SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Demographers--changes”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Age patterns of women at marriage, cohabitation, and first birth in India.

The purpose of this paper has been to examine the age patterns of Indian women at marriage, cohabitation, and first birth. This task is complicated by features of the Indian marriage institution that differentiate it from the institution of marriage in Western cultures. It is also complicated by the diversity of Indian marriage customs and by the possibility that Indian marriage patterns have changed over time. Nevertheless, our analysis of survey data for two districts in south central India support the following conclusions: Marriage and childbearing have been and continue to be universal. The timing of marriage and childbearing, which showed only a small increase over a fairly long period of time, appears more recently to be undergoing some changes in the direction of longer delays. The significant rural-urban differences in marriage and fertility timing are at least partly the result of the greater impact of education on age at marriage, cohabitation, and first birth in urban areas than in rural areas. Observed characteristics such as religion and education explain more variation in women's marriage and fertility timing in urban areas than in rural areas (i.e., education seems to generate new social norms that tend to displace norms derived from tradition. The incidence of childhood marriages and two-stage marriages has been on the decline, causing the small but noticeable rise in age at marriage to exceed somewhat the increase in age at cohabitation. Age patterns of marriage in India do not closely resemble Western patterns, although age patterns of cohabitation and first birth do. And socioeconomic variables appear to explain less variation in marriage and fertility timing within local communities than across communities. Most important, the results highlight the need for more recent and richer data on marriage and fertility behavior in India. In particular, they strongly suggest that marriage patterns in India are now in the midst of major changes. This conclusion is similar to that reached by Caldwell, Reddy, and Caldwell (1983), who adopted a more qualitative approach to analyzing marriage change than ours, but whose observations are also more recent than ours. Through the collection and analysis of more recent and geographically widespread data, we can begin to assess more fully the nature and magnitude of the demographic changes under way and speculate on their implications for population growth, economic development, and the formulation of public policy in India.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

[Can the family continue to guarantee the rights of children?].

The legal position of children is based essentially on the assumption that the family can always safeguard the child's welfare in confrontations with a third party. Therefore children have not been granted autonomous legal status; their interests are protected by the term "the child's best interest", which although incorporated into law is not defined. In recent years more attention has been paid to the legal status of children, and a certain amount of autonomy has been granted, although not without contest. This tendency is an expression of a change in family structure, which until recently conformed to the ideal of the nineteenth century bourgeois family. Our own limited investigations show, in addition to already well known demographic changes, that in the course of our century young children have become more and more limited in their opportunities to form strong emotional bonds. Only since then has the dual bond of early childhood been recognized as being of primary importance. The family is becoming increasingly inadequate. Children are therefore increasingly endangered by the death or divorce of their parents. As a result it is essential that better legal provision be made to ensure that they are regarded as autonomous individuals.

Child↗

PubMed1979

Health implications of increased coal use in the Western States.

The National Energy Plan proposed by President Carter provides for the rapid development of coal resources in the United States, particularly in the West. The potential consequences for health of this development were considered by the Advisory Committee on Health and Environmental Effects of Increased Coal Utilization, reporting to the Department of Energy. Their report recommended rigid adherence to pertinent existing regulations, improved environmental monitoring, expanded research in selected relevant topics and development of procedures for selecting the sites of new coal-fired power plants. Although the report was a major exercise in technology assessment, it is fundamentally a cautious document that proposes no new solutions or approaches. A review of occupational and community health problems associated with coal mining and coal utilization suggests that lessons from past experiences, especially in Appalachia, cannot be applied to the West uncritically. The two regions are fundamentally different in scale, topography and social development. In the West, future problems related to coal are likely to derive from unknown risks associated with coal processing technologies, land reclamation and water quality at the sites of power generation, and extensive social and demographic changes at centers of industrial activity that may have secondary effects on health. Additional considerations should supplement the recommendations of the Advisory Committee report.

