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PubMed2004

The proliferative inhibition and apoptotic mechanism of Saikosaponin D in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells.

Saikosaponin D is a saponin extract derived from several species of Bupleurum (Umbelliferae), which is used for the treatment of various liver diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we report that Saikosaponin D inhibits the cell growth of human lung cancer cell line A549 and provide a molecular understanding of this effect. The results showed that Saikosaponin D inhibited the proliferation of A549 by inducing apoptosis and blocking cell cycle progression in the G1 phase. ELISA assay showed that Saikosaponin D significantly increased the expression of p53 and p21/WAF1 protein, contributing to cell cycle arrest. An enhancement in Fas/APO-1 and its two form ligands, membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), as well as Bax protein, was responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by Saikosaponin D. Taken together, our study suggests that the induction of p53 and activity of the Fas/FasL apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of Saikosaponin D in A549 cells.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed1987

Purification of saikosaponins a, c and d. Application of large-scale reversed high-performance liquid chromatography.

The preparative separation of saikosaponins a, c, and d from Bupleurum falcatum was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a 100 X 11 cm I.D. axially compressed column, packed with 20-micron ODS silica gel using a step gradient with mixtures of acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. Gram quantities of pure compounds were obtained in a single run.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1990

Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides and saikosaponins by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Octadecyl porous glass was used as the packing for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A mixture of ginsenosides and saikosaponins (saponins of ginseng and bupleurum root, respectively) were analysed with detection at 203 nm. A well resolved chromatogram of ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd and saikosaponin a, b2 and c was obtained with acetonitrile-water (25.5:74.5) as the mobile phase. The whole separation was achieved in 20 min with a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min. Calibration graphs for ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd and saikosaponin a and c were linear up to 5 micrograms. Rapid and accurate simultaneous determinations of the saponins are possible by the described method.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1998

In vivo and in vitro antiinflammatory activity of saikosaponins.

Buddlejasaponin I and saikosaponin 1 and 2, biologically active compounds from Scrophularia scorodonia and Bupleurum rigidum respectively, exert potent in vivo antiinflammatory effects on mouse ear edema induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The effects of these compounds on swelling and other inflammatory parameters are described. In screening for in vitro effects of saikosaponins on cellular systems generating cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolites, we observed that most saikosaponins showed a significant effect. The action is more marked on LOX metabolite LTC4. Our data support the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism as one of the biochemical mechanisms that might be the rationale for the putative antiphlogistic activity of these saikosaponins.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Seasonal patterns of non-terpenoid C6-C10 VOC emission from seven Mediterranean woody species.

The seasonal pattern of non-terpenoid C6-C10 VOC emission by seven Mediterranean woody species (Bupleurum fruticosum, Cistus albidus, Pinus halepensis, Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Quercus coccifera, and Q. ilex) was studied under field conditions. Branch chamber samples were sorbed on carbotrap and analyzed by thermal desorption in combination with GC-MS. These non-terpenoid C6-C10 VOC emissions were large, almost of similar magnitude to those of terpenes. Overall, maximum values were recorded in spring and summer (up to 12 microg g(-1) DM h(-1) in Q. ilex) and minimum values in autumn and winter (up to 5 microg g(-1) DM h(-1) in Q. ilex). These C6-C10 VOC emissions represented 2.82% of the photosynthetic C fixation in summer and 0.22% in winter. Some compounds such as 2-ethoxyethyl acetate were emitted by most species, others such as 3-hexen-1-ol, phenol or decanal were significantly emitted only by few species. The greatest diversity of emitted non-terpenoid C6-C10 VOCs was observed in spring and in Q. ilex. Temperature seemed a strong driver of these seasonal changes but other species-specific and seasonal factors seem involved. These results indicate that C6-C10 non-terpenoid VOCs contribute a rather significant fraction of the total biogenic VOC flux from these Mediterranean species, especially in spring and summer, and therefore should be considered in VOC emission inventories and in model predictions of tropospheric chemistry.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed2001

Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella.

