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PubMedDate not supplied

[Simultaneous determination of inorganic anions in body fluids. A new method in pediatric laboratory diagnosis--results of a pilot study].

The anions analysis was a methodical problem up to now. This was the reason for low interest. Biological fluids like saliva and urine which could easily receive without any stress for the children, are little investigated for its capacity on nitrite, nitrate, bromide and sulfate. In this performance there will presented an ion-chromatographic method to determine inorganic anions in the following body-fluids: serum saliva, liquor and urine. The anions chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate was determined quantitatively. The method was proved in a pilot-study on children's body-fluids serum, liquor and saliva. The objects was to get a landmark in expectation from anion concentrations. Bromide was detected as a constant part in all body fluids. The origin and importance is not clear till now. Also was found nitrate in all investigated body fluids. There seems to be a connection between diarrhea and an increase in serum levels from nitrate. We found considerable amounts of nitrate in saliva by babies and infants. The method is distinguished by little fluctuation in measurement and high specificity. Short time in analysis and simple handling will do the method for a qualified one in pediatrics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Ganglioside content and profile in the ovarian tumor tissues and in the biological body fluids of patients].

Lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) content and ganglioside composition in resected tumours and body fluids of patients with benign ovarian tumours, borderline ovarian tumours, ovarian cancer and also in unaltered ovaries of patients with uterine cancer were examined. LSA levels in tissues and relation of the main gangliosides GD3/GM3 progressively decreased from unaltered ovaries to ovarian cancer. Distribution of gangliosides GD3 and GM3 in the borderline tumours was not uniform. Absolute content of GD3 increased more than twice in profuse growth from the inner surface and decreased almost three times in the cyst capsule as compared to the intact tumour. Ganglioside GD3 content decreased in malignant ovarian tumours but increased in ascitic fluid of cancer patients as compared to GM3. These results suggest that ganglioside GD3 is shed more intensively in the borderline ovarian tumours.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of prolyl oligopeptidase in human peripheral tissues and body fluids.

Prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) activity was measured in human tissue homogenates and body fluids. The enzyme was ubiquitously present, revealing high activity in renal cortex, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, testis, lymphocytes and thrombocytes. The activity in the body fluids was low. Prolyl oligopeptidase activity was significant higher in tumours of prostate, lung and sigmoid, than in the healthy tissues. Sera of individuals suffering from HIV infection, malaria, prostate cancer or benign prostate hypertrophy contained lowered activity. Interestingly, the low serum activity during prostate carcinoma increased upon medical treatment with anti-androgens. This suggests hormonal control of the gene transcript. A positive correlation with angiotensin converting enzyme activity in hypertensive patients was demonstrated and this further supports the possible involvement of prolyl oligopeptidase in the renin-angiotensin system and in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

A simple method to detect AB antigen in blood grouping of body fluid stains.

A modified mixed agglutination method is described for detecting AB antigen from body fluid stain. Saline extract of body fluid stain was added to A.Se saliva stain which was beforehand sensitized with anti-A. AB antigen reacting with the stain was detected with the usual mixed agglutination method using anti-B and B red cells.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1986

Changes in haemodynamics and body fluid volume due to enalapril in patients with essential hypertension on chronic diuretic therapy.

In 12 patients with essential hypertension who remained hypertensive despite chronic chlorthalidone treatment, the effect of 2 weeks of additional therapy with the converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI) enalapril on blood pressure and body fluid volumes has been evaluated. The objective was to examine the influence of a diuretic-stimulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on haemodynamics and body fluid volume. Mean arterial pressure (MAP -21%), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI -22%) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC -39%) were decreased, and plasma renin activity (PRA 660%) was increased. The average heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), plasma volume (PV), blood volume (BV), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and body weight (BW) remained unchanged. A negative correlation was found between the per cent changes in ECFV and PAC. Thus, body fluid volumes during chronic diuretic treatment are well preserved even when the RAAS with its sodium retaining properties is suppressed by CEI. Possible mechanisms are a volume (not angiotensin II) - dependent stimulation of aldosterone and a fall in blood pressure.

