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PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence of spontaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in Charles River CD-1 mice varies with breeding origin.

Three separate control lifetime studies were conducted with untreated Crl:CD-1 (ICR)BR mice using a total of 400 mice/sex maintained to 21 mo of age. Similar husbandry practices and environmental conditions were used for all 3 studies. It was noted after study initiation that the Charles River breeding facility of origin was different for each study. The aggregate range of survival and incidence of neoplasms for the combined studies was similar to that previously reported. However, these 3 groups of mice had prominent variation in survival and in the incidence of pulmonary adenomas and systemic amyloidosis in males and females, and in the incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms in males. The present studies indicate that consistent procurement of test animals is an additional variable to be considered in the establishment of a valid database within a test facility when using an outbred mouse.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1981

Short-term effects of dietary nitrilotriacetic acid in the male Charles River rat kidney.

Trisodium nitrilotriacetate monohydrate was fed to male weanling Charles River rats for 28 days. Clinical evidence of urinary tract toxicity included hydronephrosis and nephromegaly. Microscopically, severe renal injury was recognized specifically as convoluted tubular cytoplasmic vacuolation and pelvic epithelial erosion. Hyperplasis occurred as a sequela to these specific cytotoxic alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A case of Charles Bonnet syndrome with musical hallucinations.

An 86-year-old woman with visual impairment who developed a vivid, visual hallucinatory state in clear sensorium is described. This picture conforms to the description of Charles Bonnet Syndrome. She also experienced musical hallucinations. The role of sensory deprivation in the pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Charles Bonnet hallucinations: a case series.

Charles Bonnet hallucinations are complex visual hallucinations which occur during clear consciousness in patients who do not suffer from psychosis, substance abuse, sleep disorders, focal neurological lesions or acute eye disease. They are well-defined images of patterns, scenes, animals or humans combined with normal perceptions and elicit a neutral or pleasant emotional response. Because of conflicting reports about cognitive or visual impairments among patients with these hallucinations, I describe the cognitive and visual status of 13 patients. One patient had preserved cognition and vision; three had preserved cognition and impaired vision; three had impaired cognition and preserved vision; and six had both impaired cognition and vision. It is unlikely that cognitive or visual deficits alone caused the hallucinations, but may have contributed to a state of sensory deprivation with visual phenomena.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Charles Lloyd: epilepsy and poetry.

In this manuscript the life and times of the poet, Charles Lloyd are reviewed. In particular attention is paid to his seizures, and the development of what was probably an epileptic-related psychosis. It is pointed out how the development of the psychosis essentially destroyed his poetic career, and his life is set alongside theories of creativity and mental illness, as has been reviewed recently in the literature. It is suggested that while there may be links between creativity and bipolar disorder, sadly epilepsy is probably destructive to the creative writing process, particularly the writing of poetry.

Epilepsy↗
PubMed2001

Neuropsychiatric perspectives from nineteenth-century India: the diaries of Dr Charles I. Smith.

The history of disease contributes to a better understanding of the growth of ideas in medicine. The colonial period was marked by a rapid increase in the variety of diseases that were known to European practitioners. We have studied the diary of Dr Charles Smith who worked in Bangalore in the nineteenth century. We feel that some of his descriptions tally with later accounts of cysticercosis. He also comments on a wide range of behavioural symptoms, and attempts to correlate neuropathological observations to these. This neuropsychiatric perspective was prominent in the nineteenth century. Infective causes of psychiatric disorders are once again considered important; this account highlights the fact that similar ideas were prevalent in British India, even 150 years ago. In addition, Dr Smith's comments describe the social mileu of 'western' medicine in India in the early colonial period.

Colonialism↗
PubMed2005

'A ticklish sort of affair': Charles Mott, Haydock Lodge and the economics of asylumdom.