Ionophorous antibiotics have been popularly used in the treatment of avian coccidiosis. Tissue residue of these antibiotics may be found in poultry, we have sought safe alternative anticoccidial herbal materials for the control of avian coccidiosis. Efficacy of extracts from 15 different herbs, including Bupleurum chinese DC, Sophora flavescens Aiton, and Artemisia annua Linne was tested against Eimeria tenella. One-day-old broiler chicks were infected with a USDA reference book of E. tenella, and administered various herbal extracts. Survival rates, lesion scores, body weight gains, bloody diarrhea, and oocysts excretions were investigated at the first and the second week after infection. Bloody diarrhea in the S. flavescens and Sinomenium acutum treated groups was milder than that of the other infected groups. Survival rates in the groups treated with Ulmus macrocarpa (100%), Pulsatilla koreana, Torilis japonica, Artemisia asiatica and S. flavescens (90%) were higher than that of the infected control group (70%). Lesion scores in the groups treated with U. macrocarpa (1.40+/-1.14) or Pulsatilla koreana (1.60+/-1.82) were significantly lower than those of the infected control group (3.00+/-1.10). During the first week after infection, the weight gains in the groups treated with Quisqualis indica (232.9+/-43.5 g), S. flavescens (214.4+/-46.1 g) and S. acutum (211.3+/-29.4 g) were significantly higher than the infected control group (172.4+/-17.6 g). In conclusion, the data of the survival rates, bloody diarrhea symptoms, lesion scores, body weight gains and oocyst excretions indicate that the extract of S. flavescens was the most effective. P. koreana, S. acutum, U. macrocarpa and Q. indica were also effective. Further research on the above herbal materials will be carried out by the authors by chemical analysis of the extracts.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Alternative treatment of gallbladder disease.

Major risk factors for gallbladder disease include a sedentary lifestyle and a diet rich in refined sugars. In genetically prone individuals, these two factors lead to an abnormal bile composition, altered gut microflora, and hyperinsulinemia, with resulting gallstone formation. As a large percentage of gallbladder patients have continued digestive complaints following cholecystectomy, the author examines complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments to counteract gallstone formation. Herbal medicine such as turmeric, oregon grape, bupleurum, and coin grass may reduce gallbladder inflammation and relieve liver congestion. Elimination of offending foods, not necessarily 'fatty' foods, is often successful and recommended by many holistic physicians. Regular aerobic exercise has a beneficial effect on hyperinsulinemia, which is often associated with gallbladder disease. Dietary changes that lower plasma insulin levels, such as a change in dietary fats and substitution of unrefined carbohydrates for refined carbohydrates, may also be helpful.

Acupuncture↗

PubMed2003

Pharmacological evaluation of several major ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines in human hepatoma Hep3B cells.

Long-dan-tan (Chinese name) is one of the most common herbal medicines used by Chinese people with chronic liver disease. Accumulated anecdotal evidence suggests that Long-dan-tan may show a beneficial effect in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Long-dan-tan is made from five plants: Gentiana root, Scutellaria root, Gardenia fruit, Alisma rhizome, and Bupleurum root. In this study, we have examined the cytotoxic effects of the five major ingredients isolated from the above plants, i.e. gentiopicroside, baicalein, geniposide, alisol B acetate and saikosaponin-d, respectively, on human hepatoma Hep3B cells. Annexin V immunofluorescence detection, DNA fragmentation assays and FACScan analysis of propidium iodide-staining cells showed that gentiopicroside, baicalein, and geniposide had little effect, whereas alisol B acetate and saikosaponin-d profoundly induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells. Alisol B acetate, but not saikosaponin-d, induced G2/M arrest of the cell cycle as well as a significant increase in caspase-3 activity. Interestingly, baicalein by itself induced an increase in H(2)O(2) generation and the subsequent NF-kappaB activation; furthermore, it effectively inhibited the transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1))-induced caspase-3 activation and cell apoptosis. We suggest that alisol B acetate and saikosaponin-d induced cell apoptosis through the caspase-3-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. Instead of inducing apoptosis, baicalein inhibits TGF-beta(1)-induced apoptosis via increase in cellular H(2)O(2) formation and NF-kappaB activation in human hepatoma Hep3B cells.

