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PubMed1990

Serological survey of Brucella abortus antibody prevalence in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) from eastern Sudan.

A five year investigation of Brucella antibody prevalence in camel sera was conducted in 1502 one-humped camels of both sexes and different ages. The average (mean +/- SD) incidence rate of positive results was 6.95 +/- 1.55%. Among adult one-humped camels, the rate was 4.94 +/- 2.51% in males and 13.76 +/- 4.41% in females. Juvenile one-humped camel calves showed a 0% incidence rate in males and a 1.82 +/- 3.64% in females. Antibodies against Brucella abortus were prevalent in one-humped camel sera throughout the five years of the survey with incidence rates of 6.54, 5.79, 9.32, 5.03 and 8.06%, respectively from 1985 to 1989.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Two simple antigen-detection enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infections in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

A monoclonal antibody against a plasma membrane antigen of Trypanosoma rhodesiense was used in a microplate- and a tube-ELISA for the detection of T. evansi circulating antigen in camel sera from endemic areas in Mali and Kenya. The colour reactions could be read visually and the results obtained for both assays were identical. The sera from the control herd of 30 camels from a farm in a non-endemic area in Kenya were all negative for antigen, while 18 out of 20 sera from infected camels in an endemic area in Kenya and 16 out of 17 parasitaemic camels from a different endemic area in Mali were antigen-positive. More importantly, the antigen-detection assay gave positive results with 9 out of 20 and 13 out of 20 field sera from the two endemic areas in Kenya and Mali, respectively, collected from camels which had negative parasitological findings. The ease with which the tube-ELISA can be carried out makes it a potentially suitable tool for the diagnosis of T. evansi infections in the field.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Some clinical, haematological and biochemical effects of four tranquilizers in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Six healthy camels were treated with the tranquilizers propionyl promazine (Combelen), xylazine (Rompun), acepromazine (Calmivet) or chlorpromazine (Largactil) at single intramuscular doses of 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, or 3 mg/kg, respectively; and the onset, duration and degree of sedation produced by each drug was assessed for six hours. The effect of the treatments on some haematological and biochemical parameters was also studied. The onset and duration of action of the tranquilizers were 10 min and 2.1 +/- 0.5 h for propionyl promazine, 4 min and 3.1 +/- 0.4 h for xylazine, 5 min and 2.3 +/- 0.5 h for acepromazine, 7 min and 2.5 +/- 0.4 h for chlorpromazine, respectively. It was observed that 5-10 min after the administration of the four drugs, camels showed slight irritability, dropping of the lower lips and scratching of the nostrils against objects. During the first hour after medication camels showed frequent urination, defaecation and lacrimation. Xylazine seemed to be superior to the other three drugs in producing sedation. No significant effect on the rectal temperature or the respiratory rates of treated camels was seen after the administration of the four drugs. There were consistent, but statistically insignificant decreases (about 10 p. 100) in the haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts of camels one hour after treatment with the tranquilizers. The four drugs, particularly xylazine and propionyl promazine produced significant hyperglycaemia, but did not alter significantly the plasma concentration of urea or activity of aspartate aminotransferase.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Some observations on the toxicosis of isometamidium chloride (samorin) in camels.

Healthy camels were experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi and then treated with isometamidium chloride (samorin) at single intravenous doses of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg. Five to 10 min after the drug administration, the camels at both dosages showed lacrimation, salivation, trembling, restlessness, frequent urination and defecation, followed by diarrhea. Moreover, the camels at the higher dose showed an unsteady gait for about an hour with hindleg weakness and walking backward. The animals fell to the ground, laid on their sides, and bent their necks into an "S" shaped curve. Three hours after the drug administration all the animals stood up and remained quiet. The treatment increased the concentration of plasma ammonia and total protein. No significant change was found in the plasma bilirubin concentration. Two hours after treatment, the activity of plasma cholinesterase was significantly reduced. The enzyme activity recovered 24 h after drug administration, but was still significantly below the control value. The treatment did not produce statistically significant changes in the hemogram of the infected camels. The results suggest that the drug should not be used clinically against T evansi infection due to its low margin of safety. If the drug is to be used at all in camels, pretreatment with an anticholinergic agent might be considered.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Camel contagious ecthyma (pustular dermatitis).

In 1979, pustular dermatitis caused by a virus belonging to the family Poxviridae , genus Parapoxvirus , was observed among camels in some areas of Mongolia . The morbidity in adults ranged from 10 to 80%, of 2 to 3-month-old suckling camels between 50-70% and it reached 100% in 1-year-old animals. In the beginning, pustules developed around the mouth followed by papular elevations and scab formation. The virus designated camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) grew on the chorionallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11-day-old chick embryos (CE). The disease was transferred to the scarified skin of 2 to 3-month-old camels. Vaccination with the material containing CCE virus seemed to be promising. In contrast, camels were not protected after immunization with vaccinia virus and with a vaccine against sheep and goat contagious ecthyma.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Epidemiology of trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi in camels in mali: results of parasitological and clinical survey].

