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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Gender differences in predictors of drinking behavior in adolescents.

This study explored the differences in the risk factors associated with alcohol use, problem drinking, and related consequences between male and female high school students in eastern Taiwan. A total of 771 10th grade students, including 327 boys (42.4%) and 444 girls (57.6%), from four randomly selected high schools in eastern Taiwan were included in the survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. In conclusion, paternal drinking was found to be an important factor for the development of alcohol use in adolescent boys but had less impact on girls when compared with maternal drinking. Peer norms and peer relationships had greater effects on drinking behavior in female than in male adolescents. Alcohol use appeared to be much more closely related to family relationships in female than in male adolescents. In adolescent boys, deviant self-image was the real factor causing problem drinking. Therefore, preventive intervention for boys should focus on managing psychological distress and strengthening positive self-image, while correcting peer drinking norms, learning of drinking refusal self-efficacy, establishing friendships without drinking, and positive parent-child communication should be enhanced for girls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Drinking behavior in thyroidectomized rats: effects of central cholinergic stimulation and of water deprivation.

Normally hydrated thyroidectomized (TX) rats stimulated intracerebroventricularly with carbachol and dehydrated TX rats drank significantly smaller volumes of water than their respective controls. This suggests lower central sensitivity to thirst and to drinking behavior induced by both cholinergic activation and extracellular fluid depletion. Dehydrated TX rats excreted a significantly larger urinary volume than the controls, suggesting the existence of changes in the renal mechanisms of water retention. Such changes could be related to a reduction in vasopressin binding sites.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Job strain and drinking behavior].

The aim of this survey study was to explore the influence of work on individual's drinking behavior. From October 1994 to March 1995, the present researchers implemented a self-administered questionnaire survey on workers in the manufacturing sector in Metropolitan Kaohsiung area, southern Taiwan. Of the 1,117 subjects selected, 668 (61.8%) stated that they had had one or more drinks during the preceding month. The average daily consumption of alcohol was 0.2 +/- 0.9 drinks (with a range of 0 to 12 drinks and a median of 0.02 drinks). In addition, 188 (28.8%) of the subjects reported having experienced drinking-related problems during the preceding month, and 35 respondents (5.2%) gave escape from job stress as the reason for their drinking in the preceding month. The result of multivariate analyses showed that workers who reported less autonomy in their job were more likely to experience drinking-related problems (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3) and to drinking for psychological relief (OR = 1.2); that workers who reported more demanding job conditions were more likely to drink for escape (OR = 2.5) but had lower levels of drinking (t = -2.5, p = 0.01); and that workers who reported high levels of job strain were more likely to experience drinking-related problems and to drink for relief but had lower levels of drinking. The details and implications of this result will be discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Pharmacological evaluation of methylcarbamylcholine-induced drinking behavior in rats.

Methylcarbamylcholine (MCC), a structural analog of carbachol (an acetylcholine agonist), has been reported to be a specific nicotinic cholinergic receptor ligand. MCC produces a robust polydipsic response shortly following central administration. The purpose of the present study was to pharmacologically characterize this increase in drinking behavior. Male Wistar rats were implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula guides directed at the left lateral ventricle. Following a recovery period, animals were injected ICV with saline or various doses of MCC (3-60 micrograms) and water consumption was quantified. MCC produced a dose-related, transient increase in water consumption that peaked at a dose of 30 micrograms. In contrast, nicotine, a potent nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist, did not produce changes in drinking following ICV administration. MCC-induced increases in drinking were not blocked by pretreatment with several selective nicotinic receptor antagonists including dihydro-beta-erythriodine (DHBE), hexamethonium, and mecamylamine. However, pretreatment with the muscarinic antagonist atropine (0.01 or 1.0 microgram) completely abolished MCC-induced polydipsia. Following a chronic treatment regimen (MCC injected ICV twice daily for 10 days), no tolerance to MCC-induced changes in water consumption was observed. Previous studies have demonstrated that tolerance develops to nicotinic-receptor mediated responses following the identical chronic treatment paradigm. These results suggest that MCC-induced polydipsia is mediated through stimulation of muscarinic rather than nicotinic receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Alcohol-related mortality, drinking behavior, and business cycles: are slumps really dry seasons?