Annexin A5↗

PubMed2000

Effect of saikosaponin, a triterpene saponin, on apoptosis in lymphocytes: association with c-myc, p53, and bcl-2 mRNA.

1. The mechanisms involved in the apoptotic effect of saikosaponin-d, a triterpene saponin from Bupleurum falcatum L., were studied in human CEM lymphocytes and compared with those of dexamethasone (3 x 10(-7) M). 2. Saikosaponin-d (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) inhibited the serum-stimulated [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. Dexamethasone also inhibited serum-stimulated [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. 3. Cell viability was unaffected by saikosaponin-d until 10(-5) - 10(-4) M. Dexamethasone significantly reduced the number of viable cells. 4. Following saikosaponin-d (10(-5) - 10(-4) M) treatment, flow cytometry analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells showed a significant increase in the percentage of cells in the apoptotic region. Dexamethasone also significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. The supravital exposure to propidium iodide and annexin V labelling demonstrated that saikosaponin-d (10(-5) - 10(-4) M) induced apoptosis as well as necrosis. 5. The apoptotic effect of saikosaponin-d (3 x 10(-6) - 10(-4) M) was also demonstrated by TUNEL analysis and DNA laddering. The percentage of apoptotic cells induced by saikosaponin-d (3 x 10(-6) - 10(-5) M) was unaffected by the presence of Z-VAD-FMK, indicating that saikosaponin-d-induced apoptosis may not be mediated by caspase activity. However, the percentage of apoptotic cells induced by dexamethasone was significantly reduced by the presence of Z-VAD-FMK. 6. Levels of c-myc, p53, and bcl-2 mRNA were analysed by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Levels of c-myc and p53 mRNA were significantly increased, while the level of bcl-2 mRNA was decreased, by saikosaponin-d (10(-5) M) treatment. Dexamethasone did not significantly change the expression of these genes. 7. It is suggested that the apoptotic effect of saikosaponin-d may be partly mediated by increases in c-myc and p53 mRNA levels accompanied by a decrease in bcl-2 mRNA level.

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones↗

PubMed1991

Purification of a new peroxidase catalysing the formation of lignan-type compounds.

A novel peroxidase that catalyses the dimerization of ferulic acid or caffeic acid via oxidative coupling and formation of beta beta'-linkage to the lignan-type compounds 8,8'-bis(caffeic acid) or 8,8'-bis(ferulic acid) respectively was purified from the leaves of Bupleurum salicifolium. The enzyme, for which the name caffeate peroxidase is proposed, was purified 2700-fold. It is a glycoprotein and has an Mr of 38,000 as determined by gel filtration and SDS/PAGE. The Km values for ferulic acid and caffeic acid were 0.24 mM and for H2O2 0.04 mM with caffeic acid and 0.48 mM with ferulic acid. The purified peroxidase does not exhibit activity on other phenylpropanoids tested and has no detectable phenol oxidase or NADPH oxidase activity. The caffeate peroxidase could be involved in the biosynthesis of lignans.

Catalysis↗

PubMed1994

Polyclonal antibody against a complement-activating pectin from the roots of Angelica acutiloba.

Anti-sera against a complement-activating pectin (AR-2IIb), which was purified from the roots of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa, were obtained by immunization of rabbits, and a polyclonal anti-AR-2IIb antibody of the IgG class was purified by affinity chromatography on AR-2IIb-immobilized Sepharose and Protein G-Sepharose. Periodate oxidation of AR-2IIb significantly reduced its inhibitory activity on the reactivity of AR-2IIb to anti-AR-2IIb-IgG, but pronase digestion of AR-2IIb did not affect its inhibitory activity. Other pharmacologically active pectins from A. autiloba, Bupleurum falcatum, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis and the complement-activating pectic arabinogalactan from A. autiloba also showed significant inhibitory activities on the reactivity of AR-2IIb to anti-AR-2IIb-IgG, but these inhibitory activities were lower than that of AR-2IIb. Other pectins, polygalacturonic acid, arabinogalactan, galactan, and araban tested had negligible inhibitory activity. Endo-a-(1-->4)-polygalacturonase digestion of AR-2IIb indicated that its "ramified" region (rhamnogalacturonan core possessing neutral oligosaccharide side-chains) contained epitopes for anti-AR-2IIb-IgG, but that 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO)-containing regions and oligogalacturonides obtained from AR-2IIb were not recognized by anti-AR-2IIb-IgG. Although carboxyl-reduction of galacturonic acid in the "ramified" region decreased the inhibitory activity of the "ramified" on its reactivity to anti-AR-2IIb, an acidic tetrasaccharide unit in the rhamnogalacturonan core had negligible inhibitory activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Existence of a rhamnogalacturonan II-like region in bioactive pectins from medicinal herbs.

