[Treatment of burns in a controlled abacterial environment].
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Environment, Controlled”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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[Occupational health services in Sweden--Occupational safety and hygiene and control of the working environment].
The authors presented a general characteristics of Occupational Health Services in Sweden, their legislation, functioning, financing and objectives, with special reference to occupational safety and hygiene, and the working environment control. They discussed how the work environment is monitored by the external control bodies (Labour Inspectorate, National Board of Occupational Safety and Hygiene, and Workers' Health) and by employers in individual establishments (internal control). Major factors which have contributed to the success of the Swedish work environment policy were also highlighted.
Employment↗
[Control of infection risks related to air and water in the hospital environment].
Control of infectious risks related to air and water in hospital is far from being consensual. Quantitative estimation of the risk in nosocomial infections is not efficiently done; and standardization and norms are missing for the methods to measure and control biocontamination. For air control a preliminary study is necessary to plan efficient ventilation, taking into account the needs of the unit, the description of an adequate installation, and both its regular maintenance and surveillance. For drinking water and pharmaceutical waters, definition and normalization are adequate. Yet, such is not the case for all devices aimed at increasing the microbiological quality of drinking water or at replacing, for economical reasons, the pharmaceutical sterile water. Some technical possibilities do exist but their use needs perfect maintenance, adequate controls, and good knowledge of their limitations of their indications.
Air Microbiology↗
Smoking cues in a virtual world provoke craving in cigarette smokers.
Twenty smoking-deprived cigarette smokers participated in a study to test the ability of smoking cues within a virtual world to provoke self-reported craving to smoke. Participants were exposed to 2 virtual-reality simulations displayed on a computer monitor: a control environment not containing any intentional smoking stimuli and a cue-exposure environment containing smoking stimuli. At various points, participants rated their urge to smoke on a scale of 0-100. Results indicated that baseline urge ratings were equivalent in both conditions, but the maximum increase in urge ratings was significantly higher in the cue-exposure environment than in the control environment. This is comparable to what in vivo studies have reported, but with the advantage of simulating more naturalistic and complex settings in a controlled environment.
Adult↗
Microhardness of Ni-Cr alloys under different casting conditions.
This study evaluated the microhardness of Ni-Cr alloys used in fixed prosthodontics after casting under different conditions. The casting conditions were: (1-flame/air torch) flame made of a gas/oxygen mixture and centrifugal casting machine in a non-controlled casting environment; (2-induction/argon) electromagnetic induction in an environment controlled with argon; (3-induction/vacuum) electromagnetic induction in a vacuum environment; (4-induction/air) electromagnetic induction in a non-controlled casting environment. The 3 alloys used were Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti, Ni-Cr-Mo-Be, and Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb. Four castings with 5 cylindrical, 15 mm-long specimens (diameter: 1.6 mm) in each casting ring were prepared. After casting, the specimens were embedded in resin and polished for Vickers microhardness (VH) measurements in a Shimadzu HMV-2 (1,000 g for 10 s). A total of 5 indentations were done for each ring, one in each specimen. The data was subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests (alpha = 0.05). The VH values of Ni-Cr-Mo-Ti (422 +/- 7.8) were statistically higher (p < 0.05) than those of Ni-Cr-Mo-Nb (415 +/- 7.6). The lowest VH values were found for Ni-Cr-Mo-Be (359 +/- 10.7). The VH values obtained in the conditions induction/argon and induction/vacuum were similar (p > 0.05) and lower than the values obtained in the conditions induction/air and flame/air torch (p < 0.05). The VH values in the conditions induction/air and flame/air were similar (p > 0.05). The microhardness of the alloys is influenced by their composition and casting method. The hardness of the Ni-Cr alloys was higher when they were cast with the induction/air and flame/air torch methods.
Chromium Alloys↗
REM sleep deprivation increases preference for novelty in rats.
As a further test of the hypothesis that REM deprivation decreases fear, the behavior of 40 male rats was measured in a Y-maze adapted to test for preference for novelty. Prior to this test, the animals were exposed for 4 days to one of four treatments, i.e., either a dry environment control, a wet environment control, a 2-day REM deprivation period or a 4-day REM deprivation period. During the test both number of grid crossing in the novel and non-novel arms of the Y-maze and three indices of emotionality were recorded. The results were congruent with data we had reported earlier and offered convincing evidence in support of the hypothesis.
Animals↗
Seasonality in endocrine and exocrine testicular function of the adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) maintained in a controlled laboratory environment.
