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PubMed1977

[Epidemiological results of the study on tooth destruction carried out at the Marburg dental clinic].

The individual components of the DMF-T-index checked for age and sex were examined in 2655 patients, who first attended the ZMK clinic in Marburg in 1974, as regards their connection with social and geographical origins. Results of a comparative study, which is restricted to dental findings of patients between the ages of 15 and 64 from the town Marburg and the country area Marburg-Biedenkopf are presented. The wisdom teeth are not included.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Trends in dental caries rates in schoolchildren 12 and 13 years old in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 1971-2002, in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil].

The goal of this study was to identify dental caries prevalence and severity among all 12 and 13-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in a public school in 2002 and to establish comparisons with the results of studies conducted previously in the same school in 1971 and 1997. A cross-sectional study involving 181 children was performed. Clinical data were collected by one examiner under World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The examiner had been through calibration training. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University in Santa Catarina. The response rate was 93.8%. Intra-examiner agreement, on a tooth-by-tooth basis, was high (Kappa> or =0.73). The prevalence rates for dental caries were 98%, 93.7% or 80.0%, and 57.4% in 1971, 1997, and 2002, respectively. The mean DMF-T index was 9.2 in 1971, 6.2 or 3.0 in 1997, and 1.4 in 2002, taking both ages as a whole. The first value from 1997 was recorded under the Klein & Palmer diagnostic criterion and the second according to the WHO criterion. Between 1971 and 2002 there was a real reduction in caries prevalence and severity among the schoolchildren, even though different diagnostic criteria were used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Stomatological morbidity analysis in deep-sea fishermen in the GDR].

465 male seamen of the GDR's Deep-Sea Fishery (about 10%) had stomatologically been examined at the open sea on board of various cargo-ships. The DMF-T index, the distribution of kinds of fillers, the proportion of primary and secondary caries, the number of teeth being missed, the distribution of Eichner classes and the mode and frequency of dentures had been analysed. The quantity and quality of the stomatological care in deep-sea fishers depends on numerous factors of influence, not at least on the stomatological care preceding their first employment aboard. Though the effectiveness of the existing system of care could be presented, possibilities of a further improvement of effectiveness of the care are explained.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Calibration of examiners for dental caries epidemiologic studies].

The aim of this study was describe a training and calibration exercise for dental caries and to discuss the use of validity and reliability statistical tests. Eight dentists examined seventeen 12 year-old schoolchildren using World Health Organization (1997) criteria. Data analysis included calculation of the DMF-T index, the percent agreement, and the kappa scores on a tooth-by-tooth basis. Inter-examiner agreement was tested against a gold standard examiner. Scores for measures of agreement calculated on a tooth-by-tooth basis were lower than those calculated for the whole mouth. The training and calibration exercise is a crucial step in cross-sectional epidemiological surveys, and the kappa test calculated on a tooth-by-tooth basis is the appropriate measurement to test agreement between examiners for dental caries.

Calibration↗
PubMed1989

[DMF study on extracted deciduous teeth].

The aim of the present investigation was to study the number of the carious surfaces of extracted primary teeth in order to determine component m in the dmf-s index. Altogether 903 deciduous teeth were examined under artificial light with a dental probe. The surfaces were evaluated separately. The examined teeth were divided into two groups according to the amount of root resorption. On the basis of the present study the following conclusion can be drawn: 1. The average of df surfaces of molars was 2.34, whereas it was 0.74 at the front teeth. The df number shows practically only caries, because filled surfaces were found in only 1.99% of the cases. 2. In any type of the teeth df lesions were the rarest on the vestibular and oral surfaces. 3. Caries (filling) was found most frequently on the occlusal surfaces of the upper and lower 1st molars. Caries (filling was the rarest on the vestibular surfaces of the upper 1st and 2nd molars. 4. The amount of root resorption did not show much influence on the df score. 5. During the calculation of the dmf-s average of the primary teeth the m value can be substituted for 2.0.

Child↗
PubMed1991

[Caries receptivity: a modern diagnostic protocol. II. The most important tests].