Unusual component sugars such as 2-methylfucose (2-Me-Fuc), 2-methylxylose (2-Me-Xyl), apiose (Api), and aceric acid (AceA) are contained in the bioactive pectins from Bupleurum falcatum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Angelica acutiloba, but not in the other bioactive pectic heteroglycans and arabinogalactans from Chinese and Japanese herbs tested. Each pectin was digested with endo-alpha-(1-->4)-polygalacturonase, and gave two enzyme-resistant fractions, PG-1 (rhamnogalacturonan core with neutral sugar side-chains) and PG-2, and an oligogalacturonide fraction (PG-3) by gel filtration on Bio-gel P-30. The PG-2 fractions commonly consisted of unusual sugars such as 2-Me-Fuc, 2-Me-Xyl, Api, AceA, 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-heptulosaric acid (Dha), and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo) in addition to Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc, GalA, and GlcA. Lithium degradation of each PG-2 gave a pentosyl-->6-deoxyhexosyl-->6-deoxyhexosyl-->pentitol fragment as a major oligosaccharide in addition to some neutral di- to trisaccharide alditols. Methylation analysis of the lithium degradation products from each PG-2 also indicated that these oligosaccharide alditols mainly consisted of terminal Rha, Araf, Fuc, Xyl, and Gal, 4-linked Rha, 3-linked Fuc, and 3'-linked Api. HPLC analysis showed that PG-2 had molecular heterogeneity. These results indicate that the bioactive pectins from medicinal herbs commonly consist of the minor KDO-containing region which resembles the rhamnogalacturonan II in plant cell walls.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1991

The effects of saikosaponin on macrophage functions and lymphocyte proliferation.

The effects of saikosaponin-d (ssd), isolated from Bupleurum radix, on phagocytic functions of mouse peritoneal macrophages were investigated after treatment in vitro. The macrophages treated with ssd showed a significant increase in PMA-induced chemiluminescence. An increase in phagocytosis was detected after treatment with saikosaponin-b2 (0.1 microM) for 24 h in vitro, while a suppression of phagocytosis was observed following treatment with saikosaponins (0.5 microM). Treatment with ssd markedly increased the random migration of resident peritoneal macrophages, but did not affect the migration towards FMLP. We further investigated the effect of ssd on proliferative responses of spleen cells and found that ssd, which itself has no mitogenic activity, decreased spleen cell proliferative response to T-cell mitogen, but increased the response to B-cell mitogen.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Antiviral effects of saikosaponins on human coronavirus 229E in vitro.

1. Saikosaponins represent a group of oleanane derivatives, usually as glucosides, that are found in a number of plant families. Saikosaponins isolated from medicinal plants such as Bupleurum spp., Heteromorpha spp. and Scrophularia scorodonia have been reported to possess various biological activities, specifically antihepatitis, antinephritis, antihepatoma, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation and antibacterial effects. 2. The aim of the present study was to examine the anticoronaviral activity of saikosaponins (A, B2, C and D) and their mode of action. Using the 2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide] (XTT) assay, results showed that all saikosaponins tested demonstrated antiviral activity at concentrations of 0.25-25 micromol/L, with the strongest activity being noted for saikosaponin B2 (IC50 = 1.7 +/- 0.1 micromol/L). Interestingly, both saikosaponins A (50% cellular cytotoxicity (CC50) concentration = 228.1 +/- 3.8 micromol/L; selectivity index (SI) = 26.6) and B2 (CC50 = 383.3 +/- 0.2 micromol/L; SI = 221.9) exhibited no cytotoxic effects on target cells at concentrations that achieved antiviral activity. In the time-of-addition studies, saikosaponin B2, at 6 micromol/L, significantly inhibited human coronavirus 229E infection following its addition at various time pre-infection (-4 to -1 h), coinfection (0 h) and post-infection (1-4 h). Furthermore, saikosaponin B2 also showed an inhibitory effect on viral attachment and penetration. 3. The present results indicate that saikosaponin B2 has potent anticoronaviral activity and that its mode of action possibly involves interference in the early stage of viral replication, such as absorption and penetration of the virus.

