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PubMed1983

Plasma Catecholamine and corticosterone as well as brain catecholamine changes during coping in rats exposed to stressful footshock.

Rats received 60 minutes of footshock that was escapable (coping group) or inescapable (non-coping group). Plasma taken by jugular catheter showed that non-coping rats, compared with coping rats, had significantly higher peak norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations and significantly longer elevation of these catecholamines after footshock. Similarly, plasma corticosterone levels remained elevated significantly longer after footshock in non-coping rats. In brain, hypothalamic NE concentrations were lower in non-coping rats compared with coping controls, and this difference remained for at least 30 minutes after shock. A fall in hippocampal NE concentration was seen only in coping rats once they learned to terminate shock. Our data indicate that neurochemical changes can be separated into changes due to the aversive nature of the stimulus and the ability to cope with a stressor. The inability to cope augments plasma catecholamine increases in response to a stressor and prolongs their return to baseline values. The latter is also true for corticosterone levels. The decrease in hippocampal NE in coping and the decrease in hypothalamic NE in non-coping rats is not due to footshock by itself but to the ability of the rat to terminate this stressor. No strong correlation between central and peripheral catecholamine changes became apparent except a possible negative correlation between hypothalamic NE and peripheral NE and E levels.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Structural relationships between social support and coping.

Relationships between social support and coping were examined over a one-year period in a sample (n = 120) exposed to a specific stressor (i.e. a spinal cord injury). Two issues were evaluated: (1) patterns of social support and coping over time; and (2) the direction of the effects of coping on social support or vice versa. Subjects had incurred a spinal cord injury within the preceding year, completed their rehabilitation, and returned to the community. They were assessed at 1, 4 and 12 months post-discharge to capture possible changes in patterns of social support and coping. Covariance structure modelling indicated a single-factor construct based on three measured subscales for social support (instrumental/informational/emotional), and for coping (problem-oriented/perception-oriented/emotion-oriented). While the factor structure of coping was invariant over time, the structure of social support changed from a high concentration of informational support at one month to a higher saturation of emotional support at 4 and 12 months, potentially reflecting changes in the salience of different components of the network. The perceived availability of social support was seen to have direct effects on future coping. At one month, social support had a direct positive effect on coping at four months. However, at four months social support had a negative effect on coping at 12 months, which may reflect a change in the structure of the social support construct itself. That is, as the factor structure of social support varied with time, coping may also have been influenced by differing perception of one's needs and circumstances. Thus, the study provides evidence for the dynamic effects of social support on coping, depending on one's stage in the process of long-term adjustment. The findings underscore the interplay between social support and coping, and the need for future research and practical applications to recognize temporal effects on the relationships between these two complex constructs.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal assessment of coping abilities at exacerbation and stabilization in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Coping strategies play an important role in one's ability to adapt to stressful life conditions such as schizophrenia. To better understand the nature of various coping mechanisms at various stages in schizophrenia, this study examined task-, emotion-, and avoidance-oriented coping strategies and explored associated clinical factors at exacerbation and stabilization phases of the illness. METHOD: Patients with schizophrenia were examined twice (at exacerbation phase, N = 237 and at stabilization phase, N = 148) with the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and standardized measures of psychopathology and emotional distress severity, side effects, insight, self-constructs, social support, and quality of life. Multiple regression analysis was performed with coping strategies as dependent variables at exacerbation and stabilization including analysis of any change during the 16-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Analysis indicated that emotion coping strategies were used more at exacerbation than at stabilization phase. Regression analysis demonstrated emotional distress to be a strong predictor of emotion-oriented coping, with self-efficacy and social support being the best predictors of task and avoidance coping strategies, respectively. Individual changes in these variables also appear to be important predictors for fluctuations of these coping strategies over time. Severity of symptoms accounted for 3.5% and 5.5% to 9% of the total variance of emotion- and task-oriented coping strategies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Emotion, task, and avoidance coping strategies and their predictors are influenced and may vary over the course of schizophrenia illness. Experienced emotional distress, self-efficacy, and social support are the best predictors of coping strategies both at exacerbation and stabilization phases of illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Vertical marginal discrepancy of ceramic copings with different ceramic materials, finish lines, and luting agents: an in vitro evaluation.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Prosthetic restorations that fit poorly may affect periodontal health and occlusion. Studies that have evaluated the accuracy of fit of ceramic restorations before and after cementation assessed primarily intracoronal restorations. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the effect of different finish lines, ceramic manufacturing techniques, and luting agents on the vertical discrepancy of ceramic copings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two stainless steel molars were prepared for complete crowns with 2 different finish lines (heavy chamfer and rounded shoulder); each molar was duplicated to fabricate 90 copings. A total of 180 copings generated 18 groups (n=10 for each finish line-coping material-luting agent combination). Luting agents tested included zinc phosphate, resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji Plus), and resin composite cements (Panavia F). A metal frame was developed on which to screw the stainless steel model and a ceramic coping; the distance (microm) between 2 predetermined points was measured before and after cementation by a profile projector under a torquing force. A 4-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was performed to assess the influence of each factor in the vertical marginal discrepancy: 3 between-coping factors (finish line-coping material-luting agent) and 1 within-coping factor (before and after cementation) (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Procera copings presented the lowest mean values ( P <.05) of vertical marginal discrepancy before and after cementation (25/44 microm) when compared to Empress 2 (68/110 microm) and InCeram Alumina copings (57/117 microm), regardless of any combinations among all finish lines and luting agents tested. CONCLUSION: Considering each factor separately, the ceramic manufacturing technique appeared to be the most important factor tested for the definitive vertical discrepancy of all-ceramic copings, with lower mean values for Procera copings.