Coal↗

PubMed1983

More doctors: what will they cost? Physician income as supply expands.

During the 1970s, expenditure for physicians' services rose by $12.7 billion (in 1979 dollars), but only about one fifty of this amount could be attributed to an increase in number of physicians relative to population. Other factors, chiefly demographic changes and greater insurance coverage, were responsible for the bulk of higher expenditures. Despite the growth in number of physicians, real income of individual physicians remained virtually constant. Maintenance of real income was not, however, appreciably dependent on physicians inducing an unwarranted demand for their services. We predict that as the physician supply expands by 25% to 35% during the 1980s, real payments to physicians will increase by some $14 to $20 billion (1979) dollars. As in the past decade, however, only about one fifth of the amount will be attributable to an increase in physician supply. Gross income of individual physicians is likely to ri se by 10% to 15% (in 1979 dollars) over the decade, but net income probably will show little increase or may even fall slightly.

Fees, Medical↗

PubMed1983

A teaching framework for cross-cultural health care. Application in family practice.

Significant demographic changes in patient populations have contributed to an increasing awareness of the impact of cultural diversity on the provision of health care. For this reason methods are being developed to improve the cultural sensitivity of persons responsible for giving health care to patients whose health beliefs may be at variance with biomedical models. Building on methods of elicitation suggested in the literature, we have developed a set of guidelines within a framework called the LEARN model. Health care providers who have been exposed to this educational framework and have incorporated this model into the normal structure of the therapeutic encounter have been able to improve communication, heighten awareness of cultural issues in medical care and obtain better patient acceptance of treatment plans. The emphasis of this teaching model is not on the dissemination of particular cultural information, though this too is helpful. The primary focus is rather on a suggested process for improved communication, which we see as the fundamental need in cross-cultural patient-physician interactions.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Use of age cutoff policies for adolescents in pediatric practice: report from the Upper Midwest Regional Physician Survey.

Increased pediatric participation in the health and medical care of adolescents has been encouraged over the last several years, both through the redefinition of the age range of pediatric practice by the American Academy of Pediatrics, and by the 1978 Task Force Report on Pediatric Education. Whereas the Task Force Report enunciated a framework for pediatric leadership in adolescent medicine, little is known about the extent to which adolescents are actually included in pediatric practice. Based upon the findings of the 1980-1981 Upper Midwest Regional Physician Survey, the use of age "cutoff" policies for adolescents is explored. The various types of such policies are examined, in addition to reasons for their use and non-use, the characteristics of pediatricians who include and exclude adolescents from their practice, exceptions made to adolescent age limits, differential enforcement by patient and physician gender, and anticipated changes in cutoff policies in light of projected demographic changes for infants, children and youth, and physician supply.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Arthritis in the elderly.

In old age, particularly in those over the age of 75 years, the disease process is operating in a unique setting. The awareness of this uniqueness has been slow in coming to the attention of the medical profession but the weight of clinical experience imposed by demographic change in the population has made this an urgent consideration. Arthritis presents in a setting where there are multiple ageing or degenerative features and it occurs frequently in conjunction with other diseases. Early and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance in the elderly because of the many interacting factors and the fragile 'milieu interieur'. Judicious use of drugs with close monitoring is essential if the patients's well being is to be improved and the morbidity reduced. Joint disease, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis make a significant contribution to disability and dependence in the elderly and have certain features which are more common than those found in the younger age groups.

Aged↗

PubMed1980

[Social relations in old age: the how and pros and cons].

In this article we stress three different aspects of the social relations of older people. First: the existing social relationships of older people with their children are an expression of a spontaneously grown contact as well as an expression of the societal expectations or social norms. Second: these societal expectations are in a state of transition, not only because of changes in the family system, but, third, also by important demographic changes in the structure of the population. The changes of and around marriage and sexuality are in the centre of these trends. One of the consequences is the following. The inter-generational relationships should be at least partly replaced and completed by more intra-generational relations (friends, acquaintances). An additional problem is, how to develop a program to improve the social skills of older people themselves.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The environment of the Moscow megalopolis and the problems of parasitic contamination].