Antiviral Agents↗

PubMed1993

Role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and oxygen-derived free radicals in the formation of gastric lesions induced by HCl/ethanol, and a possible mechanism of protection by anti-ulcer polysaccharide.

This study examined the role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions induced by HCl/ethanol. Superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and their combination reduced gastric lesion formation in mice. Gastric lesions were also reduced in mice treated with cyclophosphamide or anti-neutrophils, but not in mice treated with allopurinol or desulphated-carrageenan. Cobra venom factor did not reduce lesion formation. These results suggested that oxygen-free radicals may contribute to the formation of gastric mucosal lesions induced by HCl/ethanol, and that oxygen radicals were generated from neutrophils but not from xanthine oxidase. Anti-ulcer pectic polysaccharide, bupleuran 2IIc, which was recently isolated from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L., showed potent inhibition of HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice. Bupleuran 2IIc seemed to scavenge hydroxyl radical effectively. It was suggested that this anti-ulcer polysaccharide may provide protection to the gastric mucosa by scavenging oxygen-free radicals.

Allopurinol↗

PubMed1997

Oxygen insertion in Sesamum indicum furanofuran lignans. Diastereoselective syntheses of enzyme substrate analogues.

The furofuran lignans in sesame seed have an unusual oxygen insertion between their furan and aryl rings. In our continuing investigations on the isolation and characterization of the enzyme(s) involved, the diastereoselective syntheses of various substrate analogues for the oxygen insertion step were developed for future substrate specificity and inhibitor studies. This synthetic strategy also provided entry to so-called furofuranone epoxy-lignans, such as salicifoliol from Bupleurum sp., and acuminatolide from Helichrysum sp.

Dioxoles↗

PubMed1990

The pharmacological and pathological studies on Taiwan folk medicine (IV): The effects of echinops grijisii and e. Latifolius.

The protective effect of "San-fang-feng" derived from the root of Echinops grijsii Hance on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity has been studied. This crude drug was found to possess a marked hepatoprotective effect. A comparison of the protective effect with "Lou-lu" derived from the root of E. latifolius Tausch and "Pei-chai-hu" original Bupleurum chinense showed that E. grijisii and E. latifolius were more effective than B. chinense as reported previously. The results suggested that both E. grijisii and E. latifolius could correct the hepatocyte necrosis and functional disorder induced by the CCl4 treatment.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1991

The pharmacological and pathological studies on Taiwan folk medicine (VI): The effects of Elephantopus scaber subsp. oblanceolata, E. mollis and Pseudoelephantopus spicatus.

The liver protective effect of Elephantopus scaber subsp. oblanceolata, E. mollis and Pseudoelephantopus spicatus on CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity has been determined by liver enzyme functional test and pathological studies. As the result indicated, the acute increase of serum transaminase (SGOT and SGPT level which was caused by CCL4 administration (3.0ml/kg, s.c.) can be significantly reduced when treating with E. scaber subsp. oblanceolata (p less than 0.001), E. mollis (p less than 0.01), P. spicatus (p less than 0.01). The hepatic fatty metamorphosis and necrosis of central lobule were obviously improved by treating with E. scaber subsp. oblanceolata and E. mollis, while treated with P. spicatus demonstrated only a moderate protective effect. All pharmacological and pathological effects of these three crude drugs were compared with Bupleurum chinense which has been reported previously as a treatment criteria.

Alanine Transaminase↗