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PubMed2002

Changes of selected morphotic parameters and blood plasma proteins in blood of divers after a single short-time operational heliox exposure.

In the Polish Navy, deep-water dives, performed for the needs of the maritime industry, are conducted using our own national technology and trimix as a breathing medium. In this paper are presented the results obtained during a short-time deep-water diving test using the principles of US Navy technology, combined with the use of diving equipment type AF-2 and heliox-type breathing mixture in the open circuit. In the performed examinations changes in clinical parameters were assessed viz.: blood morphology, hematocrit level, concentration of C3c, C4, IgG, IgA, IgM, CRP, concentration of fibrinogen and factor XII level, obtained 30 minutes prior to commencement, immediately after completion, and 24 hours after termination of the exposure. The results thus generated were subjected to a preliminary analysis by the description of trends observed. It was revealed that the diving technology employed did not generate substantial changes in the examined parameters of blood in divers, and the increase of neutrophils, blood platelets and fibrinogen concentration in the blood plasma immediately after diving is of temporary character, being a typical reaction observed during diving.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Radioimmunoassay evaluation of anti-C3d reactivity in broad spectrum commercial antiglobulin reagents.

The study was undertaken to assess the potential of a labeled C3d radioimmunoassay method as a standardization criterion for antiglobulin reagents containing anti-C3d reactivity. Over an 18-month interval, four different lots of broad-spectrum antiglobulin reagents were purchased from each of seven United States manufacturers. Anti-C3d antibody concentration and Ko in each lot were assayed initially and at four-month intervals over 16 to 21 months storage at 4 degrees C. The results permitted 1) comparison of anti-C3d antibody concentrations among different manufacturers, 2) comparison among different lots from the same manufacturer, and 3) assessment of stability of anti-C3d during storage. In addition, serial dilutions of reagents in each manufacturer's diluent were compared for their anti-C3d agglutinating properties by the spin-antiglobulin method against red blood cells (RBC) coated by C3d in vitro and against in vivo C3d-coated RBC from 16 patients. Most reagents were shown also to contain anti-C3c, anti-C4c and anti-C4d reactivities when tested against suitably coated RBC. Anti-C3d antibody concentrations ranged from approximately 1 to 3.5 microgram/ml for 27 of the 28 reagents and were stable over 16 to 21 months of storage. Anti-C3d agglutination titer scores showed a general correlation with anti-C3d antibody concentrations when tested against in vitro C3d-coated RBC; correlations were less good against C3d-coated cells from patients. The radioimmunoassay provided reproducible objective measurements and appeared to have merit as a standardization criterion.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune↗

PubMed1981

A study of C3b deposition on yeast surfaces by sera of known opsonic potential.

C3c fragments released by the actin of trypsin from C3b molecules bound to zymosan may be readily quantitated by conventional gel techniques to give a measurement of the efficiency of C3b opsonization. Using this approach, the rate of deposition of C3b molecules was found to be very rapid in sera known to opsonize yeast normally. In contrast, sera defective in yeast opsonization deposited C3b much more slowly. The C3b elution technique was found to correlate well with both a direct phagocytosis assay using baker's yeast (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001) and a recently described neutrophil iodide uptake assay (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001).

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Immunological studies on pre-eclampsia in Nigerian women.

Circulating immune complexes, C3b inactivator, C3 activator, C3c, C4 and C-reactive protein were assayed in 49 patients with pre-eclampsia and 35 apparently healthy pregnant Nigerian women. Pre-eclamptic women had significantly higher mean levels of circulating immune complexes, C3c and C-reactive protein. C3 activator mean level was also higher in pre-eclampsia than in normal pregnancy, C3b inactivator concentrations were greatly depressed and the mean level was also significantly lower in the pre-eclamptic group (P less than 0.001). However, C4 mean levels were the same in both groups. From the results, it is postulated that in pre-eclamptic conditions the significantly depressed levels of C3b inactivator could predispose to the persistence of deposited immune complexes in the kidneys, resulting in tissue damage. The findings also generally indicate an immunologic pathogenesis for the renal lesions in pre-eclampsia in Nigerian women.

