Plant biology in space: proceedings of the International Workshop, Bad Honnef, Germany, June 24-27, 1996.
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Biological Science Disciplines↗
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Building bridges between the physical and biological sciences.
This paper attempts to identify major conceptual issues that have inhibited the application of physical chemistry to problems in the biological sciences. We will trace out where theories went wrong, how to repair the present foundations, and discuss current progress toward building a better dialogue.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
A new paradigm for graduate research and training in the biomedical sciences and engineering.
98Emphasis on the individual investigator has fostered discovery for centuries, yet it is now recognized that the complexity of problems in the biomedical sciences and engineering requires collaborative efforts from individuals having diverse training and expertise. Various approaches can facilitate interdisciplinary interactions, but we submit that there is a critical need for a new educational paradigm for the way that we train biomedical engineers, life scientists, and mathematicians. We cannot continue to train graduate students in isolation within single disciplines, nor can we ask any one individual to learn all the essentials of biology, engineering, and mathematics. We must transform how students are trained and incorporate how real-world research and development are done-in diverse, interdisciplinary teams. Our fundamental vision is to create an innovative paradigm for graduate research and training that yields a new generation of biomedical engineers, life scientists, and mathematicians that is more diverse and that embraces and actively pursues a truly interdisciplinary, team-based approach to research based on a known benefit and mutual respect. In this paper, we describe our attempt to accomplish this via focused training in biomechanics, biomedical optics, mathematics, mechanobiology, and physiology. The overall approach is applicable, however, to most areas of biomedical research.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
The history of science and the introduction of plant genetics in Mexico.
The emergence and development of 'national sciences' in Latin American countries were not, until very recently, part of the agenda of historians of science because the 'traditional' history of sciences was not interested in the scientific activity of peripheral areas. The history of science is a recent discipline in Mexican historiographic studies. The methodological interest in the history of science, the creation of schools and institutes that deal with it, the establishment of particular chairs, the organization of national societies, and the publication of books and periodicals are all very recent. It is important to carry out studies in the history of science that examine the development of Mexican science introducing the 'local' context, and study how this development has influenced the formation of scientific societies and the development of scientific disciplines in the country. We want to explore the introduction of genetics in Mexico as applied to agriculture between 1930 and 1960. This matter has not been investigated in Mexico and therefore this work would represent one of the first studies of this subject and one of the first studies in the general field of Mexican scientific history.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
[The "two cultures" in medicine].
"The two cultures", a concept launched by C.P. Snow in 1959, points to the schism between science and the humanities, two distinct professional cultures which not only has gone separate ways, but also developed deep tensions between them. Historically, medicine is part of the scientific culture as well as that of the humanities. However, contemporary doctors see themselves first and foremost as scientists, and modern medicine leaves little scope for the tradition of the humanities. Including humanities in medical undergraduate, graduate and continuous education does not necessarily make doctors more humane, but insight in these disciplines may stimulate reflection and broaden their perspective on the practice of medicine. Given the expectations and pressures for efficiency to which doctors and other health care workers are subjected, a greater emphasis on the humanities in medicine may be of help to doctors in coping with their patients, society--and themselves.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
The space life sciences strategy for the 21st century.
In the past, space life sciences has focused on gaining an understanding of physiological tolerance to spaceflight, but, for the last 10 years, the focus has evolved to include issues relevant to extended duration missions. In the 21st century, NASA's long-term strategy for the exploration of the solar system will combine the assurance of human health and performance for long periods in space with investigations aimed at searching for traces of life on other planets and acquiring fundamental scientific knowledge of life processes. Implementation of this strategy will involve a variety of disciplines including radiation health, life support, human factors, space physiology and countermeasures, medical care, environmental health, and exobiology. It will use both ground-based and flight research opportunities such as those found in current on-going programs, on Spacelab and unmanned biosatellite flights, and during Space Station Freedom missions.
Aerospace Medicine↗
Soft responses to misconduct.
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Biological Science Disciplines↗
Spacelab-1: an early space station for science and technology.
The first flight of Spacelab is primarily a system verification and test flight, but it will also carry a payload of scientific and technological experiments to demonstrate the capability of performing multidisciplinary research in space. The payload covers the disciplines atmospheric physics, plasma physics, solar observations, astronomy, Earth observations, and material and life sciences. In this paper we will give for all represented disciplines short discription of their scientific objectives and experimental techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on how different disciplines utilize features characteristic for manned space stations, such as weight and power capabilities the availability of a human operator, the microgravity environment, the possibility to return samples or recordings and the recoverability of hardware together with a reflight capability. These advantages will be reviewed against the background of the relatively short mission duration, safety requirements and environmental influences caused by the presence of men in space. We will identify a research scenario for which Spacelab offers distinct advantages compared to conventional free-flying satellites, one which might also be pursued from larger space stations in the future.