Testicular exocrine and endocrine function was monitored in adult male rhesus monkeys maintained for up to 4 years in a controlled environment isolated from seasonal changes in light, humidity and temperature and from female animals. Marked circannual variations were found in both functions. Spermatogenesis and exocrine function were maximal in the autumn and winter months as indicated by histological studies and the measurement of testicular volume, frequency of spontaneous and provoked ejaculations and in sperm output. The serum level and metabolic clearance rate and production rate of testosterone were also maximal during this period as were the serum concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, cortisol and biologically active luteinizing hormone. By contrast the serum prolactin and dehydroepiandrosterone levels showed an inverse pattern, achieving their highest levels in spring, during the period of reduced testicular function. Since such marked circannual variations in testicular and pituitary functions persist in monkeys isolated from external environmental influences, the existence of an inherent regulatory mechanism can be postulated. Such distinct variations in testicular function must be taken into consideration when using the male rhesus monkey as an experimental model for human reproductive function.
Animals↗
Controlling the environment to prevent suicide: international perspectives.
BACKGROUND: Suicide and suicidal behaviour are multifaceted events requiring complex solutions. Controlling the environment is a neglected solution, despite strong support for this approach from the World Health Organization (WHO). METHOD: To discuss this approach from a global view, this review is written by authors from various cultures: American, Australian, Canadian, Chinese, Cuban, Dutch, Indian, Irish, Japanese, Lithuanian, Native North American, Russian, and South African. RESULTS: We examine gun control to illustrate the environmental control approach; however, the worldwide diversity of suicide methods calls for diverse responses. Further, controlling the environment encompasses more than restricting the means of suicide, which we illustrate with examples of toned-down media reports and restricted medicine availability. CONCLUSIONS: Controlling the environment may be a viable strategy for preventing suicide, although research shows that few clinicians implement such approaches.
Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
Long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment reduces age-dependent impairment in discrimination and reversal learning in beagle dogs.
The effects of long-term treatment with both antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment were studied as part of a longitudinal investigation of cognitive aging in beagle dogs. Baseline performance on a battery of cognitive tests was used to assign 48 aged dogs (9-12 years) into four cognitively equivalent groups, of 12 animals per group: Group CC (control food-control environment), group CE (control food-enriched environment); Group AC (antioxidant fortified food-control environment); Group AE (fortified food-enriched environment). We also tested a group of young dogs fed the control food and a second group fed the fortified food. Both groups of young dogs received a program of behavioral enrichment. To evaluate the effects of the interventions on cognition after 1 year, the dogs were tested on a size discrimination learning task and subsequently on a size discrimination reversal learning task. Both tasks showed age-sensitivity, with old dogs performing more poorly than young dogs. Both tasks were also improved by both the fortified food and the behavioral enrichment. However, in both instances the treatment effects largely reflected improved performance in the combined treatment group. These results suggest that the effectiveness of antioxidants in attenuating age-dependent cognitive decline is dependent on behavioral and environmental experience.
Aging↗
Consideration in selecting crops for the human-rated life support system: a Linear Programming model.
A Linear Programming model has been constructed which aids in selecting appropriate crops for CELSS (Controlled Environment Life Support System) food production. A team of Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) faculty, staff, graduate students and invited experts representing more than a dozen disciplines, provided a wide range of expertise in developing the model and the crop production program. The model incorporates nutritional content and controlled-environment based production yields of carefully chosen crops into a framework where a crop mix can be constructed to suit the astronauts' needs. The crew's nutritional requirements can be adequately satisfied with only a few crops (assuming vitamin mineral supplements are provided) but this will not be satisfactory from a culinary standpoint. This model is flexible enough that taste and variety driven food choices can be built into the model.
Crops, Agricultural↗
A note on whether spousal caregivers try to control their environment or themselves.
In this study, a two-process model of control (Rothbaum, Weisz, & Snyder, 1982) was used to investigate spousal caregivers' control in stressful situations. According to Rothbaum et al., primary control occurs when individuals retain control by changing their environment (other people, objects, or events), whereas secondary control occurs when individuals retain control by changing their own cognitions or emotions to adapt to the environment. In an exploration of whether caregivers would use primary or secondary control in caring for a spouse with dementia, 32 caregivers described a stressful situation they found difficult to control. Most of the participants used primary control to handle situations that focused on behavioral problems. Additional analyses indicated that most of the caregivers, in fact, used a combination of primary and secondary control.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Excess nutrients in hydroponic solutions alter nutrient content of rice, wheat, and potato.