C-Reactive Protein↗

PubMed1992

Higher alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and lower retinol binding protein plasma levels during depression: further evidence for the existence of an inflammatory response during that illness.

Recently, a few reports have shown that severe depression may be associated with higher levels of positive acute phase proteins (APPs), such as haptoglobin (Hp), alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1S) and lower levels of negative APPs (visceral proteins), such as albumin (Alb) and transferrin (Tf). In order to reassess whether depression is related to alterations in the expression of plasma APP concentrations, we measured in 84 normal controls and depressed inpatients positive APPs such as Hp, alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT), hemopexin (Hpx), ceruloplasmin (Cp), complement component C3C and one visceral protein, i.e., retinol binding protein (RBP). We found increased plasma concentrations of Hp, alpha 1AT, and Cp in major depressed subjects as compared with healthy controls, with minor depressives exhibiting an intermediate position. RBP was significantly lower in minor and major depressives than in normal controls. The disorders in these proteins were rather sensitive (62%) for major depression, with a specificity equalling 96%. Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that major depression may be accompanied by inflammatory changes with higher levels of positive APPs (i.e., alpha 1AT, Hp, Cp, alpha 1S) and lower levels of visceral proteins (i.e., RBP, Tf, Alb).

Acute-Phase Reaction↗

PubMed1988

[Comparison of protein concentrations in saliva and serum].

Saliva and serum protein profiles composed of 12 proteins: IgA, IgG, IgM, albumin, transferrin, alpha 1-glycoprotein acid, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, haptoglobine, C3C, C4 and CRP were obtained by laser nephelometry of aliquots of samples of non-stimulated whole saliva and blood taken at the same time. The population of 138 controls of both sexes was divided into 4 age groups: 1 (20 to 29 years), 2 (30 to 39 years), 3 (40 to 49 years), 4 (50 to 60 years). Using the techniques developed for saliva assay, 10 proteins were measurable: IgA, IgG, IgM, albumin, transferrin, alpha 1-glycoprotein acid, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, haptoglobulin and C3C. The C4 fraction and CRP were present at concentrations lower than the detection limit i.e. at 1.8 and 2.05 mg/l. In the serum 11 proteins were analysed, CRP occurring at less than 0.01 g/l. The statistical two-factor variance analysis test (sex and age) demonstrated the statistically significant influence of age in the saliva for alpha 1-PI and alpha 2-M in the serum for Tf, alpha 2-M and alpha 1-PI, and sex in the serum for IgG, IgM, alpha 1-PI, alpha 2-M and also the interaction of both factors in the serum for alpha 2-M.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Immunoelectron microscopic observation of membranous nephropathy in children using protein A-gold complex method].

The ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), complement component (C3c), or fibrinogen-related antigen (FRA) was investigated on 5 biopsy samples from 5 children with idiopathic MN or lupus nephritis using protein A-gold (PAG) complex method. The immunoreactivity of IgG was essentially confined to the mesangial and subepithelial electron-dense deposit (EDD) in all of 5 children, and more intense staining of IgG was observed in 3 children with stage II of MN than those with stage I and stage III of MN. Double immunocytochemical staining showed the same distribution of both IgG and IgM or both IgG and FRA in subepithelial EDD in 2 of 5 children. These findings suggest that IgG deposits are associated with the formation of subepithelial EDD in MN, and raise the possibility that IgM and FRA deposits may result from entrapment and/or immunological reaction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The effects of gonadotropin treatment on the immunological features of male patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

