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Flight after an accident is a typical alcohol delict. The subsequent obligatory report has improved the situation of the injured party. Further measures are needed forcurbing road using under alcohol influence. They also serve the prevention to section 142 StGB.
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Two social psychological theories (the Fishbein Model and the Health Belief Model) were used to derive attitude and belief factors to predict intentions to drive while under the influence of alcohol and actual drinking-driving behavior in a college population. The results revealed strong support for the Fishbein theory; attitudes and normative beliefs predicted intentions, while intentions were the best predictor of subsequent behavior. From the Health Belief Model, specific beliefs regarding one's effectiveness at being able to avoid getting caught by the police and cause an accident while driving under the influence of alcohol were also significantly related to drinking-driving intentions and behavior. These findings indicate that decisions to drink and drive are the result of one's personal evaluation of this behavior and one's perceived ability to control the threatening consequences. Thus drinking and driving may continue to be so prevalent in a college population because they erroneously believe that they are still safe drivers and effective at controlling the attendant risks.
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OBJECTIVE: Public policy interventions designed to deter or prevent drunk driving depend, in part, on modifying beliefs concerning the riskiness, social acceptability and immorality of driving under the influence of alcohol. The current study examines the association of these beliefs with the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving. METHOD: Interviews were conducted with 273 people with multiple driving under the influence (DUI) offenses. Data included self-reported frequency of driving after drinking in the past year, as well as measures of moral and prescriptive beliefs concerning alcohol-impaired driving (internal behavioral controls), perceived risks of criminal punishment and accidents associated with alcohol-impaired driving (external behavioral controls) and perceived peer group attitudes toward alcohol-impaired driving (social controls). RESULTS: Logit regression modeling showed significant, unique protective associations with behavioral control items in each category. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral controls may protect against alcohol-impaired driving behavior even in a high-risk sample of repeat DUI offenders. Policy interventions designed to curtail drunk driving might seek to enhance these sorts of behavioral controls among DUI offenders.
Meiotic drive results when sperm carrying a driving chromosome preferentially survive development. Meiotic drive should therefore influence sperm competition because drive males produce fewer sperm than non-drive males. Whether meiotic drive also influences the competitive ability of sperm after ejaculation is unknown. Here we report the results from reciprocal crosses that are designed for estimating the sperm precedence of male stalk-eyed flies (Cyrtodiopsis whitei) with or without X-linked meiotic drive. We find that nearly half of all sex-ratio males, as compared with 14% of non-sex-ratio males, fail to produce young in a reciprocal cross. Furthermore, the proportion of progeny sired by a sex-ratio male in a female jointly inseminated by a non-sex-ratio male was less than expected from the number of sperm transferred. These effects are not due to differential sperm storage by females because, after a single mating with a sex-ratio male, all females stored sperm and because two sex-ratio males share paternity after jointly mating with a female. In addition to demonstrating a new mechanism of sperm competition, these results provide insight into the maintenance of sex-ratio polymorphisms. Sex-ratio males have less than one-half the fertility of non-sex-ratio males, as is required in order for frequency-dependent selection on males to produce a stable sex-ratio polymorphism.
We have previously demonstrated that microinjection of dl-homocysteic acid (DLH), a glutamate analog, into the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) can produce either phasic or tonic excitation of phrenic nerve discharge during hyperoxic normocapnia. Breathing, however, is influenced by input from both central and peripheral chemoreceptor activation. This influence of increased respiratory network drive on pre-BötC-induced modulation of phrenic motor output is unclear. Therefore, these experiments were designed to examine the effects of chemical stimulation of neurons (DLH; 10 mM; 10-20 nl) in the pre-BötC during hyperoxic modulation of CO2 (i.e., hypercapnia and hypocapnia) and during normocapnic hypoxia in chloralose-anesthetized, vagotomized, mechanically ventilated cats. For these experiments, sites were selected in which unilateral microinjection of DLH into the pre-BötC during baseline conditions of hyperoxic normocapnia [arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) = 37-43 mmHg; n = 22] produced a tonic (nonphasic) excitation of phrenic nerve discharge. During hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 59.7 +/- 2.8 mmHg; n = 17), similar microinjection produced excitation in which phasic respiratory bursts were superimposed on varying levels of tonic discharge. These DLH-induced phasic respiratory bursts had an increased frequency compared with the preinjection baseline frequency (P < 0.01). In contrast, during hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 29.4 +/- 1.5 mmHg; n = 11), microinjection of DLH produced nonphasic tonic excitation of phrenic nerve discharge that was less robust than the initial (normocapnic) response (i.e., decreased amplitude). During normocapnic hypoxia (PaCO2 = 38.5 +/- 3.7; arterial Po2 = 38.4 +/- 4.4; n = 8) microinjection of DLH produced phrenic excitation similar to that seen during hypercapnia (i.e., increased frequency of phasic respiratory bursts superimposed on tonic discharge). These findings demonstrate that phrenic motor activity evoked by chemical stimulation of the pre-BötC is influenced by and integrates with modulation of respiratory network drive mediated by input from central and peripheral chemoreceptors.