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed1997

Pain coping strategies that predict patients' and spouses' ratings of patients' self-efficacy.

This study examined the relationship of pain coping strategies to osteoarthritis patients' ratings of self-efficacy and to spouses' ratings of the patients' self-efficacy. Subjects, 130 individuals having osteoarthritis of the knees and persistent knee pain, completed a pain coping strategies measure (the Coping Strategies Questionnaire), a measure of self-efficacy (the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale), and a measure of pain (the McGill Pain Questionnaire). Two sets of regression analyses were conducted, one examining the degree to which pain coping strategies predicted patients' self-efficacy ratings, and the other examining the degree to which coping strategies predicted spouses' ratings of the patients' self-efficacy. Several pain coping strategies were found to predict a significant proportion of variance in patients' ratings of self-efficacy: (i) ignoring pain sensations was related to higher self-efficacy for pain; (ii) coping self statements were related to higher self-efficacy for controlling other arthritis symptoms (e.g., fatigue or mood symptoms: and (iii) catastrophizing was related to lower self-efficacy for pain, and self-efficacy for other arthritis symptoms. Pain coping strategies were also found to predict a significant proportion of variance in spouses' ratings of the patients' self-efficacy. Specifically: (i) diverting attention was related to lower spousal ratings of self-efficacy for pain; (ii) praying or hoping was related to lower spousal ratings of self-efficacy for function; and (iii) catastrophizing was related to lower spousal ratings of self-efficacy for control of fatigue or mood symptoms. The findings regarding coping strategies were particularly interesting in that they were obtained even after controlling for pain intensity and demographic variables. The pain coping strategies identified are potentially important targets for cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment efforts. Interventions designed to increase the use of adaptive pain coping strategies and decrease the use of maladaptive pain coping strategies could enhance self-efficacy, reduce pain, and improve the physical and psychological functioning of individuals having osteoarthritis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Does trait coping exist? A momentary assessment approach to the evaluation of traits.

This study investigated the extent to which momentary reports of coping are a traitlike phenomenon and the validity of a questionnaire assessment of coping style. Participants (N = 96) completed the questionnaire, then monitored stressful events and coping activities for 2 days using a hand-held computer that administered a brief assessment every 40 min. Momentary reports exhibited a sizable traitlike component: Individual differences accounted for 42% of the variance for 2 coping items and 15-30% of the variance for 15 items. The questionnaire assessment of coping style was a poor predictor of average momentary coping; the coping style measure and the aggregated momentary measure of trait coping shared 23% of their variance for religion and 0-12% for the 16 other coping measures. Self-report assessments of trait coping are poor measures of the trait component of momentary coping and very poor predictors of coping in specific situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Pain in young adults--III: Relationships of three pain-coping measures to pain and activity interference.

The study had two purposes: (a) to examine the relationships among coping strategies measured by the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) (1), the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory (VPMI) (2), and the Ways of Coping Inventory (WOC) (3) and identify the higher-order composite factors representing these relationships; and (b) to determine the degree to which individual coping scale scores and composite coping factor scores could explain variability in the pain intensity and pain-related activity interference reported by young adults. Measures of pain coping were collected from 206 young adults using the CSQ, VPMI, and WOC, along with measures of pain intensity, pain location, and the extent to which pain interfered with daily activities. Results indicated considerable variability in the reported frequency of use of pain-coping strategies and in pain intensity, location, and activity interference. Principal components factor analysis identified three higher-order coping factors (Emotional and Other-Directed Coping, Active Cognitive Coping, and Self-Efficacy for Pain Control) that explained 87% of the variance in individual coping scale scores. The degree to which individual scale scores and composite factor scores explained variability in pain intensity and activity interference variables was determined through a series of multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that individual scale scores, particularly the CSQ scales of catastrophizing and praying or hoping, were best able to explain the variance in measures of pain and activity interference. Taken together, these findings provide further support for the importance of coping variables in explaining the experience of pain and adjustment in young adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping efficacy and psychological problems of children of divorce.