An epidemiological study of trypanosomiasis was conducted in the rearing areas of dromedary camels in Mali. According to the parasitological and clinical surveys performed, the overall infection rates were 9.5% (29/305) in Western Sahel (region I) and 4.5% (28/627) in the areas of Tombouctou and Gao (region II). The proportion of contaminated herds was 55% in region I and 68% in region II and in some herds the infection rate exceeded 50%. The surveys showed a trend for increasing parasitological prevalence with age. While it was almost nonexistent in young camels less than one year old, it increased with age and reached a maximum in 2 to 5-year old camels. The authors showed that the infection has a significantly negative effect on PCV and on the overall status of the animals, confirming the pathogenicity of Trypanosoma evansi in dromedary camels. This trypanosome is almost the only species detected in the dromedary camel in Mali and it does not seem to cause infections in other animals reared in the same environment.

Aging↗

PubMed1998

Pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid and its detection time in urine after intravenous administration of the drug in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

OBJECTIVE: To document tolfenamic acid disposition variables, identify its major phase-1 metabolite and fragmentation pattern, and establish detection time in urine after single IV bolus administration to make recommendations on avoiding violative residues in racing camels. ANIMALS: 7 healthy camels (6 males, 1 female), 8 to 11 years old and weighing from 300 to 480 kg. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and at 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 hours after IV administration of tolfenamic acid (2.0 mg/kg of body weight). Urine samples were collected daily for 14 days after drug administration. Serum tolfenamic acid concentration was measured; limit of quantification was 50 ng/ml. A metabolite of tolfenamic acid in urine was isolated and identified, and its major fragmentation pattern was verified. Screening for tolfenamic acid and its metabolite in urine was performed. RESULTS: Mean +/- SEM tolfenamic acid elimination half-life was 5.76+/-0.26 hours. Total body clearance was 0.109+/-0.011 L/kg/h, and steady-state volume of distribution was 0.68+/-0.06 L/kg. Detection time for tolfenamic acid and its hydroxylated metabolite in urine after IV administration of a dose of 2.0 mg/kg was 5 and 7 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Camels eliminate tolfenamic acid mainly via metabolism more slowly than do cattle. The extrapolated dose regimen from cattle to camels appears inappropriate. Veterinarians are advised not to use tolfenamic acid in camels for at least 8 days prior to racing.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Revealing the cytokine-mediated embryo-maternal crosstalk during extended in vitro culture in the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius).

This study reports, for the first time, the establishment of endometrial organoids (EOs) from the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) and evaluates their suitability as an in vitro model for embryo-maternal interactions during implantation. Endometrial tissues were collected from non-pregnant she-camels and cultured in Matrigel with a defined growth medium. By Day 7, organoids displayed a spherical morphology (200-250 µm), remained viable for up to 20 days, and expanded to approximately 1 mm. They exhibited epithelial characteristics and high proliferative activity, confirmed by expression of mucin-1, pan-cytokeratin, vimentin, and Ki67. Day 7 in vitro-produced embryos co-cultured with EOs showed significant improvements in development and trophoblast outgrowth. This was accompanied by upregulation of key developmental genes (OCT4, c-MYC, KLF4, CDX2). Cytokine profiling revealed enhanced bidirectional signaling: embryos increased secretion of CCL2, CCL4, IGF-1, IFNG, IL1α, IL12b, IL-8, LIF, IL-10, and NTF3, while EOs upregulated VEGFA, IL-8, CCL2, and TIMP1. Co-culture uniquely induced additional cytokines and amplified signaling intensity. Metabolomic analysis of embryo-conditioned medium identified 108 metabolites, including steroids associated with immunomodulation. Notably, embryos cultured in EO-conditioned medium developed up to Day 21 post-cleavage, reaching a mean diameter of 2.4 mm. Overall, camel EOs provide a physiologically relevant platform that supports embryo development and enables detailed investigation of cytokine-mediated embryo-maternal communication and implantation processes in the dromedary camel.

