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PubMed1988

Incidence of the upper respiratory and digestive tract cancers and consumption of alcohol and tobacco in Denmark.

To study the incidence of upper respiratory and digestive tract cancer in Denmark in relation to changes in tobacco and alcohol consumption, the incidence trends are compared to the figures for average annual consumption during the period 1943-1982. The comparison is made using relative risk estimates available from previous investigations. From the available data on alcohol and tobacco consumption, an attempt is also made to predict the future incidence trends of these cancers. Since no data on the distribution of smoking versus drinking by sex and age are available from Denmark over the study period, two hypotheses are used. It is shown that the predicted incidence is strongly dependent on the distribution of smoking and drinking, and that the existence of a group with heavy consumption of tobacco and alcohol could be responsible for very high incidences of these cancers in the near future in Denmark.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A population-based registry study of infant mortality in the Arctic: Greenland and Denmark, 1973-1997.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine precise estimates of infant mortality rates and to describe overall trends in infant mortality in Greenland and Denmark from 1973 to 1997. METHODS: We analyzed data from population-based registries of all live-born infants in Greenland and Denmark to calculate infant mortality rates from 1973 to 1997. RESULTS: Between the periods of 1973-1977 and 1993-1997, neonatal mortality rates in Greenland declined from 20.9 per 1000 live-born infants to 15.7, and postneonatal mortality rates declined from 20.9 per 1000 to 5.9. Infant mortality rates were significantly higher in Greenland than in Denmark, and the excess mortality was uniformly distributed over all birthweight percentiles. In Greenland, the risk of infant death was significantly lower if the mother was born outside Greenland. CONCLUSIONS: Postneonatal mortality rates in Greenland have decreased significantly during the past 25 years, but little progress has been made in decreasing neonatal mortality rates. Disparities exist among children with different maternal origins.

Arctic Regions↗

PubMed1993

Trends in care and services for elderly individuals in Denmark and Sweden.

Both Denmark and Sweden have achieved a reduction in institutionalization of elderly individuals; 23 percent nursing home care in Denmark from 1980-89 and 34 percent overall institutionalization in Sweden from 1970-1985. This was accomplished by increasing home care and housing with services and adaptations. Further increases in growth of the elderly population combined with modest economic expansion will be the forces responsible for finding additional alternatives to costly institutional care. Community-based services and care have not been demonstrated at this time to be less costly than institutional care. An illustration of an innovative model of nursing home care in Denmark is described. The medical model of care was abandoned in favor of a self-care model for the purpose of fostering independent living and decision-making as long as possible. In Sweden, a reduction in demand for beds in a long-term care hospital has been achieved through a tightly coordinated system of care and services among the various health and social service professionals.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Cervical incompetence and cerclage in Denmark 1980-1990. A register based epidemiological survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence rate of cervical incompetence diagnoses in Denmark 1980-1990 according to maternal age, to analyse regional variations, to investigate how often cerclage is applied, and finally to estimate abortion rates among women with cervical incompetence with and without cerclage. DESIGN: A register-based retrospective cross section study. SETTING: All Danish gynecological departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since 1977, all hospitalized patients in Denmark have been centrally recorded by diagnosis according to the ICD classification and by operation codes in The National Patient Register. From this database, all women with cervical incompetence (CI) and cerclage in the period 1980-1990 were identified. From the same database all cases of spontaneous abortions were registered. RESULTS: A total of 2756 cases of cervical incompetence were registered in the period 1980-1990, corresponding to an incidence rate of 4.6/1000 births. The risk of cervical incompetence increased from 2/1000 births among women 15-19 years old to 7.5/1000 births among women 35-39 years old. The incidence rate of the CI-diagnosis fell 44% from 1980 to 1990. The incidence rates in different counties ranged from 1.7/1000 births to 10.0/1000 births. The average length of stay in hospital among patients with cervical incompetence was three weeks. Among patients with cervical incompetence, 61% were treated with cerclage. This per cent increased from 29% among women 15-19 years old to 68% among women 35-39 years old. 13.5% of women with CI experienced spontaneous abortion. This percentage increased from 12% for women 15-19 years old to 17% among women 40-44 years old (p < 0.01). Among women with CI and cerclage, the abortion rate was 17.6%. CONCLUSION: In the period 1980-1990 the incidence rate of cervical incompetence in Denmark was on the average 4.6/1000 births. The incidence rate of the CI-diagnoses has fallen significantly during the last decade, and it increases four-fold with increasing age. Six out of ten patients with cervical incompetence were treated with cerclage.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1993