This paper explores the connection between alcohol-related mortality, drinking behavior, and macroeconomic conditions in Finland using both aggregate and microlevel data from recent decades. The aggregate data reveal that an improvement in economic conditions produces a decrease in alcohol-related mortality. Microlevel data show that alcohol consumption increases during economic expansion while the probability of being a drinker remains unchanged. This demonstrates that alcohol-related mortality and self-reported alcohol consumption may be delinked in the short-run business cycle context. One explanation for this paradox is that most harmful forms of drinking are not captured in survey-based data used to study the effect of macroeconomic conditions on alcohol consumption. Our evidence does not overwhelmingly support the conclusions reported for the United States that temporary economic downturns are good for health.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1981

Drinking behavior and the development of hypothalamic lesions from aspartame ingestion in water-restricted weanling mice.

Wealing mice that had been deprived overnight of water, or of water and diet, were offered a solution containing L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine-methylester (APM) or monosodium L-aspartate monohydrate (MSA) as the sole source of drinking water, and/or a diet containing large amounts of APM and/or MSA for 30 min, and were killed subsequently. Only those animals exposed to concentrated (6.64% W/V) MSA solutions developed neuronal lesions in the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei. Those offered MSA in the diet only, or APM either in the diet and/or in solution, failed to develop such lesions. Apparently water-restricted weanling mice lose their ability to regulate subsequent drinking behavior, and consume hyperosmolar MSA or APM solutions whose osmolarity or sweetness would be aversive to humans. Such animals are unsuitable for the safety evaluation of APM.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Drinking norms versus drinking behavior.

Data from 1002 households indicated that contextual factors (group size, subsequent activity) and individual difference factors (sex, extroversion, drinking frequency) differentially influenced consumption and normative ratings. These findings suggest that contextual cues serve as determinants of drinking norms and that drinking behavior reflects individual variation in sensitivity to these cues.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The impact of alcohol-specific rules, parental norms about early drinking and parental alcohol use on adolescents' drinking behavior.

BACKGROUND: The present study explores the role of having rules about alcohol, parental norms about early alcohol use, and parental alcohol use in the development of adolescents' drinking behavior. It is assumed that parental norms and alcohol use affect the rules parents have about alcohol, which in turn prevents alcohol use by adolescent children. METHODS: Longitudinal data collected from 416 families consisting of both parents and two adolescents (aged 13 to 16 years) were used for the analyses. RESULTS: Results of structural equation modeling show that having clear rules decreases the likelihood of drinking in adolescence. However, longitudinally alcohol-specific rules have only an indirect effect on adolescents' alcohol use, namely through earlier drinking. Analyses focusing on explaining the onset of drinking revealed that having strict rules was related to the postponement of drinking initiation of older and younger adolescents. Further, parental norms about adolescents' early drinking and parental alcohol use were associated with having alcohol-specific rules. Parental norms were also related to adolescents' alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is one of the first using a full family design to provide insight into the role of alcohol-specific rules on adolescents' drinking. It was shown that having strict rules is related to postponement of drinking, and that having alcohol-specific rules depends on other factors, thus underlining the complexity of the influence of parenting on the development of adolescents' alcohol use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) polymorphism and drinking behavior].

An atypical allele (ALDH2*2) in low K(m) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), which is highly prevalent in Asians, may influence drinking behavior because of higher production of acetaldehyde in the liver. High alcohol sensitivity such as flushing after drinking has been shown to be mainly due to the atypical ALDH2 genotypes. The atypical allele is associated with alcohol-induced liver injury and some cancers. Recently, the researches on the polymorphisms not only in the gene itself but also its frequencies in different Asian populations have been made great progress. Three factors, including different sex, age and geography, were also analyzed with the genotypes of ALDH2 in Chinese populations.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1992

A gene for alcohol toxicity, not drinking behavior.

Apparently contradictory results concerning association of an allele of a human dopamine receptor gene with alcoholism are explained by the gene's being involved with ethanol toxicity, not drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2001

Effects of lifelong ethanol consumption on drinking behavior and motor impairment of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats.

