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PubMed2003

Biological monitoring of low level occupational xylene exposure and the role of recent exposure.

The correlation between low level time-weighted average (TWA) atmospheric xylene exposure (p.p.m.) and urinary methylhippuric acid (MHA) expressed per gram of creatinine was examined. Subjects were recruited from workplaces that utilized xylene. Ambient monitoring of o-, m- and p-xylene isomers was carried out using passive diffusion vapour monitors. Adjusted (post-shift minus pre-shift) and post-shift urinary levels of xylene metabolites (2-, 3- and 4-MHA) were determined by GC-MS. Twenty subjects were recruited into the study. Total xylene TWA exposures were 3.36 +/- 3.63 p.p.m. (mean +/- SD) with a range of 0.03-14.44 p.p.m. The r(2) values for the regression equations between xylene exposure and individual and total adjusted MHA isomers were 0.390, 0.709, 0.677 and 0.631 for o-, m-, p- and total xylenes, respectively, which was greater than the respective correlations between non-adjusted samples. In conclusion, biological monitoring of occupational xylene exposure at levels <15 p.p.m. using urinary MHA showed a good correlation with atmospheric levels and is a valid complement to ambient monitoring. Even though occupational xylene exposure in the workplaces studied was generally low, MHA was found in the pre-shift urine of all workers and the use of adjusted values showed modest improvements in correlations. Recent exposure prior to sampling, either from occupational or non-occupational sources, should be considered when biological monitoring of xylene is undertaken. Extrapolation of data from this study predicted a MHA concentration in post-shift urine of 1.3 g/g creatinine after exposure to a TWA of 100 p.p.m. xylene.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Occupational exposure to hexahydrophthalic anhydride: air analysis, percutaneous absorption, and biological monitoring.

Urinary hexahydrophthalic acid (HHP acid) levels were determined in 20 workers occupationally exposed to hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) air levels of 11-220 micrograms/m3. The levels of HHP acid in urine increased rapidly during exposure and the decreases were also rapid after the end of exposure. The elimination half-time of HHP acid was 5 h, which was significantly longer than in experimentally exposed volunteers, possibly indicating distribution to more than one compartment. There was a close correlation between time-weighted average levels of HHPA in air and creatinine-adjusted levels of HHP acid in urine collected during the last 4 h of exposure (r = 0.90), indicating that determination of urinary HHP acid levels is suitable as a method for biological monitoring of HHPA exposure. An air level of 100 micrograms/m3 corresponded to a postshift urinary HHP acid level of ca. 900 nmol/mmol creatinine in subjects performing light work for 8 h. Percutaneous absorption of HHPA was studied by application of HHPA in petrolatum to the back skin of three volunteers. The excreted amounts of HHP acid in urine, as a fraction of the totally applied amount of HHPA, were within intervals of 1.4%-4.5%, 0.2%-1.3%, and 0%-0.4% respectively, indicating that the contribution from percutaneous absorption is of minor importance in a method for biological monitoring.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Biological monitoring of radiation exposure.

Complementary to physical dosimetry, biological dosimetry systems have been developed and applied which weight the different components of environmental radiation according to their biological efficacy. They generally give a record of the accumulated exposure of individuals with high sensitivity and specificity for the toxic agent under consideration. Basically three different types of biological detecting/ monitoring systems are available: (i) intrinsic biological dosimeters that record the individual radiation exposure (humans, plants, animals) in measurable units. For monitoring ionizing radiation exposure, in situ biomarkers for genetic (e.g. chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes, germ line minisatellite mutation rates) or metabolic changes in serum, plasma and blood (e.g. serum lipids, lipoproteins, lipid peroxides, melatonin, antibody titer) have been used. (ii) Extrinsic biological dosimeters/indicators that record the accumulated dose in biological model systems. Their application includes long-term monitoring of changes in environmental UV radiation and its biological implications as well as dosimetry of personal UV exposure. (iii) Biological detectors/biosensors for genotoxic substances and agents such as bacterial assays (e.g. Ames test, SOS-type test) that are highly sensitive to genotoxins with high specificity. They may be applicable for different aspects in environmental monitoring including the International Space Station.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed1991

[Examination medicine in the industrial health--aspects of biological monitoring].