Prevalence, incidence and geographical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pregnant women in Denmark.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Denmark, and to estimate the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis. Consecutive serum samples from 5,402 women were analysed for specific IgG and IgM Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by EIA. The prevalence of IgG antibodies was 27.4%. The seroconversion rate was estimated to be 1.16% per year (SE = 0.0017) in all age groups, consistent with an incidence of acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women of 0.65%. Specific IgM antibodies were present in sera from 29 women. Based on an assumed maternofetal transmission rate of 50%, the incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was estimated to be 0.33%. Based on these data it is predicted that about 410 pregnant women are infected with T. gondii every year in Denmark, and that about 200 children every year are infected in utero by T. gondii. There was no difference in the prevalence of antibodies in women from rural or urban areas, or from different parts of Denmark.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

HIV infection among seafarers in Denmark.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the minimal magnitude of the HIV problem among seafarers in Denmark. The material is based on case records from the 6 medical departments in Denmark that undertake treatment of HIV patients. Retrospectively, all case records of HIV infection among seafarers--and of their sexual contacts--have been identified. 33 seafarers with HIV infection or AIDS were identified; 17 had no other known risk factor than heterosexual contacts in high-endemic areas. These results show that HIV infections have entered into the heterosexual group of seafarers. HIV-infected seafarers are a risk group for carrying HIV infection into the heterosexual population in non-endemic areas. In 5 known cases, this has actually taken place in Denmark. The majority of the heterosexually infected seafarers were probably infected early in the AIDS era. We do not know if Danish seafarers are still acquiring HIV abroad.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Changing etiology of bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies in Denmark.

To ascertain whether the microbiological etiology of bacteremia among patients with hematological malignancies has changed in Denmark, the species distribution of clinically relevant blood culture isolates from the Hematological Department at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen in 1990 was compared with 2 previous studies (1970-72; 1981-85). In addition, time trends of the etiology of bacteremia among hematological patients in Copenhagen (eastern Denmark) and in Arhus (western Denmark) were compared. In contrast to many other studies, a significant increase in the proportion of Gram-negative aerobes was observed in Copenhagen (from 43% in 1981-85 to 55% in 1990; p < 0.05), whereas in Arhus the proportion of Gram-positive aerobes increased steadily during the 1980s (from 34% to 51%; p < 0.05). In Copenhagen, non-hemolytic streptococci and Xanthomonas maltophilia increased significantly and accounted for 10% (p < 0.01) and 5% (p < 0.05) respectively, of all isolates in 1990, whereas Staphylococcus aureus during the 2 decades studied decreased from 25% to 8% (p < 0.001). In both regions, a decrease was observed in the proportion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which accounted for only about 5% of all isolates in 1990. No changes were observed in the rates of anaerobes and yeasts. Several factors may contribute to the reported differences in the etiology of bacteremia among hematological patients, e.g. criteria used to assign the clinical significance of the isolate, blood culture system used, practice of using indwelling intravenous catheters, different policies with respect to antimicrobial treatment, and the degree of immunosuppression. A local surveillance of blood culture isolates is mandatory if changes in etiology and resistance development are to be detected.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1989

Malignant melanoma of the skin in children (0 to 14 years of age) in Denmark, 1943-1982.

A total of 63 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma in children have been reported to the Danish Cancer Registry during the 40-year period from 1943-1982. In order to describe the true incidence of childhood melanoma in Denmark, a clinical and pathological evaluation was performed. Not surprisingly we found that childhood melanomas were gravely overdiagnosed in Denmark. Nine cases of childhood melanoma were identified in our material. Seven of these were aged 10 to 14 years. Two of the tumours had developed in congenital giant naevi. The crude incidence rate was estimated to be between 0.24 x 10(-6) and 0.32 x 10(-6). In Denmark this corresponds to one new case of childhood melanoma every 3 to 4 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Iodine. Do we need an enrichment program in Denmark?

A working group was established to evaluate the need for iodine enrichment in Denmark. Judged from studies of urinary iodine excretion and one dietary survey the intake of iodine in Denmark is low compared with recommended intakes. The occurrence of non-toxic goitre is relatively high; between 9 and 13% in elderly women. Furthermore, a high occurrence of toxic goitre has been seen in the western part of Denmark. On the other hand, an increased or a high intake of iodine may lead to hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis. The working group concluded that an increase in iodine intake in the Danish population is needed and the best way to achieve this is to iodize all salt. To avoid side effects of a sudden large increase in iodine intake the initial amount of iodine in salt will only be 2 ppm.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Genetic correlations among protein yield, productive life, and type traits from the United States and diseases other than mastitis from Denmark and Sweden.

