through continuous veno-venous haemofiltration was 0.34+/-0.06. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that indigo carmine densitometry is a reliable method for cardiac output determination, but it overestimates circulating blood volume, probably due to the transition of indigo carmine into the extravascular space in the systemic circulation.

Algorithms↗