There is a significant line of evidence for a role of androgens in the modulation of the immune system. However, little is known about immunological features of male patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and the potential effects of gonadotropin treatment. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of selected soluble immune parameters [IgA, IgG, IgM, C3c, C4, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-4], the CD4+/CD8 ratio, and counts of total lymphocyte and some subpopulation of lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells) before and after gonadotropin treatment in men with IHH. Twenty-nine IHH patients and 19 age-matched healthy controls were included in the study. The patients were treated with human menopausal gonadotropin/hCG for 6 months. The pretreatment levels of serum Igs, C3c, IL-2, and IL-4 in the patients were significantly higher than those in the controls (P<0.001 for all). After treatment, all Igs (P<0.001), C3c (P<0.01), and IL-2 and IL-4 levels (P<0.005) were decreased significantly compared to pretreatment levels. Pretreatment lymphocyte counts (P<0.05); the percentages of CD3+ cells (P<0.001), CD4+ cells (P< 0.001), and CD19+ cells (P<0.001); and the CD4/CD8+ ratio in the patient group were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the controls. After treatment, the lymphocyte count (P<0.001); CD3+ (P<0.01), CD4+ (P<0.001), and CD19+ (P<0.005) cells; and the CD4-/CD8+ ratio (P<0.001) were decreased, but CD8+ cells were increased significantly (P<0.001). In summary, lack of testosterone action results in the enhancement of cellular and humoral immunity. The results of this study allowed us to conclude that testosterone deficiency affects both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and these may be modulated with gonadotropin therapy in male patients with IHH.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Vulvar lichen sclerosus: an immunologic study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the seroimmunologic (CD3, CD4, CD8 lymphocytes, C3c and C4 complement fractions, and several autoantibodies) and immunohistochemical (T lymphocyte subpopulations, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages, immunoglobulin [Ig] G, Ig M, and C3c complement fraction) characteristics of vulvar lichen sclerosus. METHODS: Serum samples from 68 women with histologically proven lichen sclerosus were compared with those from 53 healthy controls, and tissue samples from 14 of 68 women chosen at random were compared with those from 14 of 53 healthy controls. A scoring system was constructed to compare the number of cells in the tissue. RESULTS: Patients had significantly lower counts of circulating lymphocytes CD3 and CD4 than controls (P < .05) and a higher number of autoantibodies (P < .01). Analysis of the tissue samples confirmed a lower number of CD2 cells (two-tailed P = .002 in epidermis, .005 in dermis), CD3 cells (two-tailed P = .001 in epidermis and in dermis), CD4 cells (two-tailed P = .002 in epidermis, .011 in dermis), and CD8 cells (two-tailed P = .002 in epidermis, .051 in dermis) in subjects than in controls. Numbers of monocyte-macrophage cells were similar in the epidermis but different in the dermis (two-tailed P = .003). No natural killer CD56 cells or B lymphocytes (CD19-CD21) were detected in the affected areas. Deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 were no greater in biopsy specimens of patients than in those of controls. CONCLUSION: Vulvar lichen sclerosus is not caused by a T cell-mediated response, and a viral origin is unlikely. The absence of CD19 and CD21 cells excludes local production of autoantibodies. Our data do not confirm an autoimmune pathogenesis for vulvar lichen sclerosus but help explain why systemic cortisone is of no benefit and justify the use of petroleum jelly to relieve pruritus.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Levels of complement receptor type one (CR1, CD35) on erythrocytes, circulating immune complexes and complement C3 split products C3d and C3c are not changed by short-term physical exercise or training.

The effect of heavy short-term physical exercise on the levels of complement receptor type one (CR1, CD35) on erythrocytes, the concentrations of circulating immune complexes (IC), and the complement C3 split products C3c and C3d were examined in young healthy males. Fourteen untrained volunteers underwent a 60-min bicycle exercise test at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Six of the volunteers were exercised twice with an interval of at least one month. Before the second bicycle test they received oral indomethacin. With an interval of at least 1 week, 6 also went through a 60-min back-muscle exercise at up to 30% of VO2max. Blood samples were collected before and during the last few minutes of exercise as well as 2 h and 24 h afterwards. The same parameters were examined once in 29 highly trained racing cyclists. There were no consistent or significant exercise-induced changes in the levels of erythrocyte CR1, circulating IC, C3c nor C3d as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polyethylene glycol precipitation complement consumption method, and by intermediate gel rocket immunoelectrophoresis, respectively. Neither did these parameters differ from controls in the highly trained group. The results indicate that CR1 on erythrocytes, circulating immune complexes and complement cleavage products C3c and C3d in healthy subjects remain unaffected by short-term heavy physical activity and training.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Concentrations of acute phase proteins in serum during the first two hours of hemodialysis using cuprophane and cellulose acetate dialyzers in patients with chronic renal failure].