The effects of drinking ethanol throughout a lifetime on voluntary drinking behavior and ethanol-induced motor impairment were studied in alcohol-preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol) and alcohol-avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rats of both sexes. At the age 3 months, the rats were tested for individual voluntary ethanol (10% vol./vol.) intake and ethanol-induced motor impairment (2 g/kg, i.p.). The rats were housed in group cages, half of them having 12% (vol./vol.) ethanol as the only source of fluid and the other half having free access to water. Food was always available for all animals. At the age of 23 months, their individual voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-induced motor impairment were tested again. During forced drinking, the females of both strains consumed more ethanol than did the males. The ethanol consumption of the AA and ANA females and the ANA males increased significantly (P < .001) with age, but a slight decrease was seen in the ethanol consumption of the AA males. Time x strain interaction showed a significant (P < .05) difference in the ethanol consumption of male rats, with the AA males having a slight decrease in ethanol consumption with age, whereas the ANA males increased their ethanol consumption. After 19 months of forced ethanol exposure, AA males significantly decreased their individual voluntary ethanol consumption, and individual voluntary ethanol consumption by ethanol-exposed AA males was more pronounced (P < .001) than that of the AA rats that had free access to water (P < .05). For the female AA rats, those having free access to water significantly decreased their voluntary ethanol consumption (P < .05), but those having ethanol only did not. No significant changes in voluntary ethanol consumption with age or with different exposures were seen in the ANA rats. Body weights were higher in the groups having access to water than in the ethanol-only groups, but the differences were not significant within the AA and ANA strains. The ANA rats were significantly heavier in all groups. These results indicate that the voluntarily nondrinking ANA rats can drink almost as much ethanol as the voluntarily drinking AA rats when they are forced to drink ethanol and that lifelong forced ethanol drinking does not change their inherent drinking habits. When sensitivity to ethanol was measured with the tilting-plane test, the old AA female rats were more sensitive to ethanol than were the young ones. The young ANA females were more sensitive than the AA females when tested at 4 months. In males, aging did not produce any differences in ethanol sensitivity.

Aging↗

PubMed1993

Changes in alcohol expectancies and drinking behavior among treated problem drinkers.

Research on alcohol expectancies among clinical populations has not focused on the extent to which changes in alcohol expectancies correspond to changes in drinking. In this investigation, male and female problem drinkers participating in an outpatient treatment focused on drinking reduction techniques provided data on drinking behavior and alcohol expectancies at pretreatment, posttreatment and at an 18-month follow-up. Results showed a significant relationship between decreases in alcohol expectancies and decreased drinking. Decreases in alcohol expectancies were not found over the course of the 8-week treatment, but instead at the 18-month follow-up. Implications and future research needs are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Lesions and effects of location for administration of clostridial bacterin-toxoid vaccines on growth performance and eating and drinking behaviors in newly arrived calves at a feedlot.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of location for administration of clostridial vaccines on behavior, growth performance, and health of calves at a feedlot, the relative risk of calves developing an injection-site reaction or being misdiagnosed as having bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), and the percentage of subcutaneous injection-site reactions that were detectable on carcasses after the hides were removed. ANIMAL: 170 newly arrived calves at a feedlot. PROCEDURE: Eating and drinking behaviors of calves during the initial 57 days after arrival were observed at a commercial feedlot, using an electronic monitoring system. Calves were assigned randomly to receive a clostridial vaccine (base of ear or neck). Data on reactions at the injection site were collected. RESULTS: Mean daily gain (MDG) for the initial 57 days did not differ significantly between treatments. Risk of being misdiagnosed as having BRDC was not associated with location for administration of vaccine. Calves vaccinated in the base of the ear were at higher risk of having an injection-site reaction at day 57 or at slaughter. Eighty-nine percent (95% confidence interval, 52 to 100%) of injection-site reactions in the neck could not be located on the carcasses after hides were removed. Calves vaccinated in the neck drank significantly fewer times per day during the first 57 days than calves vaccinated in the base of the ear. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Location for administration of a clostridial vaccine did not significantly affect health, growth performance, or eating behavior. Most subcutaneous injection-site reactions were not detectable after the hide was removed.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in African American and White college students' drinking behaviors: consequences, harm reduction strategies, and health information sources.

The authors explored the differences between African American and White college students' drinking behaviors and their attitudes toward consequences, harm-reduction strategies, and health information sources. They collected data from a randomly selected sample of 1,110 students in a large public university to examine the effects of a high-risk drinking prevention intervention. In the current analysis, they compared African American and White students on indicators of high-risk drinking, drinking consequences, harm-reduction strategies, the sources that students typically used for health information, and the believability of those sources. The African American students scored lower on drinking measures than the White students did, reported fewer negative consequences, and more regularly employed drinking-reduction strategies, with one exception--choosing a designated driver. Both African and White respondents reported that their parents were their most frequent and usual sources of health-related information and said that parents and health professionals were the most credible sources.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Relationship between flushing response and drinking behavior].