Astronomical Phenomena↗
Perspectives in ethnopharmacology: forging a closer link between bioscience and traditional empirical knowledge.
To what extent do ethnopharmacologists from diverse disciplines share a vision of what ethnopharmacology is and what it might become? This question was explored several years ago through content analysis of the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (JEP), the official journal of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology (ISE). The analysis revealed that although the published articles represent the breadth of natural and social sciences, most studies are themselves not synthetic or interdisciplinary. For the present study, analysis was extended through the most recently published issues of the JEP and compared, for the same time period, to the subject matter of another natural products journal, Pharmaceutical Biology. Whereas research published in the JEP better represents the interdisciplinary objectives of that journal, the difference is not striking. By way of illustration, several studies are reviewed that represent the unique, synthetic perspective that is highlighted in the mission statements of both the JEP and the ISE. The conclusion underscores the lack of clarity in research objectives and suggests that ethnopharmacologists of all backgrounds can enhance their work by projecting pharmacologic data against a backdrop of medical ethnography and by enriching cultural interpretations of medical actions by exploring the physiologic potential of plants.
Animals↗
The ESA payloads for Columbus--a bridge between the ISS and exploration.
As part of the European contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) Programme, ESA has developed a number of complex, pressurised and unpressurised payloads for conducting scientific investigations in a variety of disciplines, such as the life and physical sciences, technology and space science. The majority of these payloads will already be installed in ESA's Columbus Laboratory when it is launched in 2006. Many of them are ready for flight, whilst the others are approaching final acceptance. The development of these payloads and their utilisation on the ISS can be considered as a bridge to ESA's future Exploration activities.
Air Pressure↗
[Nursing science and natural sciences. Critical notes on a difficult relationship as a starting point for its new definition].
This article deals with the question of how nursing, supported by its own science, can gain benefit from natural science disciplines, if it can be presupposed that such disciplines represent one of the most important bases of nursing science. In the context of this question it is necessary to ascertain the condition, which must be fulfilled by the natural sciences in order to be able to occupy the honorable position of a cognate discipline of nursing science. This position is elucidated on the background of following aspects: The fundamental relationship between nursing science and the natural science with regard to their traditional perspectives and scientific objectives is discussed and illuminated on the background of differing concepts of body and person. In a further elaboration of this theme the particular meaning of the concept of person for nursing action is taken up and on its bases an extension of nursing issues which should be further developed is devised. In conclusion some propositions are brought up for discussion.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
History of nutrition in space flight: overview.
Major accomplishments in nutritional sciences for support of human space travel have occurred over the past 40 y. This article reviews these accomplishments, beginning with the early Gemini program and continuing through the impressive results from the first space station Skylab program that focused on life sciences research, the Russian contributions through the Mir space station, the US Shuttle life sciences research, and the emerging International Space Station missions. Nutrition is affected by environmental conditions such as radiation, temperature, and atmospheric pressures, and these are reviewed. Nutrition with respect to space flight is closely interconnected with other life sciences research disciplines including the study of hematology, immunology, as well as neurosensory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, circadian rhythms, and musculoskeletal physiology. These relationships are reviewed in reference to the overall history of nutritional science in human space flight. Cumulative nutritional research over the past four decades has resulted in the current nutritional requirements for astronauts. Space-flight nutritional recommendations are presented along with the critical path road map that outlines the research needed for future development of nutritional requirements.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
A new approach to assessing ethical conduct in scientific work.
The intent of the current article is to describe the development of a new approach to the study of ethical conduct in scientific research settings. The approach presented in this article has two main components. The first component entails the development of a taxonomy of ethical events as they occur across a broad range of scientific disciplines. The second involves the identification of proximate criteria that will allow systematic and objective evaluation of ethical behaviors through low-fidelity performance simulations. Two proposed measures based on the new approach are intended to identify and measure variations in the scientific environment that might predispose certain individuals to make unethical decisions.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
Advanced science education in the regulatory arena: the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Experience at the Food and Drug Administration.
A challenge faced by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) in effectively carrying out its mission requires it to integrate the disciplines of science, medicine, law, and public policy. One way to do that is by ensuring a highly trained multidisciplinary staff. The CDER has been able to meet this requirement by identifying the core competencies needed to accomplish its mission. The use of a competency-based training model in the planning, development, and delivery of its advanced scientific education program allows CDER staff to maintain current knowledge as well as prepare for future scientific education needs. The CDER educational model could be readily adapted to meet the educational needs of other organizations.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
[Curriculum reform in dental medicine at the University of Ghent].