In ten patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) serum concentrations of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, prealbumin, hemopexin, transferrin, haptoglobin, C3c and C4 complement components, ceruloplasmin, alpha 2-macroglobulin were determined using Partigen plates before, 30 min. and 2 hours after beginning of HD. Serum concentrations of C3c complement component, prealbumin increased significantly during HD using CU dialyser, but changes during HD using CA dialyser were not significant. Serum concentrations of alpha 1-antitrypsin, hemopexin increased significantly after two hours of HD using CA dialyser, but changes during HD using CU dialyser were again not significant. Serum concentrations of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, transferrin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, C4 complement component during HD using both dialyzers did not change significantly. Serum concentration of alpha 2-macroglobulin was higher after two hours of HD. The type of dialysis membrane has important influence on changes of serum acute phase proteins during the initial period of HD.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗

PubMed1986

Changes of serum complement concentrations in tumour patients prior and after radiotherapy.

Peripheral blood concentrations of leucocytes, platelets and complement factors Clq, C3c, C3d, C4 and C5 were examined in 30 patients suffering from malignant tumours prior and after radiotherapy. In general, a decrease of blood cell concentrations as well as serum complement levels was noted using regression analysis. Two groups were formed: patients with (group I) and without (group II) foregoing tumour surgery. A positive correlation was found for all complement factors prior therapy in group I, whereas only some complement components did correlate in group II. The results in group I are in agreement with complements classical pathway activation. We conclude that the alternative pathways influence is responsible for the different results in group II.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed2003

Fluoroapatite glass-ceramic coating on alumina: surface behavior with biological fluids.

The results of a surface analysis performed on a fluoroapatite-based glass ceramic (SAF) also coating a full-density alpha-alumina substrate (SAF-alumina coating) are presented. These two materials have also been evaluated after soaking in simulated body fluid to understand their ability to induce hydroxyapatite growth on them. Aiming to understand the fluoroapatite glass-ceramic interaction with some plasma proteins, in the second part of this study, fibronectin, albumin, immunoglobulin G, IgA, and complement factor C3c SAF binding have been evaluated; surface activity on complement activation has also been quantified. SAF-alumina coating provides good sites for the nucleation and growth of an apatite layer, equivalent to the mineral component of bone and binds preferentially plasma fibronectin, which is well known to enhance cell adhesion and spreading. Moreover, SAF-alumina coating reduces alumina complement activation directly or via reduced IgA binding. Alumina was shown to bind the same C3 fragments as Zymosan, used as complement activating control, and to induce increased levels of serum soluble iC3b and Bb. A mechanical resistant material with enhanced bioactivity, bone integration, and reduced inflammatory potential respect to alumina has been obtained.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1983

C3 cleavage products stimulate release of prostaglandins by human mononuclear phagocytes in vitro.

Human monocytes cultured for up to 48 hr in serum-free, chemically defined culture media released low levels of prostaglandin. C3b, C3bi, and C3c stimulated an indomethacin-sensitive, dose-responsive increase in the amount of monocyte prostaglandin released by 18 hr after treatment. Native C3 and C3d, which do not bind to monocyte receptors, failed to stimulate increased prostaglandin release. Lymphocytes, treated and untreated, produced 10(-2) to 10(-3) as much prostaglandin as the monocytes. These data support the concept that monocytes are a significant source of leukocyte prostaglandin. They also introduce an important new biologic function for the C3 fragments C3b, C3bi, and C3c.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1991

Immunopathology of subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules.