Environment has significant effects on the nutrient content of field-grown crop plants. Little is known, however, about compositional changes caused by controlled environments in which plants receive only artificial radiation and soilless, hydroponic culture. This knowledge is essential for developing a safe, nutritious diet in a Controlled Ecological Life-Support System (CELSS). Three crops that are candidates for inclusion in a CELSS (rice, wheat, and white potato) were grown both in the field and in controlled environments where the hydroponic nutrient solution, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), and CO2 level were manipulated to achieve rapid growth rates. Plants were harvested at maturity, separated into discrete parts, and dried prior to analysis. Plant materials were analyzed for proximate composition (protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate), total nitrogen (N), nitrate, minerals, and amino-acid composition. The effect of environment on nutrient content varied by crop and plant part. Total N and nonprotein N (NPN) contents of plant biomass generally increased under controlled-environment conditions compared to field conditions, especially for leafy plant parts and roots. Nitrate levels were increased in hydroponically-grown vegetative tissues, but nitrate was excluded from grains and tubers. Mineral content changes in plant tissue included increased phosphorus and decreased levels of certain micronutrient elements under controlled-environment conditions. These findings suggest that cultivar selection, genetic manipulation, and environmental control could be important to obtain highly nutritious biomass in a CELSS.
Amino Acids↗
A 60 Hz electric and magnetic field exposure facility for nonhuman primates: design and operational data during experiments.
A unique exposure facility was designed and constructed to generate large-scale vertical electric fields (EF) of up to 65 kV/m and horizontal magnetic fields (MF) of up to 100 microT (1G), so that the behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of 60 Hz EF or combined electric and magnetic field (E/MF) exposure could be examined using nonhuman primates as subjects. Facility design and operational problems and their solutions are presented, and representative operational data from four sets of experiments are provided. A specially designed, optically isolated, 4 cm spherical-dipole EF probe and a commercially available MF probe were used to map the EF and MF within the fiberglass animal cages. In addition, amplifiers, signal conditioners, and A/D converters provided EF, MF, and transformer signals to a microcomputer at 15 min intervals. The apparatus produced homogeneous, stable E/MF at the desired intensities, and the fiberglass cages did not produce appreciable distortion or attenuation. Levels of recognized EF artifacts such as corona and ozone were negligible. The facility worked as intended, providing a well-characterized and artifact-controlled environment for experiments with baboons (Papio cynocephalus).
Animals↗
Effects of CO2 on stomatal conductance: do stomata open at very high CO2 concentrations?
Potato and wheat plants were grown for 50 d at 400, 1000 and 10000 micromoles mol-1 carbon dioxide (CO2). and sweetpotato and soybean were grown at 1000 micromoles mol-1 CO2 in controlled environment chambers to study stomatal conductance and plant water use. Lighting was provided with fluorescent lamps as a 12 h photoperiod with 300 micromoles m-2 s-1 PAR. Mid-day stomatal conductances for potato were greatest at 400 and 10000 micromoles mol-1 and least at 1000 micromoles mol-1 CO2. Mid-day conductances for wheat were greatest at 400 micromoles mol-1 and least at 1000 and 10000 micromoles mol-1 CO2. Mid-dark period conductances for potato were significantly greater at 10000 micromoles mol-1 than at 400 or 1000 micromoles mol-1, whereas dark conductance for wheat was similar in all CO2 treatments. Temporarily changing the CO2 concentration from the native 1000 micromoles mol-1 to 400 micromoles mol-1 increased mid-day conductance for all species, while temporarily changing from 1000 to 10000 micromoles mol-1 also increased conductance for potato and sweetpotato. Temporarily changing the dark period CO2 from 1000 to 10000 micromoles mol-1 increased conductance for potato, soybean and sweetpotato. In all cases, the stomatal responses were reversible, i.e. conductances returned to original rates following temporary changes in CO2 concentration. Canopy water use for potato was greatest at 10000, intermediate at 400, and least at 1000 micromoles mol-1 CO2, whereas canopy water use for wheat was greatest at 400 and similar at 1000 and 10000 micromoles mol-1 CO2. Elevated CO2 treatments (i.e. 1000 and 10000 micromoles mol-1) resulted in increased plant biomass for both wheat and potato relative to 400 micromoles mol-1, and no injurious effects were apparent from the 10000 micromoles mol-1 treatment. Results indicate that super-elevated CO2 (i.e. 10000 micromoles mol-1) can increase stomatal conductance in some species, particularly during the dark period, resulting in increased water use and decreased water use efficiency.
Biomass↗
Utilization of potatoes for life support systems in space. IV. Effect of CO2 enrichment.