To determine the net direct medical cost of asthma and to investigate factors influencing costs, a case-control study using data from North Carolina Medicaid (May 1996-April 1998) was used. Comparison subjects were matched 1:1 on age, gender, and race. Multivariate generalized least-squares models were estimated. The adjusted net cost of asthma (N = 27,493) was 1250 dollars. The number of beta-agonist and oral corticosteroid prescriptions was significantly associated with higher costs. The adjusted net cost of asthma to North Carolina Medicaid is approximately 1250 dollars, and the cost of asthma is influenced by beta-agonist and oral corticosteroid exposure.
Since the early 1970s, when they became more accessible, computers have been used increasingly for behavior measurement over a wide range of purposes, including the detection of neurotoxic effects. Over these relatively few years, the number of computerized tests in use in neurotoxicology has grown from one or two to around 16 major batteries. The development of computerized tests in neurotoxicology has been influenced by a number of drives or influences. Some of these influences have included the push for computerizing traditional paper-and-pencil tests, the moves to develop a standard or core test battery, the emphasis on culture-free tests, and on the pragmatic screening approach to test selection. Lately, there has been more emphasis on the development of tests with stability and reliability. These influences have made, and are still making, some impact on the directions of test and test battery construction. The nature and degree of impact will be discussed in the context of analyzing the development of computerized behavioral testing to its current state.
The question of how to encourage "normal" drivers to modify either their alcohol consumption or the use of their cars formed the starting point of a representative survey undertaken by the Federal Highway Research Institute (Kretschmer-Bäumel, Karstedt-Henke 1986). The following variables were identified as having a decisive influence on the drinking and driving conflict and its solution: Attitude to the legal BAC limit of 80 mg/100 ml, evaluation of the risk arising from drinking and driving, evaluation of excessive alcohol consumption, and sex of the driver. Attitudes of the legal norm and its intended results which are relevant to behaviour, as well as the wide-spread acceptance of a lower BAC limit of 50 mg/100 ml or 0 mg/100 ml, together form the basis for new measures. A reduction in the numbers of alcohol-related accidents seems most likely to result from a lowering of the current legal BAC limit.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of impaired cognitive processing on measures of driving skills in persons with MS. METHODS: Twenty-eight subjects with documented MS were divided into two groups-with [MS(+), n = 13] and without [MS(-), n = 15] cognitive impairment-based on neuropsychological performance. Healthy control (HC) subjects (n = 17) matched on age and driving experience were also studied. Driving-related skills were compared between the groups based on performance on two computerized driving tests: the Useful Field of Vision (UFOV) and the Neurocognitive Driving Test (NDT). RESULTS: The MS(+) group performed significantly worse than both the MS(-) and HC groups in the latency to perform several driving-specific functions on the NDT, but no overall group differences were observed in actual errors on the NDT. On the UFOV, when compared to MS(-) and HC subjects, the MS(+) group demonstrated poorer performance on two of the three subtests. Additionally, a significantly higher percentage of MS(+) individuals were rated within the high risk (probability of crash involvement) category, relative to the MS(-) and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment can negatively affect driving-related skills in persons with MS and should be considered in the determination of driving ability.
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This paper offers the rationale for developing an over-the-road test for assessing drug effects on actual driving performance. It describes the development of such a method and results obtained in three separate experiments where the method was applied. The results support the claim that the test provides a valid measure of drug effects on one type of actual driving performance. The test may eventually find a place in the screening of psychoactive drugs for licensing.