In this, the second part of the paper, the main clinical tests available today for carrying out early diagnosis of carioreceptivity are reviewed. On its own, measurement of the DMF-T index can classify an individual as carioactive or evaluate his "experience of caries", but it does non determine with any degree of certainty the probability of future caries. Measurement of stimulated salivary flow is important only when this is greatly reduced, as happens, for example, in xerostomy, but the finding of an almost normal flow is not on its own sufficient to make a diagnosis of carioreceptivity certain. Assessment of salivary pH is not a reliable parameter for the screening of carioreceptivity although it may be an indicator of diseases (e.g. diabetes) or bad habits (e.g. heavy smokers) in the patient in question. So examination with very sophisticated methods is of little importance. The buffer potential of saliva, assessed with a colorimetric test, is the most reliable parameter as it measures an important property of saliva at individual level: the capacity to protect from local acidity. Some studies seem to point to the validity of the combined evaluation of DMF, pH, salivary flow and buffer power of saliva in the prediction of caries at the level of groups of individual, but this has little or no validity in the screening of individual carioreceptive subjects. Specific microbiological cultures for cariogenic microorganisms are the most reliable tests for the diagnosis of carioreceptivity, particularly Dentocult for the search for Streptococcus mutans which is the most important factors in caries. The search for lactobacilli also identifies bad hygienic and dietary habits in the patients.

DMF Index↗
PubMed1997

[Prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-old children in localities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1990-1995].

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is the most prevalent disease of the oral cavity, leading to serious economic and social consequences. Studies on the prevalence of dental caries should be undertaken periodically for the adequate planning of oral health services and action. This research project sought to discover the prevalence of dental caries in the counties of S. Paulo State, Brazil, measured by means of the DMF-T rate on the 12 year-old bracket from 1990-1995. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Data originally produced by Municipal Health Departments, collected by means of an instrument devised for this purpose, sent to 625 counties in the state, were used. The counties concerned were grouped according to their size and geographical region. RESULTS: The total of 625 counties of S. Paulo State, 237 (37.9%) provided the information required, and 125 (20.0%) had data on DMF-T corresponding to about 5,000 12 year-old children available examined. The study revealed that the prevalence of dental caries is low in only 4.0% of the counties, and is high or very high in approximately 80% of them. The DMF-T index values varied from 1.3 to 13.6, and the estimated average for all the counties was 4.8. Further, it was discovered that "large" counties recorded 54.6% of their population classified in the categories of low or moderate prevalence of caries; while in "small" counties 87.8% of the population corresponded to the high or very high caries prevalence range. CONCLUSIONS: This research project has shown that the country services for oral health in S. Paulo State have made little use of the basic resources that epidemiology can provide. This indicates the need for an appropriate professional background for oral health in epidemiology, especially for those who fulfil duties in the coordination of the services.

Brazil↗
PubMed1978

[Comparative studies of caries epidemiology using skulls from the Iron, Slavic, and Middle Ages as well as modern subjects (author's transl)].

The present paper compares the incidence and intensity of caries (DMF caries index) determined on skulls from the Iron, Slavic, and Middle Ages with corresponding results obtained for a modern civilized population. More specifically, the results reported in this paper were obtained from clinical and roentgenological examinations of 371 skulls from the ages referred to above as well as of 10,340 inhabitants of the city of Rostock. The results indicate a marked increase in cariosity between the Iron Age and the present time. This increase in the incidence and intensity of caries is considered to be due predominantly to the abrasion resulting from the then preparation and composition of food (which contained as much as 3 percent of stone dust), whereby an essential point of predilection for caries is removed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of the comparative effectiveness of fluoride mouthrinsing, fluoride tablets, and both procedures in combination: interim findings after five years.

This article presents five-year interim findings of an eight-year clinical trial designed to compare the relative caries-preventive benefits of weekly fluoride mouthrinsing, daily fluoride tablet administration, and both procedures combined. Children in kindergarten and first grade residing in Springfield, Ohio, a nonfluoridated community, were assigned randomly in school to one of three groups that (1) rinses once a week in school with a 0.2 percent neutral NaF solution; (2) chews, rinses with, and then swallows daily in school a neutral 2.2 mg NaF tablet; or (3) carries out both procedures. At baseline (1981), 1,640 participants were examined clinically using the DMF surface index. After five years, 789 children were available for reexamination. Findings show that subjects in the combination group experienced a mean caries increment of 1.47 DMFS, 16.5 percent lower than the mean score of 1.76 DMFS for children in the tablet group and 31.3 percent lower than the 2.14 DMFS for those in the rinse group. Only the difference in incremental caries scores between the combined fluoride procedure and the fluoride rinse was statistically significant (P less than .05). Despite the finding of an additive caries-preventive benefit among children who followed the combined regimen, it would be premature to judge which procedure is best before results of the final examinations become known.

