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PubMedDate not supplied

Control of imported communicable diseases: preparation and response.

Control of imported communicable diseases hitherto has been based on a paradigm of exclusion, isolationism and quarantine. Yet such policy is inconsistent with globalization of communication, commerce and travel, thus ignoring the potential for rapid dissemination of infectious disease worldwide. Prevention and containment strategies founded on such a premise ultimately cannot be effective. Instead, the perspective in control of communicable diseases must become international with monitoring and study of disease emergence, vector and reservoir patterns, and factors which facilitate and impede pathogen traffic. Our public health system must be reorganized with an international focus to ensure adequacy of surveillance mechanisms, related applied research, prevention and control strategies (including vaccination and information dissemination and education), and maintenance of optimal infrastructure--nationally, locally and internationally. Clear national and provincial contingency plans must be developed, ideally with international cooperation, for dealing with emerging infectious disease threats.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Role of the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit in monitoring communicable diseases of childhood.

The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) conducts active national surveillance of conditions affecting children, including communicable diseases and their complications. By mailing over 900 clinicians each month the APSU gathers national information, not available from other sources, about the incidence, demographic and clinical features of these conditions. In some conditions APSU data supplements that available from existing schemes. The APSU has monitored 20 conditions to date. Eight of these are communicable diseases or their complications, two have a possible infectious aetiology and one frequently presents with infection. Since its inception in 1993 the return rate of monthly report cards by the mailing list has increased from 88 per cent to 94 per cent. Return rate of questionnaires for the communicable diseases studied ranged from 74 per cent to 100 per cent. Studies have enabled estimation of disease incidence, identification of risk factors and possible preventive strategies and provision of detailed clinical information. Although the APSU cannot serve a public health role by case identification and contact tracing it provides information that contributes to the communicable disease strategy for Australia.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

A countrywide approach to the control of non-communicable diseases--the Singapore experience.

INTRODUCTION: Many developed and developing countries are grappling with recent epidemics of non-communicable diseases and how to effectively control them. Singapore as a small, compact and highly urbanized country has similarly experienced a rapid increase in its chronic disease load and has adopted a national approach to control them. METHODS: This paper traces the strategies taken in the 80s and the 90s to control non-communicable diseases and evaluates the effectiveness of the two approaches. RESULTS: In the 80s, the control programme was largely a Ministry of Health responsibility using a persuasive approach to reach out to the target groups. This produced some results through the lowering of hypertension and cholesterol. For the 90s, the approach was one of leadership by government working with relevant agencies to reach out to all relevant sectors in the population. This National Healthy Lifestyle Programme was given top political support. The integrated and comprehensive approach used showed some improvements in health and gave the direction where efforts should be channelled. CONCLUSION: The countrywide approach taken in Singapore for the control of non-communicable diseases illustrates a model where a national framework was adopted, harnessing health promotion and disease prevention and involving personal responsibility as a key success factor. This rides on a well-developed continuum of healthcare which aims to become an integrated and seamless one.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1975

Hospital management of patients and personnel exposed to communicable diseases.

Patients and personnel who are exposed to certain communicable diseases in a hospital setting often require therapeutic or epidemic control measures which may differ from measures employed following community exposure. This paper offers guidelines for reducing the hospital spread of communicable diseases by preventive measures (admission screening procedures, immunizations for personnel), and post-exposure management of patients and personnel. It is intended as a companion to the "Hospital Isolation and Precaution Guidelines" for patients with clinically manifest infections which appeared previously.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Short communication: Strengthening sub-national communicable disease surveillance in a remote Pacific Island country by adapting a successful African outbreak surveillance model.

Successful communicable disease surveillance depends on effective bidirectional information flow between clinicians at the periphery and communicable disease control units at regional, national and global levels. Resource-poor countries often struggle to establish and maintain the crucial link with the periphery. A simple syndrome-based outbreak surveillance system initially developed and evaluated in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa was adapted for the Pacific island nation of Tuvalu. Eight syndromes were identified for surveillance: acute flaccid paralysis (poliomyelitis), profuse watery diarrhoea (cholera), diarrhoea outbreak, dysentery outbreak, febrile disease with abdominal symptoms and headache (typhoid), febrile disease with generalized non-blistering rash (measles), febrile disease with intense headache and/or neck stiffness with or without haemorrhagic rash (meningococcal meningitis), and outbreaks of other febrile diseases of unknown origin. A user-oriented manual, the Tuvalu Outbreak Manual (http://www.wepi.org/books/tom/), was developed to support introduction of the surveillance system. Nurses working in seven outer island clinics and the hospital outpatient department on the main island rapidly report suspected outbreaks and submit weekly zero-reports to the central communicable disease control unit. An evaluation of the system after 12 months indicated that the Outbreak Manual was regarded as very useful by clinic nurses, and there was early evidence of improved surveillance and response to the disease syndromes under surveillance.