Three models of the relations of coping efficacy, coping, and psychological problems of children of divorce were investigated. A structural equation model using cross-sectional data of 356 nine- to twelve-year-old children of divorce yielded results that supported coping efficacy as a mediator of the relations between both active coping and avoiding coping and psychological problems. In a prospective longitudinal model with a subsample of 162 of these children, support was found for Time 2 coping efficacy as a mediator of the relations between Time 1 active coping and Time 2 internalizing of problems. Individual growth curve models over four waves also found support for coping efficacy as a mediator of the relations between active coping and psychological problems. No support was found for alternative models of coping as a mediator of the relations between efficacy and symptoms or for coping efficacy as a moderator of the relations between coping and symptoms.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Coping in family supporters of elderly people with dementia.

Research into supporters of elderly people with dementia has a brief but significant history. Initially, research sought to establish the nature and extent of the distress that supporters endured in the fulfilment of their caring role. More recently, researchers have turned their attention towards the identification of coping techniques used by supporters in the community. The Dundee Study of Supporters and Dementia is concerned with factors associated with the maintenance and care of the demented elderly in the community, and with the impact of dementia on family supporters. A total of 228 family supporters of community-resident elderly (50 per cent of elders with dementia, 50 per cent without) were interviewed. Part of the interview focused on self-reported coping, and identified coping strategies using open-ended questions and a revised, 31-items Ways of Coping checklist. Findings indicated that the majority of supporters of community-resident elderly relatives reported coping well. Supporters predominantly used emotion-focused coping strategies as their main way of coping. However, those supporters who reported using a problem-focused strategy were found to score better on measures of coping than those supporters using an emotion-focused strategy. The supporters' main coping strategy was not associated with characteristics of the elder-supporter dyad. Factors derived from the Ways of Coping checklist produced a pattern of associations with characteristics of the elder-supporter dyad, but the same factors were largely not associated with other measures of coping. The implications of the findings are discussed with regard to coping research, and for interventions to improve the well-being of supporters of an elderly relative with dementia in the community.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Coping strategies in mothers and fathers of preschool and school-age children with autism.

