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PubMed1994

[Ongoing problems of road signs in transportation control].

The diagnosis and evaluation of causes of traffic accidents frequently calls for effective mutual collaboration of forensic medical officers and transport psychologists. Both scientific disciplines participate in prevention of traffic injuries as regards theoretical arguments and practical provisions. The Bratislava Institute of Forensic Medicine, based on many years of professional and practical experience, participates in the elaboration of principles of risk-free transport of urban and non-urban traffic as well as in preventive provisions and suggestions for conditions of traffic the field. Due to social and economic changes they will be faced in future with more complicated traffic problems/safety of pedestrians--children, old people. In transport man adapts, due to biological laws, with greater difficulties to technical signs of controlled traffic which assumes rapid, immediate and inevitable reactions. Transport safety cannot be resolved unless within prevention a radical solution will be found for the risk of alcoholism, toxicomania, ever increasing speed of vehicles and greater traffic density.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1993

[Paths of food hygiene in Poland].

Varying economic conditions and management systems in different countries have determined the foundation of legal regulations for sanitary food control. The legal system in Poland in the years 1795-1928 was subject to the laws of three partitioning powers: Prussia, Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. On March 28, 1928, the President of Poland passed three decrees equivalent to acts which had a significant impact on sanitary food control. The decrees took into account the following issues: animal protection, food products inspection and evaluation of slaughter animals and meat. For the people of Poland, who in the first half of the 20th century lived within the boundaries drawn by the partitioners, it was important that the legal systems had been based on German law, regarded the best possible at that time. Although the decrees were based on Prussian and Austrian regulations, the infrastructure of food production, of food trade and hygiene in Poland until 1945 was built on the Russian administrative foundation (2/3 of Polish territory) (Fig. 1). After World War II, the economic system established in Poland was subordinate to Soviet rules. This included food manufacturing plants as well as the system of food control. In 1989 Poland came through deep political and economic changes, but the legal system has remained the same. However, there are disputes about the scope between the National Hygiene Inspectors (PIS) operating under the Ministry of Health and Veterinary Hygiene Inspectors (WIS) subject to Woivod's Office.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Characteristic features of HIV/AIDS in the Czech Republic.

First laboratory proved HIV infections in the Czech Republic were diagnosed in a homosexual couple in autumn of 1985. Total number of detected HIV+ cases reached 143 persons by the end of 1992 (132 men and 11 women), of that 31 cases were classified as fully blown AIDS (21 already died). Out of these 143 HIV+ cases, 93 (65.0%) are represented by homo/bisexuals, 10 (7.0%) by heterosexuals, 16 (11.2%) by haemophiliacs, 14 (9.8%) by blood recipients, 1 (0.7%) by IVDU and 9 (6.3%) by unknown transmission category. Approx. 2.1 mil. of tests have been done as routine screening of donated blood. Only 5 cases (0.0002%) of HIV positivity have been found in this group. All HIV positive blood recipients (30 cases) were infected before the mandatory HIV testing of blood supply has been introduced in 1987 (14 out of 16 HIV+ haemophiliacs were infected by imported clotting products). The twins born in 1990 to mother infected by contaminated blood in 1984, were declared at the age of 30 months as HIV free, with all laboratory tests (serology, virus cultivation, PCR) negative. The cummulative infection rate of HIV antibody in 1986-1992 reached 13.8 per million inhabitants. It may be concluded that slow steady increase in the number of reported HIV/AIDS cases has been registered during the whole follow-up period. The authors are aware that relatively low prevalence of HIV infection in the Czech Republic may change dramatically in consequences of recent deep social, political and economical changes in the country.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The Free Trade Agreement and environmental health in Mexico].