In June 1846 complaints about the treatment of a Welsh clergyman at the privately run Haydock Lodge Asylum in England heralded a series of allegations about maltreatment of pauper patients at the institution. These prompted a number of Parliamentary reports on the institution. Allegations were also made about connections between the asylum and officials at the Poor Law Commission. This article demonstrates that many of the problems at Haydock Lodge relate to the character and personal circumstances of its first Superintendent, Charles Mott, a former Assistant Poor Law Commissioner. Despite this specific causation, the Haydock Lodge affair had a more general influence in raising once again questions about the propriety of entrusting the care of publicly funded patients to private institutions.

England↗
PubMed1994

Contractility of lungs and air-tubes: experiments performed in 1840 by Charles J.B. Williams.

In the 18th century, some medical practitioners considered the main pathological feature of asthma to be the production of mucus. Later, during the 19th century, airway smooth muscle contraction was recognized to be a possible cause of airflow obstruction. However, not until 1840 was the contractility of airway smooth muscle clearly established by Charles J.B. Williams, a famous London physician. In a number of innovative experiments in dogs, rabbits, livestock and even donkeys, he showed: 1) that airways contract in response to electrical stimulation; 2) that the observed contractions are almost totally abolished by belladonna and stramonium (anticholinergics); 3) that the responses faded over time; and 4) that morphine inhibited the observed responses. Application of irritant fluids into the tracheal lumen produced similar responses. These interesting observations made by Williams will be reviewed, and related to current theories concerning modulation of airway smooth muscle responsiveness.

Asthma↗
PubMed2000

Charles Skinner Hallpike and the beginnings of neurotology.

Although the symptom of vertigo had been well-recognized for several thousand years, it was not until the pioneering work of Prosper Ménière in the mid-19th century that it was appreciated that vertigo could originate from damage to the inner ear. Before that time, patients with vertigo (regardless of the cause) were said to have "cerebral congestion," a condition resulting from excessive blood filling the brain. Bloodletting and leeches to relieve the congestion were the treatment of choice. The discovery of endolymphatic hydrops in temporal bone specimens from patients with Ménière's disease by Hallpike and Cairns in 1938 marked the beginning of modern neurotology. For the first time, vertigo was correlated with specific pathophysiology. Propelled by his temporal bone work, Charles Hallpike received an appointment at the National Hospital at Queen Square, where he developed an internationally renowned neurotology clinic. His bithermal caloric test and positional tests are still routinely used in evaluation of the vertiginous patient.

Caloric Tests↗
PubMed1995

Spontaneous convulsions in Charles River Wistar rats.

Spontaneous clonic convulsions in the Charles River Wistar rat have been observed at an incidence of 1.5%. Females (2.3%) are more susceptible than males (0.7%). These convulsions are not seen in rats of less than approximately 16 weeks of age. Some animals have exhibited single convulsions whilst others have convulsed on numerous occasions. No histopathological abnormalities of the brain have been recorded for these animals following routine examination.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed by postmortem examination of a one-year-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with four-week history of dyspnea. Cytologic and histologic examination of lung tissues revealed numerous P. carinii trophozoites and cysts, and P. carinii specific DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The dog showed hypogammagloblinemia and extremely low levels of serum IgG. It was considered that P. carinii pneumonia in this case was associated with an immunodeficient condition which has already been reported in Miniature Dachshunds.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A reflection on Cicely Saunders' views on a good death through the philosophy of Charles Taylor.

In her writings, Cicely Saunders has developed a total framework of caring for seriously ill people. Saunders' reaction to what she has experienced as bad contemporary post-war health care is to be found in her hospice philosophy. In this article this philosophy is analysed through the writings of Charles Taylor. Taylor is a Canadian philosopher who has delivered important views on what it means to live a 'good' and 'authentic' life in a modern society. By focusing on Saunders' writings from Taylor's perspective it becomes apparent that Saunders has created a very modern theory. The author has found that different aspects of a good and authentic life are important values in Saunders' good and authentic death. These findings are followed by one question: is Saunders' hospice philosophy too focused on values such as individuality, control and autonomy, giving too little attention to fragility and dependency?

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2004

Wigs, laughter, and subversion: Charles Busch and strategies of drag performance.