Despite the theoretical and demonstrated empirical significance of parental coping strategies for the wellbeing of families of children with disabilities, relatively little research has focused explicitly on coping in mothers and fathers of children with autism. In the present study, 89 parents of preschool children and 46 parents of school-age children completed a measure of the strategies they used to cope with the stresses of raising their child with autism. Factor analysis revealed four reliable coping dimensions: active avoidance coping, problem-focused coping, positive coping, and religious/denial coping. Further data analysis suggested gender differences on the first two of these dimensions but no reliable evidence that parental coping varied with the age of the child with autism. Associations were also found between coping strategies and parental stress and mental health. Practical implications are considered including reducing reliance on avoidance coping and increasing the use of positive coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Sickle cell disease: Pain, coping and quality of life in a study of adults in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between pain, coping, and quality of life in adult patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the UK, and to assess the influence of these factors on the utilization of health services. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study involved 96 adult patients with SCD attending hospitals in London. METHOD: Interview and questionnaire study involving standard measures of pain, health service utilization, coping responses (measured with the Coping Strategies Questionnaire - revised for SCD), and quality of life (measured by the SF36). Data concerning clinical history, complications and haemoglobin levels were also collected. RESULTS: The number and duration of painful sickle cell episodes in the past 12 months varied widely between patients. We found that 49.5% of accident and emergency visits and 45% of hospitalizations were of 10.4% (10) patients. Pain experience accounted for 12.3% of hospital and general practice service use, independently of age, sex, number of SCD complications and haemoglobin levels. Three higher order factors emerged from analysis of the coping strategies questionnaire, reflecting active behavioural and cognitive coping, affecting coping, and passive adherence (e.g. resting, taking fluids). Active coping was positively associated with the number of pain episodes, while passive adherence coping was related to pain intensity. Psychological coping was unrelated to health service utilization. Marked impairment on many dimensions of quality of life was apparent in the analyses of the SF36. Affective coping was associated with impaired quality of life independently of demographic and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that sickle cell disease involves not only severe recurrent pain, but also other impairments in health-related quality of life. Psychological coping patterns are relevant both to the experience of pain, and to broader adjustment. Patients may benefit from interventions that enhance the use of appropriate pain coping techniques and other strategies to improve quality of life.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Coping with stress: its influence on periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND: Individual stress coping strategies appear to influence periodontal disease: individuals with inadequate stress behavior may be at greater risk of developing disease. The purpose of this 24-month prospective study was to examine the influence of different coping behaviors on a non-surgical periodontal therapy and on the course of periodontal disease. METHODS: In 80 patients with chronic periodontitis, a non-surgical periodontal treatment was conducted after their individual stress coping strategies had been recorded. After 2 years of regular maintenance, their periodontal condition was evaluated. The stress coping questionnaire was used to obtain psychodiagnostic data. Clinical attachment loss (CAL) served as the clinical parameter. RESULTS: Patients with a defensive coping style had statistically significant poorer attachment values (P= 0.000) after 2 years compared to patients with other coping behaviors. The percentage of sites with slight to moderate CAL (<5 mm) was significantly less in patients with a defensive coping style than in patients with other coping strategies (P = 0.000). The number of sites with severe advanced CAL (>5 mm) was significantly correlated with a suppressive coping style (P= 0.0001). None of the individual stress coping styles revealed significant overall changes over time. The subtest of drug use (alcohol, nicotine, tranquilizers) as well as changes in this subtest over time were significantly correlated with the CAL (P = 0.003); an increase in the t value of the subtest of drug use was accompanied by a significant increase in CAL. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that passive coping strategies were more pronounced in advanced disease as well as in cases of poor response to a non-surgical periodontal treatment, whereas patients with active coping modes had milder disease and a more favorable course of treatment. Thus, maladaptive behavior, especially in association with behavior-related risk factors such as smoking, are of great importance in the medical history, treatment, and maintenance of patients with periodontal disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fit of a new pressure-sintered zirconium dioxide coping.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine in vitro the internal and marginal fit of zirconium dioxide ceramic copings manufactured using a recently introduced CAD/CAM-based technique (Denzir). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two master models were produced in metal, representing the maxillary right central incisor and first premolar. Two A-silicone impressions were used for each of the master models, and from each of the impressions five stone dies with the corresponding ceramic copings were produced, for a total of 20 copings. The A-silicone replica of the misfit of the ceramic coping to the corresponding stone die and master model was sectioned buccolingually and mesiodistally. The obtained sections were measured at occlusal, axial, and marginal locations under light microscopy. Twenty-four measurements for each replica were made. The Student's t test was used to detect significant differences between coping-stone die and coping-master model misfits. RESULTS: For any combination, the marginal fit was superior to the axial and occlusal fit. In general, the misfit between the coping and the stone die did not differ significantly from the misfit detected between the coping and the master model. However, a better fit was recorded for the first premolar at the occlusal portion in the coping-stone die combination compared to the coping-master model combination. The mean marginal discrepancy between the copings and master models was clearly below 50 microm, with a range of 0 to 115 microm. CONCLUSION: The accuracy achieved by the Denzir manufacturing process for the production of zirconium dioxide copings is well within the range of clinical acceptability.

Bicuspid↗

PubMed1996

Coping socialization in middle childhood: tests of maternal and paternal influences.

A theoretical model of parental socialization of children's coping behavior is described and tested with 310 elementary school children (M age = 10.5 years). Mothers and fathers reported on the coping suggestions they made to their children, their own coping strategies, and their perceptions of the family environment. Children reported on their relationships with their parents and on their usual coping behavior. Children's coping efforts were associated with family environment, the quality of the parent-child relationship, parent's own coping, and parent coping suggestions, though these relationships differed by gender and were quite specific. Maternal data were more strongly associated with children's coping than paternal data, and active and support coping were predicted more successfully than avoidance strategies. Analyses supported a model of direct, rather than mediated, effects on children's coping. There was modest support for the interactive effects of maternal coaching and modeling on girls' active coping and boys' avoidant coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Effects of coping style and negative body image on eating disturbance.