The need for dental and oral treatment in the society is constantly changing. Epidemiological studies show that in the rapidly aging population in Western Europe, caries (except for root caries) is declining but more complex periodontal treatment is needed. The number of completely edentulous patients is decreasing. Patients have a longer life expectancy but are medically and psychologically more compromised. Many more patients are at high risk for medical complications. Therefore, a more medical orientation of the dental education is needed. The basic cellular and molecular knowledge in medicine is rapidly expanding. The practical application of this expanded knowledge has been introduced in dentistry such as use of DNA probes, genetic testing, vaccines etc. The graduating dentist should be aware of the scientific progress and be able to apply this technology in his future practice. Therefore, the urgent need was felt to reform the dental education fundamentally and to give it a more medical orientation. Teaching is organised in coherent blocks of lectures covering specific parts of' a discipline and discussing the content from different angles by different lecturers. Basic information (eg. physiology, microscopy, microbiology) is provided in the same block as the clinical and therapeutic information. Preclinical laboratories prepare the student for the clinical phase of a discipline and are not any longer devoted to dental technical laboratory work. More time is given to prosthetic planning, communication with the dental technician and to analyse the biological effects of prosthetic appliances. In the final year a large number of teaching hours is devoted to general medical pathology including physiopathology, dermatology, general head and neck pathology and surgery (ENT, oncology, orthognathic surgery) as well as gerodontology including general medical, psychological and nutritional themes. Finally, clinically the student has a multidisciplinary approach in his diagnosis and treatment of patients. The final aim is train and educated oral physicians.
Belgium↗
Breaking down the walls: thoughts on the scholarship of integration.
The scholarship of integration is concerned with making connections across scientific disciplines, placing the work of individual investigators and their specialty fields into a larger context, and educating nonspecialists. The authors focus their comments on the biomedical sciences, but observe that closer integration of the biomedical and behavioral sciences will be particularly crucial to advance understanding of the human brain. They observe that as biomedical sciences become more technologically sophisticated, progress is increasingly dependent on sciences such as physics, chemistry, engineering, and related fields. However, the scholarship of integration has been slower than other forms of scholarship to gain acceptance as an integral activity of the professoriate. The isolation of disciplines from one another, particularly at large universities, and the perception of interdisciplinary work as risky and professionally unrewarding are among the forces that may discourage integrative scholarship. In addition, a troubling disconnect exists between the scientific community and the larger public in the understanding of science. Leaders in academic medicine and science must develop strategies to move interdisciplinary work from the margins into the mainstream of academia. Solutions that have been proposed include creating new research entities and funding mechanisms dedicated to interdisciplinary work; reinvigorating the integrative role of the physician-scientist; and training specialists in translational research. The scientific community must also work to develop more effective means of communicating the importance of its work to the public.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Medical curricula in China and the USA: a comparative study.
To examine the differences between the content of curriculum of medical schools in China and the USA the authors compared the curricula of 82 Chinese and 125 American medical colleges. Great disparities were found in the framework of medical curricula, processes of teaching learning, types and numbers of preclinical courses, course hours, laboratory and practical training hours, and key disciplines of clinical practice. A significant difference was also found in the number of courses, lectures and laboratory and clerkship hours among Chinese medical colleges. The authors conclude that medical colleges in China should look again at the type of courses offered, revise curricular frameworks and reform the teaching learning process and approaches. New courses should be introduced, new content should be added to existing courses, and appropriate importance should be attached to clinical practice of subjects such as family and community medicine. To improve the quality of medical education, Chinese medical colleges need national medical education standards compatible with international standards.
Biological Science Disciplines↗
The second parabolic flight campaign for students.
In conjunction with the European Commission's 'European Week for Scientific and Technological Culture' in November, ESA organised the second parabolic flight campaign for students. Students selected through a competition, were again given the unique opportunity of experiencing weightlessness as they performed their own scientific experiment during a parabolic flight. The experiments covered a wide variety of disciplines. Some illustrated well the effect of microgravity while others may offer new and far-reaching scientific results. The primary goal, however, is to educate and motivate the students rather than to obtain new research. It is hoped that the campaign will stimulate the next generation to think about space and the potential of microgravity. It is in that way that an innovative future user community for the International Space Station Alpha can be built. The great enthusiasm shown by many students and the wide coverage provided by the media also demonstrate the interest in space and the promotional value of the campaign.
Biological Science Disciplines↗