Sire genetic evaluations for protein yield, productive life, and selected type traits from the US were correlated with sire evaluations for disease from Denmark and Sweden and were then adjusted to approximate genetic correlations. Disease categories from Denmark included reproductive diseases, foot and leg diseases, metabolic and digestive diseases, and all diseases other than mastitis. Genetic evaluations for Denmark were from separate analyses for each disease category using a multiple-trait sire model with first, second, and third lactations handled as multiple traits. Evaluations from Sweden for all diseases other than mastitis were from a single-trait sire model using only first lactations. In addition, Danish and Swedish genetic evaluations were regressed on US type evaluations to test for quadratic relationships. Relationships were based on 104 bulls with US and Danish evaluations (88 with US type) and 84 bulls with US and Swedish evaluations (83 with US type). Genetic correlations between US protein yield and diseases were unfavorable, but correlations were favorable between productive life and disease. Genetic correlations among US type and diseases were around zero, except for correlations with US dairy form (range -0.34 to -0.73). Genetic correlations calculated from residual correlations (adjusted for predicted transmitting abilities for milk) between productive life and diseases were favorable (range 0.29 to 0.51). Genetic correlations calculated from residual correlations (adjusted for predicted transmitting abilities for milk) between dairy form and diseases ranged from -0.10 to -0.53. Selection for increased productive life may reduce disease occurrences, but selection for higher dairy form scores will increase disease occurrences.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Bovine virus diarrhea virus in free-living deer from Denmark.

Free-living deer are suggested as a possible source of infection of cattle with bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) virus. To examine this hypothesis blood samples from 476 free-living deer were collected during two different periods and tested for BVD virus and antibody in Denmark. In 1995-96, 207 animals were tested. These included 149 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 29 fallow deer (Dama dama), 20 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and one sika deer (Cervus sika). For the remaining eight animals no species information was available. In 1998-99, 269 animals were tested including 212 roe deer and 57 red deer. The animals were selected from areas with a relatively high prevalence of cattle herds with a BVD persistent infection status in 1997 and 1998. All 207 samples from 1995-96 were found antibody-negative except two samples from red deer. Only 158 of the 207 samples were tested for virus and were all found negative. Of the 269 samples from 1998-99 all but one were antibody negative. The positive sample was from a red deer. All samples were virus-negative. It appears that BVD infection does not occur in roe deer in Denmark. The presence of antibody in a few red deer from various districts in Jutland probably results from cattle to deer transmission, rather than spread among deer. Hence, the possibility of free-living deer as a source of infection for cattle in Denmark seems to be remote.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Psychiatric service in Denmark].

The aim of the study was to assess the present psychiatric services in somatic departments in Denmark. A questionnaire was sent to all psychiatric departments in Denmark. All questionnaires were returned. During 1996 11,602 adult psychiatric consultations covering 87% of all beds in general hospitals in Denmark were performed. Mean and SD of the consultancy frequency, i.e. consultations/somatic bed/year, were 0.62 (0.34). The consultancy frequency was significantly higher, when the service included somatic emergency rooms or outpatients, or if the consultant performed the consultation together with a team member. Furthermore, it was significantly higher, when the consultant attended treatment conferences at the somatic departments or yielded supervision. The frequency of the psychiatric consultations performed by the staff from the former State Mental Hospitals was half of the frequency of the psychiatric departments at General Hospitals.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Effects of maternal education on infant mortality and stillbirths in Denmark.

This study examined inequalities in infant mortality in Denmark in relation to maternal educational level, and compared the inequalities to those observed in a similar study 10 years earlier. It was a register-based study of all singleton births in Denmark 1991-92, a study population of 113,814 births. When adjusted for mother's age, parity, and smoking, the stillbirth rate was independent of mother's educational level, but a clear social gradient in infant mortality was observed. Compared with a similar study in 1982-83, infant mortality has decreased most in the highest educational group and has increased in the lowest educational group. In conclusion, social inequality in infant mortality in Denmark is pronounced and cannot be explained by differences in smoking habits. The social gap between different educational groups has widened during the last decade, but may partly be explained by the decreasing number of women in the lowest educational group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Treatment of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in Denmark: trends in indications over the past decade.

A questionnaire survey was set up in Denmark in 1996 including 40 orthopedic departments and 20 departments of general surgery, all dealing with the treatment of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck. The aim of the survey was to investigate whether the treatment of these complex fractures in Denmark followed the international standard, the "gold standard", recommended in the recent international literature. A shift in the treatment was noted, as compared with an earlier questionnaire survey in 1988, with more orthopedic departments performing a graduated treatment with respect to the age of the patients and fracture grade (Garden class). That is: a) nondisplaced fractures, b) displaced fractures (b.1 below 75 years and b.2 above 75 years). Cannulated screws/pins were more commonly used in Garden I and II fractures (non displaced fractures) and in Garden III and IV fractures (displaced fractures) in patients below 75 years. Hemiarthroplasty/arthroplasty were more commonly used in the older age group, above 75 years, in displaced fractures (Garden III-IV). It is concluded that a shift in the treatment of these fractures has occurred, especially in orthopedic departments. One reason for this may be an increasing number of orthopedic specialists with experience in arthroplastic surgery, making it possible to perform and/or supervise younger surgeons in this procedure. Another reason must be an increasing awareness among orthopedic specialists in Denmark that complication rates in osteosynthesis of the displaced fractures (Garden III-IV) have been too high.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

[What do we know about the extent of violence against women in Denmark?].