OBJECTIVE: Relationships among coping strategies, negative body image, and eating disturbance were studied. METHOD: Subjects were 128 college women; measures included the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), and three indices of negative body image. RESULTS: Higher use of both emotion-oriented coping and avoidance-oriented coping via distraction was associated with higher EAT scores; higher use of emotion-oriented coping also was associated with more negative body image. Findings agree with data associating these coping styles with other measures of psychological distress and psychopathology. Task-oriented coping also was high, but unrelated to negative body image or eating disturbance. Hierarchical regression analysis yielded a significant interaction between emotion-oriented coping and negative body image: The higher the use of emotion-oriented coping, the less the level of negative body image appeared to affect EAT score. DISCUSSION: Both the main effect for coping and the interaction suggest that high use of emotion-oriented coping should be considered a risk factor for eating disturbance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Coping behavior and social support contribute independently to quality of life after surgery for inflammatory bowel disease.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between coping behavior at the time of surgery and inflammatory bowel disease-related quality of life after surgery. We also investigated the relationship between perceived social support and both coping style and postsurgical quality of life. Finally, the value of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale for preoperative screening was assessed. METHODS: Eighty-six subjects who had surgery during a 12-month period completed the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, the Ways of Coping, a measure of inflammatory bowel disease symptom severity, and the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale. Analysis of variance was used to test an association between Ways of Coping score and membership in a high quality of life (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire > mean) or low quality of life (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire < mean) cohort. Comparison of group means between the high quality of life and low quality of life cohorts identified Ways of Coping behavior scales that differed between the high quality of life and low quality of life cohorts. Stepwise linear regression analysis was then used to determine the independent contribution of 1) current inflammatory bowel disease symptoms, 2) current perceived social support, and 3) identified coping behaviors (self-control, self-blame, and escape, summed as a single index named "maladaptive coping") to postsurgical quality of life. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale were assessed. RESULTS: The lower quality of life group distinguished itself by more frequent use of maladaptive coping. Regression analysis revealed that current inflammatory bowel disease-related symptoms, current perceived social support, and maladaptive coping behaviors at the time of surgery each made a highly significant independent contribution to postsurgical quality of life. The sensitivity of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale in identifying patients with poor postsurgical quality of life was 81 percent, and the specificity was 77 percent. The negative predictive value was 93 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Three coping behaviors which seem to be maladaptive (self-control, self-blame, and escape) are associated with lower quality of life after surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. These coping behaviors make a contribution to postsurgical quality of life independent of the negative effect on quality of life of inflammatory bowel disease symptoms. Perceived social support is a third factor that makes an independent contribution to postsurgical quality of life. The Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale has properties associated with an effective screening tool and merits further investigation as an instrument to screen presurgically for individuals at higher risk of poor subjective outcome of inflammatory bowel disease surgery.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Coping strategies and social support in old age psychosis.

BACKGROUND: According to vulnerability-stress models of psychosis, cognitive and behavioural coping strategies can help mediate the potentially negative effects of daily stressors. The nature, frequency and effectiveness of coping have been studied in people with psychosis under 65 years of age. However, these findings may not generalise to older people with the diagnosis, as the nature of stressors and coping strategies may change with increasing age. This study therefore aimed to explore coping in older patients with psychosis. METHODS: A total of 48 older patients with psychosis (F20-29, ICD-10) and 25 non-clinical elderly controls were compared using self-report measures of stressors, perceived control over stressors, coping strategies, perceived coping efficacy and social support. A regression analysis was used to explore predictors of dysfunctional coping in the patient group. RESULTS: Patients used a significantly higher proportion of problem-focused coping strategies, but they were more dysfunctional copers and rated their coping as less effective compared to controls. They also had fewer friends and less emotional support. Severity of symptoms was a significant predictor of dysfunctional coping when depression, cognitive impairment and functional disability were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with psychosis coped less well with daily stressors than controls and patients with more severe symptoms were more dysfunctional copers. The findings highlight the potential benefit of psychosocial interventions in old age psychosis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1988

Stress-coping in migraine.

During a total of six months weekly measurements of coping with every-day life stresses were obtained from 29 migraine patients. Four issues were investigated: (1) the relation between daily stresses and the occurrence of migraine attacks; (2) the associations between ways of stress-coping and attack occurrence; (3) the effects on stress-coping of two behavior therapeutic methods, relaxation training and stress-coping training; (4) the clinical utility of pre-training measurement of stress-coping. the results yield evidence that both threat as a form of every-day stress and 'depressive reaction' as a way to cope with threat are significantly related to the occurrence of migraine attacks. In general the effects of training on stress-coping appeared to be rather small. Three coping strategies changed as a result of both regimens taken together: 'tackling the problem actively' increased, while 'avoidance' and (quite tenuous) 'depressive reaction' decreased. Although relaxation training contributed most to these outcomes, no significant between-group differences were found. Divergent baseline per-subject patterns of stress-coping suggest that individual differences must be acknowledged. A sensible clinical usage of stress-coping data in our view requires that inferences are based on individual rather than group outcomes. Also, one cannot afford to neglect the actual and often idiosyncratic context of stress-coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