Camel↗

PubMed2026

MERS-CoV in the Middle East and Africa: from surveillance gaps in humans and dromedary camels to One Health frameworks for spillover, prevention, research and response preparedness.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a low-incidence but high-consequence zoonotic coronavirus threat. Since its identification in Saudi Arabia in 2012, more than 2600 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported from 27 countries, most from the Arabian Peninsula; the reported case fatality ratio is high but probably overestimates infection fatality because mild and asymptomatic infections are under-detected. Dromedary camels across the Middle East, North Africa, East Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahel show extensive evidence of MERS-CoV infection or exposure, yet PCR-confirmed human disease has rarely been reported from Africa. This "Africa paradox" is one of the most important unresolved issues in MERS-CoV epidemiology. We propose a dromedary camel-centered One Health framework for the connected Middle East-Africa dromedary belt. The framework is organized around two linked barriers: an upstream barrier that detects and reduces zoonotic spillover at the camel-human interface, and a downstream healthcare barrier that prevents amplification after human infection occurs. Preparedness should include sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection and atypical pneumonia in camel-exposed populations, linked animal-human genomic surveillance, culturally respectful and occupationally practical risk reduction, rapid diagnostic pathways, healthcare infection prevention and control, mass-gathering and travel preparedness, and preapproved research platforms. A Middle East-Africa preparedness compact aligned with the International Health Regulations, One Health governance, and equitable pathogen access and benefit sharing could transform fragmented surveillance into a standing transregional system for early detection, prevention, and research-ready response.

Africa paradox↗

PubMed1999

Interleukin-2-induced, melanoma-specific T cells recognize CAMEL, an unexpected translation product of LAGE-1.

Melanoma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a melanoma patient with autologous IL-2-producing melanoma 518/IL2.14 cells. CTL clone 1/29 recognized, in addition to autologous melanoma cell lines, a panel of HLA-A*0201-expressing allogeneic melanoma cell lines but was not reactive with normal melanocytes. Here, we report the full molecular characterization of the target structure for CTL 1/29, which was identified by cDNA expression cloning. The recognized antigen was named CAMEL (CTL-recognized antigen on melanoma). The CAMEL cDNA turned out to be derived from the LAGE-1 gene, a recently described tumor antigen that is strongly homologous to NY-ESO-1. CAMEL, however, is not encoded by the putative open reading frame (ORF) of LAGE-1 but by an alternative frame starting from the second ATG of the mRNA. The first 11 amino acids of the CAMEL protein, MLMAQEALAFL, constitute the epitope of CTL 1/29. This epitope is also encoded by a similar alternative ORF in NY-ESO-1. In summary, CTL induction with IL-2-transfected melanoma cells has revealed a new tumor antigen that may serve as a target for immunotherapy.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

Purification and partial characterization of camel anionic chymotrypsin.

An anionic chymotrypsin-like enzyme was isolated from a crude extract of camel pancreas by a three-step procedure consisting of anion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on native and SDS gel electrophoresis and on gel isoelectric focusing. Its molecular mass was estimated as 28.5 kDa and its isoelectric point was found to be 4.4. The enzyme differed markedly from bovine chymotrypsin A in its substrate specificity, showing considerably lower values of the specificity constant for its action on tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine esters. Its pH optimum was found to be 7.8. It showed lower kininase activity and was more susceptible to inhibition by a number of inhibitors than the bovine cationic chymotrypsin. On the other hand, the camel enzyme showed a much greater hydrolytic activity than the bovine enzyme toward a leucine ester. In terms of its size, charge, and substrate specificity the camel enzyme was very similar to anionic chymotrypsins that have been isolated from other species and thus appears to be a camel anionic chymotrypsin.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

A reassortant H1N1 influenza A virus caused fatal epizootics among camels in Mongolia.

In the autumn of 1979 a severe influenza epizootic started among camels in Mongolia (Lvov et al., 1982; Viprosi Virusol. 27, 401-405.) Between 1980 and 1983 13 independent isolates of H1N1 viruses were obtained from diseased camels, which were virtually indistinguishable from the human A/USSR/90/77 strain by serological means. Two hundred and seventy-one samples of camel sera collected between 1978 and 1983 contained antibodies against the human A/USSR/90/77 isolate. After experimental infection of camels with some of these isolates, the animals developed similar symptoms as those found during natural infection: coughing, bronchitis, fever, discharge from nose and eyes. A genetic sequence analysis revealed that among the eight segments (genes) the PB1, HA, and NA genes were almost identical with allelic genes of the USSR/77 strain, and the PB2, PA, NP, M, and NS genes were almost identical with those of the A/PR/8/34 strain.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Echinococcus granulosus of camel origin: development in dogs and parasite morphology.