Cholera↗
PubMed1994

Control of communicable diseases in the People's Republic of China.

Communicable diseases were rampant in old China. Since the new China was founded, the Government has assigned high priority to the prevention of infectious diseases. A series of measures were adopted, such as instituting health policies in the vein of "Prevention First" as well as health laws and regulations, coordinating department participation and setting up the network of prevention and control of diseases. The incidence of leading infectious diseases has declined dramatically. Although great success has been achieved, infectious diseases still form one of the major public health problems in China. There are some existing problems which hinder the progress of infectious disease control. This situation is being addressed by the government and the slogan "Health for All in 2000" has become the focus of the nation.

China↗
PubMed1993

Application of information technology to the laboratory reporting of communicable disease in England and Wales.

The transmission of laboratory reports from diagnostic medical microbiology laboratories to the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC) is a major component of surveillance of communicable disease in England and Wales. Information on more than 3800 types of organism is held on the CDSC database (labBASE). The volume of reporting has risen steadily during the last 17 years and electronic reporting via epiBASE is beginning to replace postal reporting. Computers are used extensively to collate and analyse data for surveillance reports which are disseminated via the Communicable Disease Report, Epinet and other means. Recent developments include the computer-aided detection of temporal clusters and the establishment of an electronic library of surveillance data.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1983

Management of communicable diseases in day care centers.

In this article, we have focused on specific communicable diseases in day care centers, and have provided guidelines for prevention and control of outbreaks, and management of contacts. Given the growing number of working mothers in the United States and the related increase in child care outside the home, it is inevitable that physicians caring for children will encounter illnesses acquired in the day care setting. Only by understanding the unique epidemiologic characteristics of day care centers will practitioners be able to recognize potential outbreaks and help prevent the further spread of communicable diseases.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Timely redistribution of information for epidemiological surveillance and alert: the experience from the French communicable diseases network.

Since 1984 the French Communicable Disease Network (FCDN) collects and analyses epidemiological information obtained online from a team of "Sentinel General Practitioners" (SGPs). It redistributes this information in the form of standardised weekly incidence estimates. These weekly estimates now appear on the Internet and are the basis for issuing alerts of influenza epidemics. We postulate that day to day estimations would be highly desirable to achieve timely detection of the actual onset of the epidemic, a need dramatically underscored by the emergence of bioterrorism. The present paper suggests the feasibility of reconstructing daily epidemiological information using local smoothing with a suitable spline function to obtain short latency alert messages.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Computerised surveillance of communicable diseases in France.

The French National Department of Health and National Institute of Health and Medical Research decided to develop a powerful, computerised, national information system in order to improve the surveillance of communicable disease in France. The French Communicable Diseases Computer Network (FCDN), which went into operation in 1984, allows for the collection and dissemination of data on seven communicable diseases. The epidemiological database is updated by 500 sentinel general practitioners using home terminals. Data on notifiable diseases are submitted to the National Department of Health by the departmental health offices via FCDN.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1998

Commentary: Emerging and other communicable diseases.

There is an increasing need for integrated, sustainable; and cost-effective approaches to the management of infectious diseases. For example, an emerging disease in one country may already be endemic in another country but nearing elimination in a third. A coordinated approach by WHO towards infectious diseases is therefore needed that will facilitate more effective support of on-going efforts for the prevention and control of endemic diseases, intensify efforts against those diseases targeted for eradication and elimination, and result in better preparedness and response to new and re-emerging diseases. In order to meet these challenges, WHO has created a new Programme on Communicable Diseases (CDS), which will replace the former Division of Emerging and other Communicable Diseases (EMC). The new Programme will better integrate surveillance, prevention, control, and research over the whole spectrum of communicable diseases. CDS will function as focal point for global data and information exchange on infectious diseases, and inter alia, will reinforce laboratory-based surveillance of bacterial, viral, and zoonotic diseases to ensure early detection of threats to international public health. Changes in susceptibility to infectious disease, increased opportunities for infection, and the ability of microbes to adapt rapidly will continue to challenge WHO to improve prevention and control of infectious diseases in the future by establishing strong partnerships with both the private and public sectors.

Communicable Disease Control↗