Body Fluids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contact with hospital syringes containing body fluids. Implications for medical waste management regulation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine amount of syringes used in the hospital and extent of contact with blood and body fluids of these syringes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Syringe use was surveyed at a tertiary care center for one week; syringes were classified into the following four categories according to use: a) contained blood; b) contained other body fluids (urine, gastric secretion, cerebrospinal fluid, wound drainage); c) used exclusively for drug dilution and application in plastic intravenous (i.v.) tubes, and d) for intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.), or intradermic (ID) injections. RESULTS: A total of 7,157 plastic disposable syringes was used; 1,227 (17%) contained blood during use, 346 (4.8%), other body fluids, 5,257 (73%) were used exclusively for drug dilution and application in plastic i.v. lines, and 327 (4.5%) were utilized for i.m., s.c., or ID injections. An estimated 369 140 syringes used annually, or eight syringes per patient per in-hospital day. All syringes were disposed of as regulated medical waste, in observance of the law. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need to review recommendations for medical waste management by both international agencies and local governments, based on scientific data and a cost-benefit analysis, to prevent resource waste and further environmental damage. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1981

Determination of amezinium in body fluids.

Possible approaches to the determination in body fluids of 4-amino-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-pyridazinium methyl sulfate (ameziniummetilsulfate, LU 1631, Regulton), in this study briefly called amezinium, are investigated and the methods developed on the basis of results obtained in pilot experiments described. These methods, which are primarily based on radioactive tracer techniques, allow both labelled and unlabelled amezinium to be determined in urine, bile, blood, and plasma in concentrations down to about 2 n/ml. Relative standard deviations of 0.5%-9% and 96-102% accuracy are obtained. Advantages and disadvantages of individual methods for various types of samples are discussed.

Body Fluids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body fluids during 120-day anti-orthostatic hypokinesia].

Body fluid variations were examined during 120-day antiorthostatic (-5 degrees) hypokinesia in 21 test subjects, 9 of which comprised a control group (Group 1). The remaining 12 subjects formed three groups (four subjects each) who received drugs to normalize mineral and lipid metabolism (Group 2), or performed specially developed exercises (Group 3), or were on the combined treatment (Group 4). Total body water (TBW), intracellular fluid volume (IFV), extracellular fluid volume (EFV), and EFV composition were measured by nuclear physical methods. Measurements were taken prior to exposure, on head-down tilt days 1, 60 and 120, and on recovery day 15. Body composition and K40 content were investigated before and after head-down tilt. The controls showed body dehydration that began on tilt day 1 at the expense of vascular fluid and continued by day 60 at the expense of interstitial fluid and by day 120 at the expense of IFV. Group 2 subjects exhibited variations that were similar to those of controls. Group 3 subjects were in better shape due to the beneficial effect of exercise which diminished as head-down tilt continued. In the recovery period the above changes regressed.

Blood Volume↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sulfide binding in the body fluids of hydrothermal vent alvinellid polychaetes.

Dissolved H2S is a major environmental factor in hydrothermal vent ecosystems. In a study of adaptations to sulfide by alvinellid polychaetes, the sulfide-binding capacity of body fluids was examined in Paralvinella palmiformis from northeast Pacific ridges and Alvinella species from the East Pacific Rise. Sulfide concentrations in vascular blood and coelomic fluid of freshly collected animals were notably variable. Separation of P. palmiformis body-fluid components revealed that most sulfide (ca. 77%) was accumulated in the dissolved fraction. In P. palmiformis, both vascular blood and coelomic fluid could reversibly bind sulfide in vitro with a low affinity, saturating only at high dialysate concentrations (ca. 2 mmol L-1). No sulfide-binding activity was observed in the vascular blood from Alvinella species. A dissolved protein component of greater than 90 kDa appears to be involved in sulfide binding in Paralvinella, probably a vascular extracellular high-molecular-weight hemoglobin. Some sulfide may also adsorb onto a 15.38-kDa intracellular hemoglobin present in the coelomic erythrocyte fraction. In the absence of epibiotic bacteria, Paralvinella body fluids may function as a sulfide buffer to protect tissues from deleterious effects of sulfide exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Influence of hydration level and body fluids on exercise performance in the heat.