Shipyard employees and their spouses in Kawasaki were surveyed twice as subjects on the relationship between flushing response and drinking behavior. Data obtained from 1,463 respondents of the two surveys, are used for the analysis. Flushing responses were classified into five types according to the amount of absolute alcohol which induced flushing; fast flushing (FF), medium flushing (MF), slow flushing (SF), no flushing (NF) and unknown. A distribution of the flushing types in males did not show statistical differences among native places and age groups, but among jobs. The distribution in females was not statistically different among native places and jobs, but among age groups. A large number of drinkers who frequently drank belonged to NF and SF. Those who belonged to NF and SF drank every day during the surveyed period (for 1 week). Most of drinkers who drank two kinds and more alcoholic beverages at a chance of drinking belonged to SF and NF. The alcohol consumption during the surveyed period ranged in due to order among males as: FF less than MF less than unknown less than SF less than NF, and among females as: unknown less than FF less than MF less than SF and NF. The results analyzed by "Hayashi's quantification scaling type I" showed that the drinking frequency and the most favorite alcoholic beverage much contributed to the alcohol consumption, but the flushing type didn't so much. However, it made the fact clear that NF contributed to increase alcohol consumption, and unknown and FF did to decrease alcohol consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The effects of alcoholism training on the knowledge, attitudes, and drinking behavior of college students in the human services.

This study reports on the impact of clinically oriented alcoholism training on undergraduate students in the human services preparing for entry level counseling positions. Specifically, this study was designed to determine whether training in alcoholism influences students' knowledge and attitudes toward alcohol and alcoholism and their personal drinking behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the drinking behavior of schizophrenic patients displaying self-induced water intoxication: a double-blind controlled study with naloxone.

Previously we found significant suppression of polydipsia in a schizophrenic patient with PIP syndrome (psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia). Suppression was obtained with a small dose of naloxone injected once every 2 weeks in long-term repeated studies. We attempted to confirm the effect of naloxone on PIP syndrome by using a double-blind controlled study. The body weights of eight schizophrenic inpatients with PIP syndrome were checked five times daily, and the maximum weight gain during 1 day was chosen as an index of their polydipsia. Naloxone (0.6 mg in three divided doses) or placebo (saline) injection was given once every 2 weeks three times. Assignment to either the naloxone or placebo series was done randomly in a double-blind, crossover design. Naloxone decreased the maximum weight gain per day significantly in five cases. However, naloxone also increased weight gain significantly in three cases. There was no correlation of the weight-increasing effect of naloxone with the duration and intensity of excessive drinking. Our findings showed that the endogenous opioid system might be related to compulsive drinking behavior in the PIP syndrome and that opioid antagonists such as naloxone or naltrexone could be useful in the therapy of PIP syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Validity and reliability of self-reported drinking behavior: dealing with the problem of response bias.

This work assesses the validity and reliability of self-reported survey data on drinking behavior. There is evidence to suggest that data are adversely affected by bias from underreporting. This bias affects the validity of measures of consumption of alcohol and can have deleterious effects on the results of some forms of statistical estimation. Data for this study were collected at an isolated military base. The remoteness of this site and the fact that it is a military station made it possible to estimate the actual level of consumption of alcohol for the population by assessing apparent consumption through officially recorded sales of alcohol. The results of eight measures of consumption of alcohol were compared with apparent consumption, as established by documented sales, and the validity and reliability of the various measures were determined using the classical correlational approach. The validity and reliability of the data generated by the self-report survey were also analyzed using LISREL, the measurement model in particular. The results indicate that various instruments used to assess the consumption of alcohol produce very different outcomes in terms of their validity and reliability, some questions being considerably more valid and reliable than others. Two of the more salient characteristics of questions that affect validity and reliability were isolated, namely a question's ability to aid recall and its ability to mitigate the effects of persons providing socially desirable responses. The LISREL results show that these are two underlying factors for the measurement of the consumption of alcohol. It is concluded that questions that produce valid and reliable responses do so for identifiable reasons, and measurement instruments can be improved by incorporating particular features.

Alcohol Drinking↗