This work offers an overview of the state of the art and future state of environmental health in our country from a viewpoint of the impact of the commercial opening established in the Free Trade Agreement among Mexico, the USA, and Canada. In the first section of this work, we analyze the expected economic changes resulting from the implementation of the FTA and foretells the way in which those changes will influence the present environmental and epidemiologic profiles of this country in the medium and long term. The main changes predicted by the analysis are, in the epidemiologic context, the acceleration of the transference of occupational, consumption, environmental and population risks, characteristic of industrialized countries, to the country's polarized epidemiologic profile; and, in the environmental context, a transition consisting of a broadening and composition of the spectrum of pollutants, including and important lagging of bacteriologic control. The second section offers an analysis of the predicted response capacity facing the new environmental risk dynamics in the country, encompassing regulation, normativeness and enforcement of environmental and consumer protection, as well as obstacles found in health services to the implementation of surveillance, detection and treatment of health damages caused by environmental factors. The analysis of the organized social response to these problems discloses a relative flexibility of the normativeness and enforcement functions in comparison with our northern neighbors, a paramount factor for the possible transference of environmental risks, as well as the informational and research deficiency about environmental issues, basic elements for sustaining environmental health in the country, aiming at speeding up the development and transference of technologies for prevention, detection and management of environmental risks in the country, drawing upon the systematization of our experience and that of our neighbors. This speeding process ought to match, in the medium term, the velocity of risk transference produced by the commercial opening. In this way, the commercial integration of North America will become a favorable context for the development of the environmental health infrastructure of the country.

Canada↗

PubMed1993

Family patterns and primary prevention of family violence.

Although services for victims and treatment programs for batterers have priority in efforts to ameliorate family violence, primary prevention programs are also essential. The importance of primary prevention lies not only in the suffering which can avoided, but also because it is unlikely that sufficient treatment resources can be allocated to match the magnitude of the problem. The latter point is illustrated by the results of a study of nationally representative samples of 2,143 families (studied in 1975) and 6,002 families (studied in 1985). These studies show that a minimum of 16% of American couples experienced an assault during the year of the study, and that about 40% of these involved severely violent acts, such as kicking, biting, punching, choking, and attacks with weapons. These studies also identified risk factors that can serve as the focus for primary prevention, for example, early marriage, male dominance in the family and use of physical punishment. Educational and therapeutic efforts, and economic changes, which encourage equality and which teach the skills necessary for an equal relationship, can help prevent family violence.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Preschool children. Need and use of dental services.

There have been major decreases in dental diseases, but many youngsters are still in need of care, especially low-income and medically compromised children. Additionally, family structure and economic changes are placing children at increased risk for dental diseases. Although there is a progressive increase in the use of services, many children don't have insurance coverage and do not receive preventive and restorative dental care. The preschool years are a foundation period for children, but many continue to receive an uncertain start.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1995

[Graduate education financing. An indispensable review in the modernization of health education in universities].

Due to the social and economical changes in the Chilean university and health systems in the last decades, the traditional financing model of the Faculty of Medicine and postgraduate training programs became obsolete. The progressive reduction of the fiscal budget has forced the search of alternate financing sources. The payment of specialization is, at the present moment, an obliged, inappropriate and without compensation subsidy of the universities to the public and private health system, that profit of training professionals and to the specialists that acquire skills that will increase their earnings. Equable financing systems should be established in which the direct beneficiaries, institutions or individuals, would pay the expenses. A national scholarship fund or deferred credits seem reasonable alternatives that should be promptly established to allow the survival of university postgraduate training programs.

Chile↗

PubMed1995

[Changes in the cardiovascular risk indicators in adolescents between 1980 and 1991].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends of indicators of cardiovascular risk (smoking, physical activity, cholesterol, triglycerides...) in adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age. The data was recensed at the Centre of Preventive Medicine of Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy which was responsible for periodic Social Security health check-ups in 6,974 adolescents in 1980, 1984, 1988 and 1991. The analysis of the trends of the indicators of cardiovascular risk took into consideration the socio-economic changes of the population recruited during this period and the long-term analytical variations of biochemical parameters. Globally, between 1980 and 1991, there was a decrease in the percentage of smokers (21.8% to 13.5%) which was more marked in boys than in girls, an increase in physical activities (46.9% to 57.5%), a linear reduction in serum cholesterol (4.65 mmol/l to 4.33 mmol/l in boys, and 4.94 mmol/l to 4.72 mmol/l in girls), and no significant changes in serum triglycerides. These results confirm those reported by others and are encouraging for cardiovascular disease prevention and should be confirmed in adults groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

[Evaluation of dietary changes during a 10 year observation period of the local Pol-MONICA population in Warsaw with regard to risk of cardiovascular diseases].