During exercise in the heat, sweat output often exceeds water intake, resulting in hypohydration, which is defined as a body fluid deficit. This fluid deficit is comprised of water loss from both the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Hypohydration during exercise causes a greater heat storage and reduces endurance in comparison with euhydration levels. The greater heat storage is attributed to a decreased sweating rate (evaporative heat loss) as well as a decreased cutaneous blood flow (dry heat loss). These response decrements have been attributed to both plasma hyperosmolality and a plasma hypovolemia. Subject gender, acclimation state, and aerobic fitness do not alter the increased heat storage when hypohydrated. Hyperhydration, or body fluid excess, does not seem to provide a clear advantage during exercise-heat stress, but will delay the development of hypohydration.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed2001

Body fluid osmolality and tonicity in preterm infants.

In adult patients, a recent physiological approach for the osmoregulatory system based on body fluid tonicity (the so-called effective osmolality) seems to provide better information on water movements than does the classical body fluid osmolality. To evaluate whether plasma or urinary tonicities could give a better assessment of osmoregulation than plasma and urine osmolalities in sick preterm infants cared for in a NICU. A prospective study was conducted in 30 preterm infants (BW=1284+/-377 g; GA=28.8+/-1.7 weeks). Fifteen consecutive 8-h urine collections were performed for each infant from the 8th h of life (450 periods). A plasma sample was obtained at the end of each urine collection. Sodium, potassium, creatinine, osmolality and tonicity were measured or calculated in urine and blood samples as often as possible. Hypernatremia (PNa=146-149 mmol/l) was observed in seven infants (23.3%) and in 5.9% of the periods. Fifty-three percent of the infants and 20.4% of the periods presented with plasma hyperosmolality (>300 mosmol/kg H2O). The relationship between Posm and PNa was significant, but the clinical relevance was weak (r(2)=0.411; P<0.001). Plasma osmolality (Posm) positively correlated with urine osmolality (Uosm), but did not correlate significantly with CH2O/100 ml GFR. Plasma tonicity (2x(PNa+PK)) positively correlated with both urine tonicity (2x(UNa+UK)) and effective water clearance (EWC/100 ml GFR). On an individual basis, the linear relationship between urine and plasma osmolalities was significantly weaker than the relationship between urine and plasma tonicities. This study suggests that the calculation of plasma and urine tonicities allows a better assessment of water movements in body fluid compartments than plasma and urine osmolalities.

Blood↗
PubMed1992

AUR Memorial Award 1992. Quantification of amino acids in human body fluids by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A specific test for the identification of abscess.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: When polymorphonucleocytes are incubated in proteinaceous fluid, they cause extensive protein degradation, which leads to accumulation of free amino acids. The authors tested whether these free amino acids, particularly valine and leucine, also accumulate in human abscess fluids, but not in other body fluids, and thus could be a specific and distinguishing marker for the presence of an abscess. METHODS: Thirty fluids, obtained by percutaneous drainage from 28 patients, were lyophilized and reconstituted in 2H2O before in vitro 1H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. Concentrations of valine and leucine were determined by comparison of spectra before and after addition of known amounts of valine and leucine. Two chart reviewers, blinded to the spectroscopic results, categorized cases as abscess (n = 14), non-abscess (n = 15), or infection but not abscess (n = 1). RESULTS: The concentration of valine and leucine was significantly higher in the abscess fluids, 2.57 +/- 1.90 mM than in the non-abscess fluids, 0.25 +/- 0.33 mM (P < .001). The one infected fluid which was not an abscess had no amino acids. Using 0.8 mM as the threshold concentration of valine and leucine necessary for the diagnosis of abscess resulted in a sensitivity rate of 86% and a specificity rate of 94%. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that identification of high concentrations of valine and leucine by 1H MR spectroscopy may be a specific test for the diagnosis of abscess. This technique merits further investigation in vivo.

Abscess↗
PubMed1989

Exposure to and precautions for blood and body fluids among workers in the funeral home franchises of Fort Worth, Texas.