Child↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of the caries-preventive effects of fluoride mouthrinsing, fluoride tablets, and both procedures combined: final results after eight years.

This paper presents final results of an eight-year clinical trial designed to compare the caries-preventive benefits of two self-administered fluoride procedures when used separately and in combination with one another. Children in kindergarten and first grade residing in Springfield, Ohio, a nonfluoridated community, were assigned randomly within school to one of three groups that either (a) rinsed once a week in school with a 0.2 percent neutral NaF solution; (b) chewed, rinsed with, and then swallowed daily in school a neutral 2.2 mg NaF tablet; or (c) carried out both procedures. At baseline (1981), 1,640 participants were examined clinically using the DMF surface index. Findings for 640 children remaining after eight years show that subjects in the combination group experienced a mean caries increment of 2.40 DMFS, 15.2 percent lower than the mean score of 2.83 DMFS for children in the tablet group and 32.8 percent lower than the 3.57 DMFS for those in the rinse group. Only the difference in incremental caries scores between the combined fluoride procedure and the fluoride rinse was statistically significant (P less than .05). The pattern of these findings is similar to that found on the two interim examinations. Even though the combined regimen showed an additional caries-preventive benefit compared with the rinse, considerations of cost effectiveness and feasibility do not support changing an ongoing rinse program to one that employs both procedures. For new programs the best choice appears to be the tablet procedure alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Caries experience in 3 year old children of Cordoba, Argentina.

The results of a study of caries in a 3 year old cohort of children performed by the CLACyD (Spanish abbreviation by initials for Nutrition, Growth and Development Program of Córdoba) are analysed. The prevalence of caries was 19.7% for boys and 16.1% for girls. Dmf-t and dmf-s values were 0.55-0.75% for girls and 0.73-1.22% for boys. The most affected element was the first mandibular molar (16.30% of the population). Extracted and filled elements accounted for 1.8 and 5.9% of the dmf-t index. According to the Caries Analysis System, a higher prevalence of the PF (pits and fissures) pattern and the AM (anterior maxillary bone) pattern was observed as compared to the PP (proximal posterior) and BL (buccolingual) patterns. The percentage distribution of BL lesions over all the patterns exhibited statistically significant (p = 0.05) differences between girls and boys. The PF and PP patterns were more severe in boys (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.002 respectively). Based on the present data we conclude that this population exhibits marked prevalence which can rapidly increase and pose a threat to temporary and mixed dentitions. We herein recommend preventive measures of widespread use (regarding toothbrushing, and eating habits with particular reference to carbohydrate consumption) and preventive-therapeutic treatments for diseased patients (topical applications of fluoride, sealing agents and active treatment of caries).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Nutritional status of elderly residents in Missouri.

Nutritional assessment of white persons over 59 who participated in the 1973 Missouri Nutrition Survey was based upon biochemical measurements, dietary intakes using food frequency histories, anthropometric measurements, and a dental examination. There were three major nutritionally related problems: poor dental health, obesity, and anemia. The mean for DMF, periodental index, and oral hygiene index for males was 20.5, 4.9, and 3.9, respectively; for females, 17.6, 3.6, and 2.5. Over one-half of both sexes were edentulous. Of the women 59% were greater than 119% of desirable weight compared to 22% of the men. Using guidelines from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey, the following percentages of men had low blood levels: 20, hemoglobin and serum iron; 2, plasma vitamin A; 6, plasma carotene; 1, serum vitamin C; and 0, serum albumin. The percent of women with low biochemical levels were: 11, hemoglobin; 10, serum iron; 7, plasma vitamin A; 1, serum vitamin C; and 2, serum albumin. None of the subjects had low or deficient levels of erythrocyte glutathione reductase. One-half of the women compared to one-fifth of the men had consumed diets with one or more nutrients below 67% of the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exploring the association between overweight and dental caries among US children.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age-specific body mass index (BMI-for-age) and dental caries among US children. METHODS: Body measures data and oral health data came from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Outcome measures for primary and permanent dentitions were: (1) dental caries prevalence; and (2) severity (geometric mean dft and DMFT). Covariates included: (1) age; (2) gender; (3) race/ethnicity; and (4) poverty status. Analysis was limited to children 2 to 17 years old. RESULTS: Approximately 36% of overweight children 2 to 6 years old and 39% of overweight children 6 to 17 years old had dental caries. Geometric mean dental caries scores for overweight children were dft=3.3 and DMFT=2.5 for primary and permanent dentitions, respectively. Controlling for covariates, there was no significant association between BMI-for-age and dental caries prevalence in either dentition. In addition, among children with a positive history of dental caries, BMI-for-age was significantly associated with dental caries severity in the permanent dentition - overweight children had a lower geometric mean DMFT than did normal weight children. CONCLUSIONS: Although it was hypothesized that age-specific body mass index would be associated with increased dental caries prevalence and severity, these associations were not found. Rather, overweight was found to be associated with lower geometric mean DMFT. Future studies should address which factors specific to overweight in children might be protective against dental caries in the permanent dentition. Given the importance of overweight as a public health problem, however, clinicians are encouraged to continue providing health education and dietary counseling to their overweight child patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Report on caries reduction in French schoolchildren 3 years after the introduction of a preventive program.