The data of the health examinations for workers during the last few decades show two changes on the health level of labor. One is the reincrease of the prevalence rate of the detected diseases in the periodic health examinations (PHE) after once decrease, the other is the continuous decrease of the prevalence rate of the clinical findings owing to harmful work in the special health examinations (SHE). The first change requires us to consider the PHE as not only the mass screening method of the adult diseases but also the health-check to collect the information provided for the preparation and the evaluation of the health instruction by which the worker tries to promote his own health. The second change suggests that the SHE for the workers employed for harmful work should not be regarded hereafter as the screening method for the occupational diseases but as the biological monitoring for the exposure and the effect of the low level of the harmful compounds to workers. In the case of lead workers, for instance, the lead concentration in blood (B-Pb) and in urine (U-Pb) and the delta-amino levulinic acid in urine (U-ALA) are employed in SHE as the biological monitoring, and these have been considered to correlate well with the lead level in the air (A-Pb). However, A-Pb in workshops B-Pb, U-Pb and U-ALA level in the lead workers are decreasing year by year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed1993

Biological monitoring of styrene in the reinforced plastics industry in Emilia Romagna, Italy.

Biological monitoring of styrene exposure among workers in the reinforced plastics industry is widely implemented in the region of Emilia Romagna, Italy. More than 18,000 urine samples measurements of the main metabolites of styrene, mandelic (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid, were retrieved for the period 1978-1990, and 4689 values of MA in postshift urine samples were analyzed for various variables thought to influence styrene exposure. The job performed was found to be the most important predictor of styrene exposure. Hand laminators had the highest exposure (mean MA 682 mg/g creatinine); spray laminators showed lower values (404 mg/g), while levels in semiautomatic process operators (243 mg/g) were only slightly higher than in nonprocess workers (186 mg/g). The use of ventilation resulted in lower exposure, but differences in average values were not particularly wide. Exposure decreased weakly during the study period in all work categories, but the percentage of measurements exceeding the current biological limit value (900 mg/g creatinine, 1300 mg/l corrected for density) is still very high (20% of measurements among hand laminators in 1990). These results indicate that the control measures implemented are only partially effective for the prevention of styrene exposure.

Automation↗

PubMed1996

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N-nitrosodiethanolamine in the metal industry.

Biological monitoring of occupational hazards was performed in workers using cutting fluids containing N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA). The study involved a group of 25 male subjects from some metal factories in central Italy who used cutting fluids with an NDELA content of > or = 5 mg/l (high-exposure group) and a group of 37 males exposed to cutting fluids with an NDELA content < 5 mg/l (low-exposure group). For comparison, we recruited a control group consisting of 37 subjects living in the same area. For all subjects, internal dose (urinary excretion of NDELA, mutagens, and thioethers), early biological effects (sister chromatid exchanges in blood peripheral lymphocytes), and urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid (DGA) as an endpoint product in the glucuronidation pathway were assessed. The results showed that only the workers using cutting fluids with NDELA concentrations of > or = 5 mg/l excreted trace amounts of NDELA in their urine. Urine excretion of mutagens was similar in the two exposure groups and in the controls. High-exposure subjects had a higher mean value of urinary thioethers than low-exposure and control subjects, but no differences were found in urinary DGA or lymphocyte sister chromatid exchange among the three groups. Smoking status increased the mean values of all the biomarkers, and coffee drinking was associated with urinary DGA excretion.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Inhalation exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene in the Dutch flower-bulb culture. Part II. Biological monitoring by measurement of urinary excretion of two mercapturic acid metabolites.