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) cvs. Norland and Russet Burbank were grown in solid stands in separate controlled environment rooms at two CO2 levels, 365 micromoles mol-1 (ppm) and 1000 micromoles mol-1. Rooms were maintained under continuous fluorescent light (450 micromoles s-1 m-2 PPF), 16 C and 70% relative humidity. Norland plants were grown for 110 days and Russet Burbank plants for 126 days. CO2 assimilation rates (net photosynthetic rates) of exposed, upper canopy leaves were measured at weekly intervals beginning at 21-days-age for Norland and 28-days-age for Russet Burbank. Elevation of CO2 increased CO2 assimilation rates of Norland leaves by approximately 24%, but decreased rates of Russet Burbank leaves by approximately 12%. Assimilation rates of Norland leaves under the high CO2 decreased as plants matured so that their rates were similar to rates under the low CO2 levels after 70-days-age. Assimilation rates of Russet Burbank leaves under high CO2 remained depressed in comparison to low CO2 plants throughout the period of measurements. Yield data showed only marginal benefits from CO2 enrichment: tuber dry weight increased 2% for Norland and 12% for Russet Burbank, total plant dry weight was increased 6% for Norland and 4% for Russet Burbank. The best productivity obtained in this study (21.9 g tuber dry wt m-2 day-1 from Norland at 1000 micromoles mol-1 of CO2) indicates that the dietary energy needs of one human in space could be supplied from 34 m2 of potatoes.
Carbon Dioxide↗
Utilization of potatoes for life support in space. V. Evaluation of cultivars in response to continuous light and high temperature.
Twenty-four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars from different regions of the world were evaluated in terms of their responses to continuous light (24 h photoperiod) and to high temperature (30 C) in two separate experiments under controlled environments. In each experiment, a first evaluation of the cultivars was made at day 35 after transplanting, at which time 12 cultivars exhibiting best growth and tuber initiation were selected. A final evaluation of the 12 cultivars was made after an additional 21 days of growth, at which time plant height, total dry weight, tuber dry weight, and tuber number were determined. In the continuous light evaluation, the 12 selected cultivars were Alaska 114, Atlantic, Bintje, Denali, Desiree, Haig, New York 81, Ottar, Rutt, Snogg, Snowchip, and Troll. In the high temperature evaluation, the 12 selected cultivars were Alpha, Atlantic, Bake King, Denali, Desiree, Haig, Kennebec, Norland, Russet Burbank, Rutt, Superior, and Troll. Among the cultivars selected under continuous irradiation, Desiree, Ottar, Haig, Rutt, Denali and Alaska showed the best potential for high productivity whereas New York 81 and Bintje showed the least production capability. Among the cultivars selected under high temperature, Rutt, Haig, Troll and Bake King had best performance whereas Atlantic, Alpha, Kennebec and Russet Burbank exhibited the least production potential. Thus, Haig and Rutt were the two cultivars that performed well under continuous irradiation and high temperature conditions, and could have maximum potential for adaptation to varying stress environments. These two cultivars may have the best potential for use in future space farming in which continuous light and/or high temperature conditions may exist. However, cultivar responses under combined conditions of continuous light and high temperature remains for further validation.
Environment, Controlled↗
Effect of CO2 and O2 on development and fructification of wheat in closed systems.
The cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was performed in controlled environment chambers with the continuous monitoring of photosynthesis, dark respiration, transpiration and main nutrient uptakes. A protocol in twin chambers was developed to compare the specific effects of low O2 and high CO2. Each parameter is able to influence photosynthesis but different effects are obtained In the development, fructification and seed production, because of the different effects of each parameter on the ratio of reductive to oxidative cycle of carbon. The first main conclusion is that low level of O2, at the same rate of biomass production, strongly acts on the rate of ear appearance and on seed production. Ear appearance was delayed and seed production reduced with a low O2 treatment (approximately 4%). The O2 effect was not mainly due to the repression of the oxidative cycle. The high CO2 treatment (700 to 900 microl l-1) delayed ear appearance by 4 days but did not reduce seed production. High CO2 treatment also reduced transpiration by 20%. Two hypothesis were proposed to explain the similarities and the difference in the O2 and CO2 effects on the growth of wheat.
Biomass↗
Systems approach to instrumenting and controlling plant growth systems.
Acquisition and analysis of sensory information are foremost for the control and continued operation of any complex system. The sensors and their attributes must be selected by understanding the biological and physical parameters which, first, can describe, and second, when linked to control systems, can modulate, the plant growth system. These parameters are not all understood, or known, and practical sensors may not even exist for their measurement. A systematic analysis of the general plant system would: focus without prejudice on all the descriptive parameters, as well as, their interrelationships within the biophysical system; highlight the significance of each parameter; expose the areas of weakness and strength of current knowledge; expand the knowledge base; provide the platform for the development of operational models for real-time monitoring and control requirements; and support the longer term tactical and strategic planning needs. Components of such a procedure of systematic analysis which is in development for intensive plant production systems within controlled environments will be discussed.
Computer Simulation↗