A combination of preventive methods have been used to reduce dental caries in children aged 7-8 at baseline, living in a non-fluoridated area in the West of France. The preventive program involved a daily supervised toothbrushing at school with 180 mg of fluoridated toothpaste, professional prophylaxis every 2 months with topical application of fluoride gel and reinforced motivation. The oral hygiene level was measured using the Silness-Löe plaque index and caries were recorded using the def and DMF surface indices, including incipient lesions. The 3-yr results showed a significant 52% plaque reduction in the test group compared with the control group. Caries reduction was significant at the 0.01% level: 44% for primary teeth and 60% for permanent teeth.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of dental caries in 12-13-year-old Jordanian students.

The purpose of this study was to determine the caries experience of 12-13-year-old 6th grade students in Jordan. A total of 694 students were selected randomly from a list of schools teaching 6th grade students in Irbid, Jordan. The data were collected by interview and clinical examination performed by two examiners. Dental examinations were done by using dental mirrors and probes under artificial light in classrooms and the diagnosis of dental caries was made by the criteria recommended by the World Health Organisation (1987). On average students had 24.4 sound teeth, 2.3 decayed teeth (D), 0.05 missing teeth (M) and 0.16 filled teeth (F). The mean DMFT index was 2.51. The D represents 92% of the DMF cases. Of the students examined 188 were caries free (27.1%). Of the 19,432 permanent teeth examined the highest frequency of dental caries (61%) and fillings (77%) was found in first molars, and these were the most commonly missing teeth (67%). Second molars and second premolars had the second and third highest frequencies respectively, whereas incisors and canines were the least affected teeth (< 2%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Periodontal condition in Turkish recruits.

The periodontal condition of 300 Turkish troops was investigated using the modified Ramfjord Periodontal Disease Index. In addition, the gingival condition, presence and quantity of plaque and calculus, location and depth of periodontal pockets, tooth mobility, presence and severity of wear facets, diastema magnitude and the DMFT Index were determined. The average PDI was 3.8. Nearly 98% of the recruits suffered from gingivitis, 68% of whom exhibited moderate to severe inflammation without involvement of deeper structures. Moderate plaque accumulation and heavy calculus deposits were observed. An average DMFT of 5.09 was found. Little correlation was found between the relatively low DMFT rate and the Plaque Index.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Dental anxiety and illness behaviour.

BACKGROUND: To analyse the relationship between dental anxiety and illness behaviour. METHODS: Dental anxiety was assessed in 165 patients from private practice using the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), aspects of illness behaviour were evaluated by the Illness Attitude Scale (IAS), and aspects of general anxiety were analysed by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Dental status was documented using the DMFS index and Bleeding-on-Probing index (BOP). RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis (explained proportion of variance = 32%) showed that dental anxiety was significantly correlated with female gender (t = 3.109, p < 0.002) and IAS health habits (t = -2.210, p < 0.03). In addition, a correlation trend was found between dental anxiety and BOP index (t = -1.789, p < 0.08). CONCLUSION: Dental anxiety appears to be a gender-specific phenomenon. Results indicate a tendency towards abnormal illness behaviour (i.e. denial of dental anxiety) in a considerable proportion of subjects and as a consequence display of poor health habits (i.e. counterphobic behaviour). The latter may lead to an increased tendency to develop gingivitis as indicated by the correlation trend between dental anxiety and BOP index.

Adult↗