Nodules obtained from five patients with classical seropositive rheumatoid arthritis were studied by an immunofluorescence technique using polyclonal antibodies to IgG, IgA, IgM, C3c, and fibrin, and monoclonal antibodies to the terminal (C5b-9) complement complex (reaction with a neoantigen in C9 revealed during activation), DR antigens, T cells, macrophages, and interdigitating cells. In all instances the central necrotic areas stained strongly for fibrin and more weakly for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and terminal complement complex. The surrounding palisading cells reacted with antibodies to DR and macrophages. In the peripheral granulomatous tissue most of the lymphocytes reacted with the antibodies to T cells, whereas various amounts of the larger mononuclear cells were stained by antibodies to DR antigens, macrophages, and interdigitating cells. In all instances the walls of some of the smaller vessels in the granulomatous tissue stained for fibrin, C3, and terminal complement complex. Plasma cells were not seen except for scattered IgM cells in one nodule. These results support the view that the palisading cells are derived from macrophages, and indicate that there is vasculitis with activation of C3 and the terminal complement pathway in the granulomatous tissue.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗

PubMed1986

In situ characterization of the inflammatory cell infiltrates of hyperplastic denture stomatitis.

Cryostat sections from 14 surgical specimens were examined to determine whether selected factors of the immune response related to histopathological reactions are present in the palatal mucosa affected by hyperplastic denture stomatitis. By means of various immunological techniques the presence of IgG, IgA, IgM, complement factor C3c, receptors for the Fc region of IgG (FcR) and for complement factor C3b (C3bR), T lymphocytes, and macrophages were studied. The inflammatory infiltrate was mainly located in the papillary part of the lamina propria. IgG, IgA, and IgM appeared both in plasma cells and intercellularly. FcR, C3bR, and T lymphocytes were present in the areas with inflammatory cell infiltrate. Macrophages were found in the papillary part of the lamina propria and within the epithelium. The immunological response in the mucosa affected by denture stomatitis was in many respects similar to that of marginal and apical periodontitis. We conclude that hyperplastic denture stomatitis is a complex inflammatory lesion showing elements of both humoral and cellular immune responses.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1996

[Clinicopathological study of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis with special reference to C3c deposits].

The aim of this study was to evaluate glomerular C3c deposits of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) in children. Fifty-one patients aged 7-15 years (20 males and 31 females) were studied. On histological investigation, crescent formation seen under light microscopy and subepithelial electron dense deposits (EDD) under electron microscopy were found to be related to the degree of proteinuria and the duration of proteinuria and/or hematuria. A comparative clinicopathological study was performed on C3c-positive patients (n = 22) and C3c-negative patients (n = 25). Histological findings, such as crescent formation and subepithelial EDD, had no relation to glomerular C3c-deposits. At renal biopsy, C3c deposits were positive in 65 % of patients with heavy proteinuria ( > 100mg/kg/day), and in 30% of mild proteinuria patients ( < 50mg/kg/day). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The duration of proteinuria and/or hematuria in C3c-positive patients had a tendency to persist in comparison with that in C3c-negative cases. Renal biopsies on many cases of C3c-negarive patients were performed following the lapse of three months, while the biopsies on patients showing global (+) C3c deposits (n = 15) were conducted within the three-month period. These results suggest that glomerular C3c deposits influence the clinical conditions of patients with HSPN, and complement activation is generated in the early stage of HSPN.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Binding capacity of sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to C3c. Evaluation by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Immunoconglutinins (IKs) are autoantibodies directed against antigenic determinants on C3 complement component. An ELISA was performed to detect IKs in sera from 50 RA patients, 50 SLE patients and 50 normal subjects. Comparison showed significantly higher levels in patients than in normal subjects (p less than 0.001) and higher IKs levels in RA than in SLE (p less than 0.001). IKs were not related to others biological tests, except a statistically significant inverse correlation between IKs and circulating immune complexes levels detected by conglutinin binding assay in RA.

Adult↗