Studying parasitic contamination is regarded as an individual research trend for large-scale land and water areas whose natural habitat is greatly modified by man-made influences. On the one hand, parasitic contamination as its particular form acts as a factor that destabilizing the environment, on the other, the man-made deformation of natural biocenoses, which is induced by socioeconomic influences promote its occurrence and manifestations. The investigations of parasitic contamination are beyond the scope of the routine parasitological goals, though they involve their whole package and should be considered as an ecological objective of environmental protection. The cenotic communications of the links of the parasitic systems with the physicochemical and biological ingredients of the habitat predetermine qualitative and quantitative differences of parasitic contamination in the large urban areas and, finally, the dissimilar course of epidemiological, epizootic, and phytototic processes in parasitic diseases in their various sectors. The major factors influencing the levels of the parasitic pollution of the Moscow megalopolis were analyzed. These included various lines of economic activities, the population's living conditions, procedures for manufacturing foodstuffs, demographic changes. In the recent years, the situation in many parasitic infections in man (trichinosis, cryptobiasis, enterobiasis, toxocariasis, etc.), animals (fascioliasis, trichinosis, etc.) and plants (viral, fungal, and nematode diseases). There is an increase in the population of mosquitos, lice, fleas, and other insects which are vectors of dangerous parasitic diseases of man and animals.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health care: international comparisons.

A conference held at the College in July 1994 examined the wide range of health care systems employed around the world and their varying responses to the combined pressures of demographic change and increasing patient expectations in the face of anticipated unsustainable increases in financial demand. The meeting, which was planned by Professor Roger Williams, was jointly sponsored by the College, the NHS Management Executive, Glaxo Holdings plc, the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust and the Kohn Foundation.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed1994

[Relationships in nursing: active and inactive sexuality in nursing staff and in old residents in nursing homes].

More awareness now exists of the issue of active and non-active sexuality as a result of the demographic changes and the increasing number of old people in residential and nursing home care. In this connection it is often assumed that sexuality in old age is a non-topic. The reasons for the misinterpretation of facts are manyfold, among them is the silence, surrounding the topic. This contribution deals with the recovery of sexuality of the very old and the correlation between residents' and their carers' active and non-active sexuality.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of changing demographic patterns on our health promotion priorities.

As we approach the twenty-first century, we face many difficult challenges in planning public health programs to promote health and prevent disease. We focus here on the changing age distribution of the American population and the resulting need to develop and enact effective health promotion efforts for older Americans. Older adults suffer from an increased burden of many chronic diseases, but contrary to past assumptions, they benefit substantially from health promotion and disease prevention efforts. Although numerous health promotion activities can be targeted to aging populations, we pay particular attention to the beneficial role of physical activity promotion, tobacco use cessation, and good nutrition for older adults. In this article, we describe some of the implications of this demographic change in terms of the health care services and needs of older adults, and we suggest priorities for future public health promotion and disease prevention programs.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Putting an end to ageism.

The National Advisory Council on Aging in 1991 stated a need to encourage students in the health care professions to select careers in gerontology. Indeed, it may be argued that the inclusion of a comprehensive curriculum component on aging in each nursing program is essential to address the demographic changes in Canada. With the increase in longevity it is more important than ever for nursing students to value older persons and not be fearful of interacting with this age group. This raises the question as to what nursing education has done to address this issue.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Women in dermatology. Challenges and recommendations.

The total number of women physicians in the United States tripled between 1970 and 1990. Almost 50% of incoming residents in dermatology are women. This article discusses some of the changes, opportunities, and challenges within our profession wrought by these demographic changes. The incorporation of women into all aspects of our specialty is a subject that warrants review, consideration, and creative solutions.