At present, figures about the prevalence of violence against women in Denmark are based upon regional studies from emergency departments and national surveys that included a few questions about violence. In 1995/96, 0.2% of women aged 16-74 reported to have been exposed to domestic violence during the last 12 months, the highest rate was among single mothers, 3.4%. In 1991, 3% of women above the age of 15 reported to have ever been victims of rape, 7% among 15-24 year-olds. In the period 1978-1994, between 1.4 and 4.5 permille of all emergency contacts were female victims of violence. The incidence was 1.6-3.5 per 1000 women, highest in the Copenhagen area and in the western part of Denmark. In other Nordic countries, national surveys have focused upon gender-based violence, and report a higher prevalence of violence than in the less focused Danish studies. Furthermore, these studies contain information about the health sequels of violence. There is an urgent need for similar data including risk factors of violence in Denmark in order to prevent violence and the health consequences of violence against women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

A prospective evaluation of the clinical value of nation-wide DNA fingerprinting of tuberculosis isolates in Denmark.

SETTING: Denmark, a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of the nation-wide DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates performed in Denmark since 1992. DESIGN: Prospective study of consecutive patients with culture-verified TB from five large TB Departments in Denmark during a 7-month period in 1998. Results of IS6110 RFLP and spoligotyping were compared to those in the nation-wide Danish DNA-fingerprint database which covers approximately 95% of all culture-verified TB cases from 1992 onwards. Questionnaires asking about contact tracing and epidemiological links were sent to the patients' treating physicians. RESULTS: Of the 177 patients included in the study, 57 were Danes, one was from Iceland, 111 were immigrants, and eight were from Greenland. Responses to the questionnaires were obtained from 163 patients (92%). Four cases of unsuspected transmission were detected: one of nosocomial spread of TB, one of occupational acquisition of TB and two of transmission in an international school, leading to further contact tracing among 75 schoolchildren. These four cases were all the result of short-term contacts. In 22 cases, contact with one or more TB patient(s) was reported. In six of these, the DNA-fingerprint result revealed that the presumed contact could not be the source of infection, even though in two of the cases the known TB contact was from the household. CONCLUSION: Nation-wide DNA fingerprinting of TB isolates provides information that could not have been obtained otherwise, and contribute to the understanding of TB transmission in Danish society. In some cases the results lead to further contact tracing. Short-term contact can apparently result in transmission of TB.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Incidence of vestibular schwannoma in Denmark, 1977-1995.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence rate of vestibular schwannomas (VS) (acoustic neuromas) in Denmark. BACKGROUND: The worldwide incidence rates of VS vary from 1 to 20 cases per million population per year. METHODS: The nationwide and population-based age-specific, sex-specific, and calendar year-specific incidence rates of VS in Denmark between 1977 and 1995 are presented. Information on cases of VS was obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry and a clinical database situated at the University Hospital of Gentofte. A total of 795 cases were reported during the period of the study. RESULTS: The incidence rate increased from 5 cases per million population per year in 1977-1981 to 10 cases in 1992-1995; the increase was from 5 to 11 cases among women and 5 to 9 cases among men. The age-specific incidence rates show that VS is rarely diagnosed in persons under 30, but the incidence rate appears to increase among women after menopause. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence rate of VS increased linearly during the study period, probably owing to the introduction of more precise diagnostic procedures, increased awareness among physicians and patients of the symptoms of VS, improved registration of benign tumors in Denmark, and the use of data from two sources.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[A quantitative assessment of the impact of diet on the mortality of heart disease in Denmark. Estimation of etiologic fraction].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to quantify the impact of different dietary factors on the mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Denmark. METHODS: Relative risks and knowledge on the distribution of different dietary factors were used to estimate etiological fractions. RESULTS: It is estimated that an intake of fruit and vegetables and saturated fat as recommended would prevent 12 and 22%, respectively, of deaths from ischaemic heart disease in Denmark. An intake of fish among those at high risk for ischaemic heart disease, would lead to a 26% lower mortality, while alcohol intake among abstainers would have no significant quantitative effect. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that changes in dietary habits according to current recommendations would have an impact on public health in Denmark.

Alcohol Drinking↗