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PubMed2000

A note on suicidal deterioration with recovered memory treatment.

BACKGROUND: Many patients who have been told they have Multiple Personality/Dissociative Identity Disorder (MPD/DID) seem to have deteriorated clinically after being so diagnosed. We report here the results of a survey of suicide attempts in patients diagnosed as having MPD and a comparison group hospitalized with a mood disorder. METHODS: Twenty individuals who had been diagnosed as having MPD, had developed false memories, and had relinquished them, were surveyed with respect to suicide attempts before and after the diagnosis. Twelve of those approached agreed to provide data and were compared with 12 patients from an in-patient mood disorders unit, matched for age and sex. RESULTS: In the MPD group more patients attempted suicide after being diagnosed than before and they made more separate attempts at suicide than before. The reverse was true in the comparison group with patients and suicide attempts before and after hospitalization. Comparing the numbers of attempts in the groups before diagnosis/hospitalization and afterward Chi(2)=20.177, DF=1, P<0.001. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both samples were highly selected, and the comparison group does not provide an exact control. Nevertheless, the results support a trend in the literature that finds the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder and the use of recovered memory treatment are harmful.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Dissociative states with abnormal temporal lobe EEG. Multiple personality and the illusion of possession.

Twelve patients with clinical and EEG manifestations reminiscent of temporal lobe epilepsy reported symptoms of dissociative states. In seven of these patients, the clinical picture was consistent with multiple personality, whereas the other five had the illusion of supernatural possession. These cases suggest that in selected instances dissociative states may constitute complex behavioral manifestations of chronic limbic epilepsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Factors that predict scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale.

Bernstein and Putnam (1986) recently developed the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), a reliable and valid measure of dissociative experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the DES to other measures of psychopathology and cognitive functioning. Seventy-six female and 43 male university students were administered the DES, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90), the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS), and the Barnes-Vulcano Rationality Test (BVRT). A standard multiple regression was computed that used the DES as the criterion variable and the HSCL-90, MOCI, TAS, and BVRT as predictor variables. The results showed that 61% of the variance for DES scores could be predicted by three subscales of the HSCL-90 (Phobic Anxiety, Anger-Hostility, Somatization) and the TAS and BVRT. The importance of the relationship between the predictor variables and the DES for understanding dissociative disorders, especially multiple personality disorder, was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Belief in the existence of multiple personality disorder among psychologists and psychiatrists.

The present study surveyed the attitudes of psychiatrists and psychologists with regard to the existence of dissociative and multiple personality disorders. Questionnaires were sent to psychiatrists and psychologists in all VA Medical Centers. A total of 1,120 VA psychologists and psychiatrists completed the surveys. More than 97% of respondents indicated that they believed in dissociative disorders, while 80% reported a belief in multiple personality disorder. Belief in multiple personality disorder was related significantly to profession, age, and years of experience.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Multiplicity of selves and others: cognitive analytic therapy.

In cognitive analytic therapy (CAT), multiplicity is understood in terms of a range of self-other patterns (reciprocal role relationships) originating in childhood. These alternate in determining experience and action according to the situation (contextual multiplicity). They may be restricted by adverse childhood experiences (diminished multiplicity), and severe deprivation or abuse may result in a structural dissociation of self-processes ( pathological multiplicity). Therapeutic interventions, to be effective, must be based on an understanding of the structure of the individual patient's self-processes. In CAT practice, descriptions of dysfunctional relationship patterns and of transitions between them are worked out by therapist and patient at the start of therapy and are used by both throughout its course. This approach is illustrated by an account of the treatment of a depressed and anxious 70-year-old man who alternated between two main patterns.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed2003

Pierre Janet and Félida Artificielle: multiple personality in a nineteenth-century guise.

In the wake of the recent epidemic of multiple personality phenomena, it is important to get a clear idea of what similar phenomena looked like in previous centuries. Pierre Janet's detailed description of his discovery, made during the 1880s, that he could cure hysteria by creating a healthy second personality offers a close look at a form of multiple personalities very different from what has recently been described. His description of the factors that influenced his discovery allow one to see his work in a historical context and to appreciate his confrontation with the paradoxes that this discovery revealed.

Consciousness Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Spirit possession in South Asia, dissociation or hysteria? Part 1: Theoretical background.

Psychoanalytic theory appears flawed in its notions of universal oedipal conflict and repression, and unsuitable for the study of pathological spirit possession in South Asia. The biological theory of contemporary psychiatry is no more effective in this analysis because mental illnesses are constituted within culture-bound categories of experience. Dissociation theory offers a better theoretical tool for this type of research. A summary of the history of paradigm shifts in psychiatric theory relevant to spirit possession is presented.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Schneiderian symptoms and childhood trauma in the general population.

The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS) was administered to a sample of 502 adults in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Findings indicate that Schneiderian symptoms are highly related to childhood trauma and other dissociative symptoms clusters in the general population, as they are in clinical populations. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood: a clinical syndrome. Report of 37 cases.

