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PubMed1976

[Tuberculosis in developing countries compared to europe (author's transl)].

It is relatively easy to obtain a survey of the tuberculosis situation in the geographically demarcated countries of Europe. On the other hand it is impossible to acquire reliable and representative information on the majority of developing countries. Also the concept of a developing country cannot be accurately defined: the geographical, ethnic and cultural conditions predominating there may be diametrically different. In addition the paper is intended not only to take into account the present tuberculosis situation, but also to say something on the future development of tuberculosis in Europe and the developing countries during the next few years.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Well child clinics and mass vaccination campaigns: an evaluation of strategies for improving the coverage of primary health care in a developing country.

Millions of children in developing countries are dying from diseases that could be prevented or treated by simple interventions. To examine ways to improve the delivery of these basic services, we evaluated well child clinics and mass vaccination campaigns under operational conditions in a rural area of Nicaragua. We found that mass vaccination campaigns using volunteers reached 77.1 per cent of the population under age six. At stationary well child clinics in which villages were invited to a health center and a small food ration was used as an incentive, attendance improved to 94.1 per cent. Similar attendance levels (99.2 per cent) were attained by mobile well child clinics also using a food incentive. Attendance at stationary clinics decreased with the distance of the village from the health center. However, stationary clinics took up only half as much health workers' time as mobile clinics. Our results suggest that stationary clinics employing food as an incentive could be used for villages or neighborhoods close to a health center while mobile clinics offering food should be reserved for more isolated villages.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1976

Role of the medical auxiliary in the control of sexually transmitted disease in a developing country.

Venereal diseases are becoming a major health problem in many developing countries where the greater part of primary medical care is undertaken by medical auxiliaries. Under these circumstances, the medical auxiliary has an important role to play in the control of these diseases but he can only do this with adequate training, support, and supervision from the professional doctors and specialists. In this paper, the role of the medical auxiliary is outlined and a case is also made for a specially-trained cadre for venereal disease work in busy urban clinics in developing countries.

Africa↗
PubMed1992

The role of the laboratory in a Chlamydia control programme in a developing country.

The laboratory components of a Chlamydia trachomatis disease control programme for a developing country are reviewed. Early diagnosis of chlamydial infections is the most cost effective means of preventing the long term sequelae of trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility, which are now a major public health burden to the health care system in developing countries. Public health strategies are required to establish both a co-ordinated limited system of laboratory services, and to promote the diagnosis and treatment of disease syndromes in the absence of laboratory support. Laboratory tests for the specific diagnoses of chlamydial infections requiring different levels of expertise and equipment can be instituted within settings appropriate to the resources and technical expertise available. Emphasis is given to appropriate cost effective utilization of laboratory testing.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1984

Percutaneous renal biopsy in a developing country: experience with 300 cases.

Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed on 300 occasions in 253 children. Adequate renal tissue was obtained in 94% of cases. Complication occurred on 26 occasions (8.7%). Seven children required blood transfusion. These results are comparable to experience of renal biopsy in the more advanced countries. Percutaneous renal biopsy is feasible in established hospitals in developing countries. Guidelines are provided for doing percutaneous renal biopsy in developing countries.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1980

A model for establishment of educational programmes in developing countries: the nursing paradoxes in Kuwait.

While American nursing attempts to deal with the multitude of dilemmas that have been plaguing it for decades, many developing countries look to the USA for a nursing model to emulate, and then become lost in this confusion of its nursing profession. However, these countries continue to reach out and seek consultants with educational and practical experience in nursing in the USA, as well as in other developed countries. A paradigm is proposed for use by educators and consultants to help delineate the major issues a developing country has to confront in establishing a stable nursing service. This paradigm is explicated by applying it to the situation in Kuwait, a Fourth World country with many social paradoxes (e.g., rich in economic resources but poor in human resources). Four major paradoxes in nursing are identified by using the proposed paradigm. They are: 1 educational needs vs. educational reality; 2 locals vs. cosmopolitans; 3 role congruency vs. role incongruency; and finally 4 medical vs. nursing conceptual models. Although these paradoxes became manifest through work done by the author in Kuwait, any international health care professional will quickly realize that the prardoxes are not unique to Kuwait but have parallels in many other countries which are at different stages of development.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1989

Approaches to prevent acute bacterial meningitis in developing countries.

Endemic acute bacterial meningitis of childhood appears to be neglected as a cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, probably because it has been overshadowed by the dramatic epidemics of meningococcal disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The available data based on reviews of hospitalized patients suggest that endemic meningitis is mostly a disease of young infants, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b being the most important etiologic agents. The epidemiological pattern appears to be different in developing countries, compared with northern Europe or the USA, and closely resembles the early age of onset and high incidence of meningitis observed among the native American populations in Alaska. The mortality from meningitis appears to be much higher in developing countries than in industrialized countries. The availability of vaccines against the pneumococcus and haemophilus, particularly those in which the bacterial polysaccharide is conjugated to a protein, promises protection against systemic bacterial infection from these organisms. The assessment of the efficacy of such vaccines will have to include a close examination of meningitis as an outcome. It is suggested that before such vaccines become available careful clinical and epidemiological studies of meningitis will help both to define the impact of this disease and how to design an intervention strategy.

Adolescent↗