A biological monitoring study was carried out in the Dutch flower-bulb culture to determine the relationship between respiratory occupational exposure to Z- and E-1,3-dichloropropene (Z- and E-DCP) and urinary excretion of two mercapturic acid metabolites, N-acetyl-S-(Z- and E-3-chloropropenyl-2)-L- cysteine (Z- and E-DCP-MA). Urinary excretion of Z- and E-DCP-MA, either based on excretion rates or on creatinine excretion, followed first order elimination kinetics after exposure. Urinary half-lives of elimination were 5.0 +/- 1.2 hr for Z-DCP-MA and 4.7 +/- 1.3 hr for E-DCP-MA and were not statistically significantly different. Calculated coefficients of variation indicated that the half-lives of elimination of Z- and E-DCP-MA were quite consistent inter- and intra-individually. Strong correlations (r greater than or equal to 0.93) were observed between respiratory 8-hr time weighted average (TWA) exposure to Z- and E-DCP and complete cumulative urinary excretion of Z- and E-DCP-MA. Z-DCP yielded three times more mercapturic acid than E-DCP, probably due to differences in metabolism. Z- and E-DCP were excreted 45 and 14% as their respective mercapturic acid metabolites. A respiratory 8-hr TWA exposure to the Dutch occupational exposure limit of 5 mg.m-3 DCP would result in a complete cumulative excretion of 14.4 mg (95% confidence interval: 11.7-17.0 mg) Z-DCP-MA and 3.2 mg (95% confidence interval: 2.3-4.1 mg) E-DCP-MA.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Biological monitoring of welders exposed to aluminium.

To evaluate an adequate strategy for biological monitoring of aluminium (Al), a group of 62 Al welders (age in 1999: 23-51 years, median 35 years) was surveyed annually from 1999 to 2003 by determination of pre- and post-shift Al in urine and plasma. Biomonitoring was supplemented by personal air measurements of the total dust concentration. The welders' internal exposure was compared to the exposure of 60 non-exposed assembly workers (age in 1999: 21-51 years, median: 36 years) who were surveyed in 1999, 2001 and 2003. Having a nearly constant dust exposure, median concentrations of Al in urine (Al in plasma) of the welders decreased from 40.1 microg/g to 19.8 microg/g creatinine (8.7 to 4.6 microg/l). For the control group the median levels of Al in urine (plasma) ranged from 4.8 microg/g to 5.2 microg/g creatinine (2.4-4.3 microg/l) indicating a higher sensitivity for the marker Al in urine. No systematic differences have been found between pre- and post-shift internal exposure. This might be caused by the slow elimination kinetics and low systemic bioavailability of Al. A correlation analysis did not yield close relationships between dust exposure, Al in plasma and Al in urine underlining the importance of biomonitoring for assessment of Al exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Medical screening and biological monitoring for the effects of exposure in the workplace. Surveillance, monitoring, and regulatory concerns.

An international conference in Luxembourg on Ambient and Biological Monitoring in the Workplace brought out the difference in meaning between medical "surveillance" and medical "monitoring." These are reviewed against the Health Standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The standards may be specification standards, that is, the details of the medical examinations and laboratory tests are specified; or they may be performance standards, where surveillance is largely left to the physician's discretion. Bearing in mind the limited number of qualified physicians available, OSHA, and therefore the Office of Occupational Medicine, treads a narrow line between specifics and performance to obtain a pragmatic approach that will meet the mandate of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and ensure a safe and healthful workplace for all American workers.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1984

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in capacitor accidents.

For biological monitoring of workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds, a gas-chromatographic method for analysis of PCBs in serum was developed. The quantitation is performed with 15 pure isomers, and extraction and concentration factors are corrected with the aid of asymmetric PCB compounds added to each specimen. By this method, humans with no known occupational exposure to PCB compounds showed PCB levels in serum that were always less than 3 micrograms/l. Workers exposed in capacitor accidents have shown maximal concentrations close to 50 micrograms/l.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1997

Biological monitoring of the fungicide epoxiconazol during application.

A method was developed for the biological monitoring of the fungicide epoxiconazol (Opus; BASF). Comparison of the urine levels of a hydroxylated metabolite after dermal application to the levels after oral intake revealed a dermal absorption of 1-2.5% of the dose. In a field study with 10 applicators a dermal exposure ranging between 60 and 10,000 microgram/person/day was determined from the urine levels of a hydroxylated metabolite; the contribution of the inhalation exposure was found to be negligible. From these data an incorporation of 1 to 100 microgram epoxiconazol/person/day could be derived. The measured exposure was compared to two commonly used exposure models. The model calculation resulted in a dermal exposure of 555 microgram/person/day (German BBA model) and 2115 microgram/person/day (British POEM), respectively, which is in accordance with the actually measured exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to dichloromethane, using head-space gas chromatography.