In the frame of the Warsaw Pol-MONICA Project three population screenings were performed in randomly selected 35-64 year men and women in 1984 (2571 participants), in 1988 (1397) and 1993 (1485). Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were used for assessment of nutritional value of daily food ration and food products consumption. Statistical analyses was performed by linear regression method (SAS REG procedure). Substantial changes in food consumption pattern were noted during 10 years, particularly in the last 4 years. In 1993 participants of both sexes consumed significantly less cereals, butter, eggs (trend p < 0.01) and more fats of vegetable origin (trend p < 0.01). This changes reflected in nutritional values of daily food ration from 1984 to 1993: dietary cholesterol decreased from 630 mg to 433 mg in men and from 447 to 284 in women, percent of energy from saturated fatty acids decreased from 15.7% to 14.7% in men and from 15.9% to 13.9% in women, percent of energy from polyunsaturated fatty acids increased from 4.1% to 5.4% and from 4.3% to 5.5% respectively. Above mentioned changes resulted in a significant reduction of atherogenicity level of diet as expressed by Keys score. A period covered by the study was a period of economical changes in Poland associated with an introduction of a free food-market. Changes in food consumption and nutrient intake reflect the mixture of industry, mass communication patterns, and commercial advertising.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Internal migration in China, 1950-1988.

This paper examines the long-term patterns of migration within China between 1950 and 1988. The analysis uses data from China's 1988 2/1,000 Fertility and Birth Control Survey, which asks respondents about their most recent interprovincial move. The results suggest that long-term migration patterns can be explained by political and economic changes in China. We argue that the approaches we introduce can offer significant insight into long-term migration patterns for countries where historical data on migration are unavailable or unreliable.

China↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The epidemiological characteristics of Sonne and Flexner dysentery in St. Petersburg in 1953-1994].

In connection with the growth of mortality in Flexner's dysentery observed since 1991 and a rise in morbidity in this infection since 1993 the data on the registered cases of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei infections in St. Petersburg for the period of 1953-1994 were analyzed. In the 60-80s the specific features of the epidemic process was determined by S. sonnei infection which constituted up to 90% of all documented cases of dysentery. Flexner's dysentery lost the character of a mass epidemic disease in the 60s, but in the 70s became again capable of epidemic spread, which was testified by annual seasonal rises producing a half of all cases registered per annum and two rises with peaks in 1975 and 1984. In 1991-1992 the tenfold rise of morbidity in Flexner's dysentery took place in the presence of a common level of morbidity of Shigella infections. In 1993-1994 an essential change in the etiological structures of Shigella infections was observed: morbidity in Flexner's dysentery rose 6 times and morbidity in Sonne dysentery dropped 3 times, which was probably due to socio-economical changes in the living conditions of the population during recent years.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Health care delivered to Portuguese children. The past, present and new challenges].

The socio-economic development of a country as well as the state of its health, its communications network, cultural level and health care organisation together affect what is known as the health indicators. Portugal belongs to the group of UNICEF countries with the best indicators in what concerns infant mortality and death below the age of five. It is still, however, 25th and 28th respectively at world level. The authors review some of the factors which have most contributed towards the progress of the indicators over the last twenty years, namely, the role played by general practitioners, the creation of health centers, the development of a maternal-infant assistance programme and the activity of Central and District Hospitals. They analyse the recent maternal-infant programme and discuss the main short and mid-term problems in the perinatal and paediatric age groups. The socio-economic changes seen in Portuguese society, together with sociological changes and those observed in the field of pathology, call for a new approach in the organisation of care which includes the need for a new dialogue between the different health structures of a society, namely, through maintaining the functional coordinating maternal-infant units, the creation of the same units for paediatrics, new efforts by the general paediatrician, the community paediatrician and the sub-specialised paediatrician together with the general practitioners within a specific action programme of a Health Unit.

Child↗

PubMed1996

[Public sector psychiatry in Martinique in 1996: handicaps and hopes].