The developmental characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus of camel origin were studied in four dogs artificially infected with protoscolices originating from hydatid cysts isolated from the lung of a camel (Camelus dromedarius). Two dogs each were necropsied 34/35 and 41 days post-infection (p.i.); one dog had a low worm burden and the others were heavily infected (27,625-41,150 worms). At day 35 p.i., 20% of the parasites had developed three segments and the uterus of the vast majority of the total population was full of developing eggs in the terminal segment. At day 41, up to 58% of the parasites contained mature eggs (embryonated eggs with fully developed, "thick-shelled" embryophores). Morphological studies revealed the following major characteristics for 35 day-old worms: the mean length of the terminal segment accounted for 54% of the total worm length; the position of the sexually mature segment was always terminal; the female reproductive system possessed an elongated ovary with compact lobules; the female ducts were also compact; the Mehlis' gland was covered by the vitelline gland and the testes were distributed throughout the segment, with 1 row posterior to the vitelline gland. The camel isolate can readily be distinguished from the horse and sheep strains, but it is similar to the cattle strain in some respects, particularly in its precocious development. However, the camel isolate differs from the cattle strain in the position of the sexually mature segment, arrangement of the testes and structure of the female reproductive system. As in the cattle strain, the metacestodes in the principal intermediate host are mostly localised in the lung and have a high fertility rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates of very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramus angularis is also absent but the left distal atrii ramus is present.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The anatomy of the atrioventricular bundle in the heart of camels (Camelus dromedarius).

The anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular bundle (AVB) was studied in the heart of six camels (Camelus dromedarius). The trunk of the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) was a direct continuation of the atrioventricular (AV) node with no sharp line of demarcation between the node and the bundle. The atrioventricular bundle ran through the fibrous trigone and entered the lower part of the interventricular membranous septum, beneath the right endocardium, then lay over or slightly to the side of the centre of the muscular interventricular crest. The AVB of camels measured 4.12 +/- 1.00 mm in length, 3.66 +/- 1.13 mm in width and 1.13 +/- 1.85 mm in thickness, its maximum sectional area being 12.68 +/- 6.13 mm2. Histologically, the AVB in the heart of camels comprised multiple strands of Purkinje cells separated by collagen fibres and surrounded by connective tissue. It resembled that in human beings and dogs except that, in camels, intercalated discs were present at the intercellular connections in the AVB.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. V. Notes on camels.

Observations on camels have been made over two separate periods of about 18 months each. Information is provided on population structure and on type, with particular reference to weight and shoulder height. A growth curve has been derived, formulae for estimating weight from girth provided, and a mean population weight has been calculated. Details of live and slaughter weight and dressing percentages of 60 camels are given. The weights and percentages of empty body weight and of edible and nonedible parts are presented. Some notes are made of the unusual method of slaughter. The role of camels in transport and draught is discussed. Camels used for ploughing and for pressing oil from local crops produce more power than other domestic animals doing similar work.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1993

Dermatophytes and other associated fungi isolated from ringworm lesions of camels.

Among 75 camels showing skin lesions, 48% were positive for fungal infection. The younger individuals were more susceptible to this infection. Sixteen species belonging to nine genera of keratinophilic and cycloheximide-resistant fungi were recovered from diseased camels. Trichophyton, Microsporum and Chrysosporium were the most common genera. T. verrucosum appeared to be the main cause of ringworm in small camels while T. mentagrophytes infected older ones. Camel skin presents a suitable habitat for the growth of some dermatophytes and other potentially pathogenic fungi.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Chewing activities and oesophageal motility during feed intake, rumination and eructation in camels.

It was the aim of this study to characterize rumination behaviour, eructation and oesophageal motility in camels to identify similarities and differences between camels and domestic ruminants. Recordings were carried out in five camels fed on a hay-based diet. On an average, the duration of rumination, feeding and resting was 8.3, 5.6 and 10.1 h per 24 h, respectively. Rumination activity peaked in the morning between 9:00 and 11:00 and in the night between 02:00 and 04:00 a.m. During rumination periods, on an average 67 boluses were regurgitated per hour. Each bolus was chewed for an average of 45 s with 68 chews per min. The pause between two rumination cycles lasted on an average 9 s. Hay intake took 61 min/kg dry matter (DM), rumination lasted 71 min/kg DM of hay consumed. The regurgitation of a bolus started with a contraction of cranial compartment 1 (C 1) during a B-sequence, followed by a deep inspiration with closed glottis. Digesta enters the oesophagus, and an antiperistaltic wave transported the bolus orally. Eructation starts with a contraction of the caudal C1 during a B-sequence when the cranial C1 is relaxed. After entering the oesophagus, a rapid antiperistaltic wave transports the gas orally. Results revealed that the parameter values obtained in the camels were remarkably similar to those in domestic ruminants despite profound morphological differences and different patterns of forestomach motility.

Animals↗