This paper examines the strategies of drag performer/ playwright Charles Busch. His performance aesthetic is explored and shown to be subversive even though its initial impulse is to entertain. Basing my arguments on the work of Judith Butler, Elin Diamond, and others, I argue that drag queens like Busch can not only entertain but also make audiences question and criticize through drag's power to create a Brechtian alienation effect and historicize the subject. After showing how he can be viewed as a drag queen, I give a brief biography and discuss such contested terms as "camp" and "gay sensibility." I then focus on Busch's staged reading of Ibsen's Hedda Gahler andA Doll's House, both done in one afternoon at Theatre for The New City (6 May 2000). By examining the performance of Busch and his fellow actors, I demonstrate how a contemporary relevancy is achieved by having the roles played by a female impersonator whose acting choices are filtered through a gay sensibility. The ongoing dialectic between spectator and performer creates a historicized moment in performance that underscores the gender dynamics in unexpected and stimulating ways.

Clothing↗
PubMed2001

Albert Léon Charles Calmette (1863-1933) and the antituberculous BCG vaccination.

Albert Léon Charles Calmette was the first person to develop an anti-venom serum. His work revolutionized the treatment of snakebite in men and domestic animals. He is also well known for his development of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis. This article reviews the life experiences of this pioneer bioscientist, the current status of BCG in preventing tuberculosis, and the potential of BCG in immunotherapy for cancer.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2003

Charles Dickens and the movement for sanitary reform.

Charles Dickens's adult life parallels the period when the movement for sanitary reform took root in England. Although he was not one of its leaders, he became in time one of its most outspoken advocates. This essay describes Dickens's growing involvement in the sanitary movement and looks at one of the most important ways he supported it--articles published in his weekly journal Household Words

England↗
PubMed2004

Semiotic aspects of the countertransference: some observations on the concepts of the 'immediate object' and the 'interpretant' in the work of Charles S. Peirce.

The field of semiotics, established by Charles S. Peirce, is characterised by its recognition of non-linguistic signs and embedment in a communicative interaction; for this reason, it is especially well suited for a semiotic investigation of intersubjective processes. In this paper, the authors show how these intersubjective processes can be understood in semiotic terms within the transference-countertransference setting. Based on a case vignette, the relationship between the 'real object' (e.g. an unconscious fantasy) and the sign (e.g. a particular facial expression) is first demonstrated. In this mediation between sign and referent, an important role is played by the 'immediate object', by which Peirce understood the mental concept of a sign. However, a further component of the Peircian sign is responsible for the emergence of the countertransference, namely, the 'interpretant'. The core of Peircian semiotics, namely the concept of an (infinite) process of signification, sheds light in semiotic terms on the dialectical movement between transference-signs and countertransference-signs, the interpretation and encounter between two subjects. The paper concludes with a discussion of both the interdisciplinary applicability of Peircian semiotics, for example in the context of the neurosciences, and the differences between the Peircian epistemological position and psychoanalytical conceptions of the objective cognition of mental processes.

Countertransference↗
PubMed2003

The teaching of physiological disciplines in the 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

The physiological disciplines are being taught from the 1st year of medical study up to the end of the 4th year, it means 8 semesters altogether. It is necessary to explain the curriculum of the 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague. This Faculty has had a new curriculum since 1997, so the first students, who had been taught as to this system, already finished their study. The duration of medical study is 6 years, i.e. 12 semesters. This composed of three cycles: I Basic biomedical sciences. The first two years represent the first cycle, which is based on the integrative principle. II. Principles of clinical medicine. The second cycle is concerned on the problem-based learning. III. Clinical preparation. The third cycle represents clinical application. In the first two years the integrative study is composed of different modules. The first module I A--Structure and functions of human body is the greatest module in the first two years, which is composed of anatomy, histology and embryology, biochemistry and physiology. The module I B--Cell biology and genetics is composed of genetics and cell biology and this module is finished by the examination after two semesters at the end of the first year.

Curriculum↗