A biological monitoring method for urinary dichloromethane (DCM) has been developed by using head-space gas chromatography with FID detection. The calibration curve is linear in a wide range of DCM levels between 0.01 and 2 mg/l. The recovery rate is almost 100% and within-run coefficients of variation are 2.9-3.7%. A highly significant correlation is found between exposure levels and urinary concentrations of DCM. Determination of urine DCM by this method has many advantages such as sample storage, no need for correction of urine concentration, absence of gender difference and also no confounding effect of glutathione S-transferase T1 polymorphism.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2005

Environmental and biological monitoring in a lead acid battery manufacturing unit in India.

An environmental and biological monitoring of a lead acid battery manufacturing unit was carried out to measure the respirable particulate matter, lead content in working atmosphere and blood lead levels of workers employed in different sections. The results showed high mean air lead concentration in buffing (1444.45 microg/m(3)), plate cutting (430.14 microg/m(3)) and pasting (277.48 microg/m(3)) sections. The mean blood lead levels of employees in these sections were also higher than the values prescribed by ACGIH.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed2004

[Biologic monitoring in evaluating risk of occupational intoxications development].

The authors justify importance of biologic monitoring to increase quality of hygienic control over and diagnosis of occupational disease. The article covers data on international terminology for exposure tests parameters. Although difficult in elaboration, the exposure tests are highly informative and necessary to be put into practice.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethylene oxide sterilization: III--Influence of carrier nature in a biological monitor performance.

The ethylene oxide sterilization process control should take into account several parameters, so that only the biological monitor can integrate in all of them, presenting a biological challenge similar to the product under sterilization conditions. The authors evaluated spore resistance on several different carriers: paper, aluminum foil and plastic. The influence was studied through the challenge of sub-lethal cycles, followed by the lethality study and the D-value calculation. There was a significant statistical difference in spore resistance between paper and plastic carriers.

Bacillus subtilis↗

PubMed1994

[Personal experience in biologic monitoring of exposure to organic solvents].

The paper describes our experience in the application of biological monitoring of occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. The importance of adequate selection of indicator, matrix and sampling time is pointed out. Own results are compared with the existing biological exposure indices. The need for actual and strict application of biological exposure indices is emphasized from the point of view of workers' health protection.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed2001

Measurement of urinary methoxyphenols and their use for biological monitoring of wood smoke exposure.

A urinary assay for methoxyphenols was developed for the biological monitoring of wood smoke exposure. Methoxyphenols in 10-ml samples of urine were extracted after acid hydrolysis using XAD in a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The methoxyphenols were eluted with ethyl acetate and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Specific chemicals quantified were guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-propylguaiacol, syringol, 4-methylsyringol, 4-ethylsyringol, vanillin, eugenol, and syringaldehyde. Recoveries ranged from 60 to 90%, with coefficients of variation of < or =20%. Background levels of the compounds were measured in 21 nonsmoking adults. Guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, eugenol, and vanillin were detected in all subjects. An experimental feeding of a commercial wood smoke flavoring demonstrated that methoxyphenols were rapidly and efficiently eliminated in urine. Preliminary field studies demonstrated that urinary excretion rates of some methoxyphenols increased after inhalation exposure to wood smoke.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Biological monitoring of exposure to 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate.

OBJECTIVES: Biological monitoring of occupational sensitizers, such as 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is of high importance. In this study, 1,5-naphthalenediamine (NDA) and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) in hydrolysed urine and plasma were evaluated as biomarkers of exposure to NDI and MDI, respectively. METHODS: The air exposure to NDI and MDI was monitored for 30 exposed workers at four different plants. In parallel, urinary as well as blood plasma samples were collected. Biomarker levels were determined in hydrolysed urine and plasma by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Air exposure to both MDI and NDI was correlated to their corresponding urinary and plasma biomarkers. The correlation coefficients for the associations between air and biomarker levels were in the range of 0.51-0.65 and 0.53-0.96 for MDI and NDI, respectively. For NDI, but not for MDI, the significance and correlation coefficients were increased by adjusting the urinary biomarker levels for creatinine content or density. CONCLUSIONS: Biomarker and air levels of MDI and NDI were correlated, but there was a large individual variation.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