In 1982 the Centers for Disease Control published a set of recommendations and measures to protect persons working in health care settings or performing mortician services from possible exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus. This study of a number of funeral homes in the Fort Worth area was designed to determine the level of exposure of funeral home workers to blood and other body fluids and also to assess existing protective measures and practices in the industry. Workers in 22 funeral home franchises were surveyed with a predesigned questionnaire. Eighty-five responses from 20 of the 22 establishments were received. All 85 respondents admitted exposure of varying degrees to blood and body fluids. Sixty persons (70%) admitted heavy exposure, that is, frequent splashes. Analysis of the responses showed that 81 of 85 (95.3%) persons consistently wore gloves while performing tasks that might expose them to blood or other body fluids. Of the 60 persons who were heavily exposed, 43 wore long-sleeved gowns, 27 wore waterproof aprons, 17 surgical masks, and 15 goggles. The study further revealed that 52.9% (45/85) of the respondents had sustained accidental cuts or puncture wounds on the job. In light of these findings it is important to target educational efforts to persons in this industry to help them minimize their risks of infection with blood and body fluid borne infections.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Cold-water acclimation does not modify whole-body fluid regulation during subsequent cold-water immersion.

We investigated the impact of cold-water acclimation on whole-body fluid regulation using tracer-dilution methods to differentiate between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Seven euhydrated males [age 24.7 (8.7) years, mass 74.4 (6.4) kg, height 176.8 (7.8) cm, sum of eight skinfolds 107.4 (20.4) mm; mean (SD)] participated in a 14-day cold-water acclimation protocol, with 60-min resting cold-water stress tests [CWST; 18.1 (0.1) degrees C] on days 1, 8 and 15, and 90-min resting cold-water immersions [18.4 (0.4) degrees C] on intervening days. Subjects were immersed to the 4th intercostal space. Intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, and plasma protein, electrolyte and hormone concentrations were investigated. During the first CWST, the intracellular fluid (5.5%) and plasma volumes were reduced (6.1%), while the interstitial fluid volume was simultaneously expanded (5.4%). This pattern was replicated on days 8 and 15, but did not differ significantly among test days. Acclimation did not produce significant changes in the pre-immersion distribution of total body water, or changes in plasma osmolality, total protein, electrolyte, atrial natriuretic peptide or aldosterone concentrations. Furthermore, a 14-day cold-water acclimation regimen did not elicit significant changes in body-fluid distribution, urine production, or the concentrations of plasma protein, electrolytes or the fluid-regulatory hormones. While acclimation trends were not evident, we have confirmed that fluid from extravascular cells is displaced into the interstitium during acute cold-water immersion, both before and after cold acclimation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1991

Thoracic impedance as an index of body fluid balance during cardiac surgery.

Thoracic impedance at 2.5 (TI2.5) and 100 kHz (TI100), central venous pressure (CVP), and body fluid balance were recorded together with rectal temperature and arterial haematocrit in 15 consecutive patients subjected to coronary artery bypass grafting. I.v. fluid and blood were administered in an excess of 3.18 (1.38-9.35) 1 during the operation. TI2.5 decreased from 51.7 (39.2-66.4) to 34.9 (21.1-45.7) ohm (P = 0.001), while TI100 decreased from 41.9 (31.4-55.0) to 30.3 (18.3-40.8) ohm (P = 0.002). CVP, 6 (3-11) mmHg [0.8 (0.4-1.5) kPa], was the same before and after surgery. Temperature decreased during cardiopulmonary bypass from 35.4 (34.1-36.6) to 26.7 (22.9-31.0) degrees C and haematocrit from 39 (34-46)% to a lowest value of 27 (23-32)% (P = 0.0001). A close linear correlation between TI and body fluid balance was observed (TI2.5: r = -0.96, TI100: r = -0.95, P = 0.0001). Corrections of TI for temperature and/or haematocrit improved the correlation between TI and fluid balance to 0.99 (TI2.5) and 0.98 (TI100). The data indicate that changes in thoracic impedance can be used to monitor body fluid balance during cardiac surgery.

Aged↗