In the light of political, economic and cultural factors the authors give a historical overview of psychiatric practice in the public sector in Martinique (French West Indies) which was for a long time concentrated at the Colson Specialized Medical Center. The evolution of mental health problems is described in parallel with socio-economic changes. Broad opportunities for daily application of psychiatric practice in problematic social situations call forth the notion of "extended psychiatry". A number of changes are now shaping with the creation of diversified decentralized facilities, e.g. in penitentiaries and in some local hospitals. Other projects now being discussed are less certain and there is a risk of a two-speed system between the Specialized Hospital Center and the Regional University Hospital Center. Their authors place hopes in a project covering the whole island in which public sector psychiatry would represent a metacultural model going beyond ideologic handicaps and opening the way to new solidarity.

Community Psychiatry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Know how vitamins and minerals.

Key micronutrient requirements in middle age and the elderly 41-70+ years. Some of the common diseases of ageing can be prevented if a nutritionally-adequate diet is eaten during middle age. Physiological, social and economic changes in the lives of older people may cause them to change their dietary habits, which can result in the development of sub-clinical deficiencies.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Organizational and economic aspects of psychiatry].

The main trends in the organization and economic transformations in psychiatric services of Russia in 1989-1996 are analyzed: financial support of the institutions of psychiatric care, changes in the organizational structure of services, new forms and types of care. The opinion of the authorities of regional services concerning the organization and economic changes in institutions of psychiatric care are presented.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1998

Economic and cultural influences on the decision to leave home in Peninsular Malaysia.

Although the departure of children from the parental home is an important life-cycle event, few studies have investigated nest-leaving in developing countries. Using retrospective data from the Second Malaysian Family Life Survey, we estimate hazard models of nest-leaving in Peninsular Malaysia. We find that the departure of children, especially sons, responds to economic incentives, including housing costs, family businesses, education, and economic growth, and that ethnic differences in nest-leaving are important. We also find that the median age of departure from home has declined sharply over the past 40 years, a period of rapid social and economic change in Malaysia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Suicidal behavior in a bicultural society: a review of gender and cultural differences in adolescents and young persons of Aotearoa/New Zealand.

During the 1990s, Aotearoa/New Zealand has experienced an alarming increase in youth suicide in the Maori and non-Maori populations. Among 23 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries surveyed by the World Health Organization's (1995) World Health Statistics Annual, New Zealand ranks first for fatal suicidal behavior, in males 15-24 years of age, and third for fatal suicidal behavior in females. A United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF, 1996) survey of 32 countries places New Zealand males as third highest for fatal suicidal behavior, and females as eighth highest in the age group 15-24 years. New Zealand has recently undergone a number of social and economic changes that have created dramatic social and cultural shifts. Given the rapidity of these changes, the shock on such a small country has been difficult to absorb. These shifts have placed tremendous pressures on families and service support systems, such as health and mental health services, to develop programs that are relevant and acceptable for a bicultural society. This article focuses on these changes and the effect they have had on cultural narratives of gender and suicidal behavior, the different cultural etiologies that underlie these statistics, and recommendations for intervention and prevention program development.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Nutrition and chronic diseases--Indian experience.

Socio-economic changes are taking place all over the world, especially in developing countries, and these influence all aspects of life an all age periods. Resultant disparities have brought about alarming and increasing manifestations of malnutrition and non-communicable disease. Illiteracy, poor health facilities have damaging effects on children. Raising the literacy of girls and adolescents will reduce the leading cause of malnutrition in children, since these future, better educated mothers will be responsible for the children's welfare: child care status with mother care. Protein calorie sufficiency is only present in approximately 60% of the rural population of India: the remainder has differing degrees of malnutrition. When they move into better socio-economic status people are at increased risk from coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus, for which several theoretical explanations have been proposed. There is a difference in the patterns of these diseases in urban and rural populations, the exact basis for which is not yet clear. For example, in the 25-64 years age group, coronary heart disease prevalence in Delhi is 97/1,000 while in a rural area it is 27/1,000, while the respective figures for hypertension are 127/1,000 and 29/1,000. The patterns in both groups have changed within 3-5 years. The geriatric age group has its own, changing features, due to increasing longevity of life, and to break up of social customs and family structure.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