Thirty-seven adult dissociative disorder patients who reported ritual abuse in childhood by satanic cults are described. Patients came from a variety of separate clinical settings and geographical locations and reported a number of similar abuses. The most frequently reported types of ritual abuse are outlined, and a clinical syndrome is presented which includes dissociative states with satanic overtones, severe post-traumatic stress disorder, survivor guilt, bizarre self abuse, unusual fears, sexualization of sadistic impulses, indoctrinated beliefs, and substance abuse. Questions relating to issues of reliability, credibility and verifiability are addressed in depth, and the findings and implications are discussed.

Abreaction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early indicators of pathological dissociation in sexually abused children.

Although reported cases of adult multiple personality disorder (MPD) are increasing, confirmation of MPD and related dissociative disorders in children remains rare. Since MPD can cause severe impairment and psychological distress, and is thought to originate in childhood, early recognition of pathological dissociation and predictors of MPD is critical. Sexual abuse in childhood has similarly been under-reported until recently, and is highly associated with the development of dissociative disorders. This paper reviews factors in the professional neglect of these syndromes as well as recent diagnostic developments in childhood dissociative disorders. The identification of subtle dissociative symptomatology in children is illustrated and two case examples are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dissociative disorders in children: behavioral profiles and problems.

Transient dissociative episodes are a common and normative phenomenon during childhood that generally decrease during adolescence to relatively low levels in adults. Retrospective clinical research has firmly established a connection between childhood trauma and the development of dissociative disorders in adults. A growing number of clinicians are now identifying dissociative symptoms in abused children, and there is increasing evidence that dissociative disorders represent a significant and hitherto unrecognized form of psychopathology in traumatized children. Pathological dissociation is a complex psychobiological process that results in a failure to integrate information into the normal stream of consciousness. It produces a range of symptoms and behaviors including: (a) amnesias; (b) disturbances in sense of self; (c) trance-like states; (d) rapid shifts in mood and behavior; (e) perplexing shifts in access to knowledge, memory, and skills; (f) auditory and visual hallucinations; and (g) vivid imaginary companionship in children and adolescents. Many of these symptoms and behaviors are misdiagnosed as attention, learning or conduct problems, or even psychoses. Early identification and therapeutic intervention appear to be particularly efficacious in children in contrast to adults, although systematic studies of treatment and outcome are presently lacking.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dissociative experiences and disorders among women who identify themselves as sexual abuse survivors.

The purpose of the study was to identify dissociative experiences and disorders among women who are survivors of sexual abuse. Fifty-one women from two different centers who identified themselves as abuse survivors participated in the research interviews. The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS) were used to collect data. The results indicated that 88.2% of the 51 women had a dissociative disorder of some type. Twenty-eight (54.9%) of the women had a DDIS diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (MPD). The women had high DES scores, a high number of secondary features of MPD, high rates of depression, borderline personality, substance abuse, somatic symptoms, Schneiderian symptoms, ESP/supernatural experiences, suicide attempts, and conversion symptoms. The vast majority of sexual abuse survivors in this sample have extensive dissociative symptomatology and related features. Therapists working with adult sexual abuse survivors should be knowledgeable about dissociation, should thoroughly assess a client's dissociative abilities, and should incorporate these findings into the therapy process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Differentiating multiple personality disorder and complex partial seizures.

A number of reports have suggested that some cases of multiple personality disorder might be due to temporal lobe epileptic discharges. We have administered a structured interview, the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, to 20 subjects with multiple personality disorder, 20 with complex partial seizures, and 28 neurologic controls. Subjects also completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Results show that multiple personality can be differentiated from complex partial seizures on a large number of items. The seizure patients did not differ from controls. The data indicate that the phenomenologies of these two disorders are distinct, and, therefore, there is little reason to assume a common etiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Dissociative experiences among psychiatric inpatients.

The Dissociative Experiences Scale was administered to 299 inpatients on an acute care general adult psychiatric ward over a 2-year period. The average score was 14.6, which is significantly higher than the mean for the general population. About one in six inpatients reported very high scores above 50 on the seven most common items in the scale, indicating a high level of dissociative psychopathology. Based on the responses to four items which form a scale factor called Activities of Dissociated States, an estimate is made that 6%-8% of general adult inpatients may have multiple personality disorder. Dissociative psychopathology is common on inpatient units.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Dissociative states in multiple personality disorder: a quantitative study.

Multiple personality disorder (MPD) patients may experience themselves as several discrete alter personalities who do not share consciousness or memories with one another. In this study, we asked whether MPD patients are different from controls in their ability to learn and remember, and their ability to compartmentalize information. MPD patients were not found to differ from controls in overall memory level. Learning of information by MPD patients in disparate personality states did not result in greater compartmentalization than that of which control subjects were capable. However, there were qualitative differences between the cognitive performance of patients and that of controls attempting to role-play alter personalities. Our results suggest that simple confabulation is not an adequate model for the MPD syndrome, and we consider a possible role for state-dependent learning in the phenomenology of MPD.

Adult↗