Dermatology↗

PubMed1993

[Projection of new cancer diseases to the year 2002--a contribution to health planning in public health by the Saarland cancer registry].

This paper provides projections of incident cases of malignant neoplasms in Saarland, Germany, between 1988 and 2002. The analyses are based on population forecasts by the National Statistical Office and on age-cohort analyses of cancer incidence data from the population-based cancer registry of the Saarland. Due to dramatic demographic changes and increasing age-specific cancer incidence rates, the average yearly number of total incident cases of malignant neoplasms is projected to increase by 63.1% between 1983-1987 and 1998-2002 in men, with the strongest increase projected for colon cancer (+114.6%). In women, a modest increase (+7.1%) is projected for all malignant neoplasms, with stronger increases for colon cancer (+50.1%), lung cancer (+44%) and breast cancer (+27.4%), whereas decreasing annual numbers of cases are projected for cervical cancer (-51.6%), stomach cancer (-18.5%) and endometrial cancer (-10.2%). The results provide a quantitative basis for health care planning in the Saarland. They may also serve as a rough guide for other parts of Germany for which reliable cancer incidence data are not available.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Trends in the community dental service 1980-1990.

The recent past has seen many changes that have had an impact on the dental care of children: for example, demographic changes, changes in the prevalence of dental caries, changes in manpower and changes in the organisation of dental services. The community dental service (CDS) in particular has had a major role to play in the provision of care to many children in this country. An analysis of the statistical returns to the Department of Health for the community dental services in England and Wales for the years 1985-1990 shows that staffing in the CDS has declined from 1,544 (Whole Time Equivalents--WTE) to 1,309 (WTE) in 5 years. The total clinical hours worked has also reduced from 2.02 million to 1.59 million in ten years. Hours spent on administration have increased from 53,490 to 87,091 in the same period. Clinical time spent on treating handicapped adults has increased almost ten fold from 14,644 hours in 1980 to 122,463 hours in 1990. Time devoted to mother and child (pre-school) services in about the same as in 1985. Hours spent on school services have reduced from a peak of almost 2 million in 1985 to 1.38 million in 1989-90. Trends in eight aspects of dental treatment are presented.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed1994

From emergency room to morgue: deaths due to undiagnosed perforated peptic ulcers. Report of four cases with review of the literature.

Peptic ulcer perforation is well recognized as a cause of peritonitis and can result in death. Although amenable to surgery, delay in making the correct diagnosis results in increased mortality. Accurate diagnosis has been hindered by demographic changes in the affected population. In recent years, the population at risk has increased. Specifically, a rising incidence has been observed in women, in the elderly, and in patients with previously undiagnosed peptic ulcer disease. Described are four patients with perforated peptic ulcers, three of which were not detected prior to autopsy. In three of the four instances the patient had been observed in and discharged from a hospital emergency room during the 30 h prior to death. In the fourth case, the decedent had been seen in and discharged from the emergency room four times during the month prior to death. In all patients, the presenting historical, physical, and/or radiographic findings were indicative of perforation. The death of a patient within days of a visit to an emergency room should prompt a forensic autopsy. The role of medical examiners in providing quality assurance feedback to emergency rooms located within their jurisdiction is emphasized.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Acute myocardial infarction in patients over 70 years of age].

Demographic changes in cardiovascular disease explain the marked increase in the number of myocardial infarctions affecting individuals aged over 70. The prognosis remains poor, with hospital mortality of the order of 30%. The reticence of physicians to use reperfusion techniques (intravenous thrombolysis and coronary angioplasty) is paradoxically considerable. Several studies have nevertheless shown that the benefit/risk ratio of such methods not only persists, but is increased in this age group, which should encourage the widening of their indications. Thorough evaluation of the best management strategy would require a randomised comparative trial, but angioplasty would probably ensure early reperfusion in a larger proportion of elderly patients than thrombolysis, because of the high incidence of contraindications to the latter as well as of cardiogenic shock in this age group.

Age Factors↗